The shortage of energy supply against growing demand globally has caused seriously impact to all industries, dead or alive, especially for the energy intensified industries, like oil refinery (Petroleum) Iron and Steel making industries which has been confronting tremendously with pressing concern for survival. Even both industries are within traditional industrial factor, but represent as key and fundamental industries as relied on, by all industries of a Nation. Therefore, all the international enterprises dealing with high-temperature production have been striving for long-term supply & steady quality of raw material of energy. Under this circumstance, the enterprises shall be offering to find the measures for cost-down of energy consumed, and further utilize the waste gas and heat as generated out of the production, that would surely produce the efficiency of energy, and not only diminish the dependence on primary energy, it also can effectively reach the goal of ¡§Independence of Energy¡¨ and optimization for the control of energy cost. This study is adopting the case study of Company ¡§C¡¨, with the analysis of SWOT, Five-force Analysis, and Diamond Model by Michael Porter, to further analyze the overall environment and circumstance of energy intensified industries. So that, it might help to understand further the strength and weakness of the energy intensified industries of our nation. First of all, to proceed the survey for the application of waste heat recovery system to energy intensified industries, and secondly, the application of waste heat recovery system to energy intensified industries in Taiwan, to generate direct and indirect efficiency whether or not to escalate the overall competitiveness to face the global competition. This research recognize the No. 1 pressure & bottle neck of the energy intensified industry lies mainly in the insufficiency of energy supply, and the upcoming environmental protection is getting more conscious & concerned. Therefore, all the industrialized countries have moved further forward to reinforce the energy saving technology, and increase the efficiency of energy using, developing new generation of energy with more efforts. Adoption of Company ¡§C¡¨, has recognized the following benefit, after the introduction of Waste Gas Heat Recovery System: 1. Recovery of Waste Gas of Hot Blast Stove, reduction of COG use, to transfer the saved COG to down-stream, to substitute the expensive natural gas, which is benefit to Company ¡§C¡¨ in the respect of energy saving. 2. Increasing the operation efficiency of hot blast stove, to have operation technique more Sophisticated, in the meantime, to eradicate the moisture out of BFG/Air and further extend the life time of ceramic burner of hot blast stove. 3. The Waste Gas Heat Recovery System has been totally mature with good reference of operation in the world market, which has been used by most steel mills in the world. There is actually no risk to adopt and apply this technology, & further carve out the good image of company ¡§C¡¨ in the respect of energy saving. 4. Reduction of SOx out of waste gas, and further diminish the temperature of waste gas released and can reduce the CO2 emission that is friendly to our environment. The research of this study recognized further, that energy intensified industry has been built up due to the scenario and situation of Taiwan in past few decades, in view of the development of economy, which is crucial industry & business sector. However, with the time running, the energy intensified industry requires to be adjusted for adaptation to the industrial environment of energy crisis and global warming. In this case, the largest potential worry for Taiwan is obviously insufficiency of energy supply. Furthermore, the technical level of energy saving of Taiwan is far more behind Japan, & many other European countries. General Speaking, the energy intensified industry of Taiwan is in weak situation at this moment. If Taiwan might introduce more advanced technology, and technical cooperation, technical research and development, or even training of qualified personnel enabling to upgrade the energy saving of Taiwan to be further upgraded for increasing the competitiveness of industries which is surely positive for a nation being more competitive. In view of energy intensified industry, shortage of energy supply and the price be kept high end, the recycling energy is not available within short time, for short and mid term, the best effective measures to solve the problem of energy is to reduce the amount of energy, for long run, it is great help to use the energy saving system to the energy intensified industry. For one hand, it might reduce the production cost; on the other hand, it can increase the energy operation efficiency. The heat pipe Waste Gas Heat Recovery System as described in this Study is well sound technology of energy saving.

Transportation sector CO2 emissions contribute to global warming. Methanol generated from clean energy sources has been proposed as a transportation fuel as an alternative to gasoline or diesel to reduce emissions. Catalytic methanol-steam reformers can be combined with high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (HTPEM) fuel cell systems to create compact electrical power modules which run on liquid methanol. These modules combine the efficiency of a fuel cell system with the convenience of using a traditional, liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Catalytic methanol-steam reformers require a heat source as the methanol-steam reforming process is endothermic. The heat source for this system will initially be from the catalytic combustion of either pure methanol, during startup, or from HTPEM fuel cell anode waste gas during system operation. Efficient use of catalyst requires effective premixing of the fuel and air. This study will investigate parameters affecting premixing and their effect on temperature distributions and emissions.

Transportation sector CO2 emissions contribute to global warming. Methanol generated from clean energy sources has been proposed as a transportation fuel as an alternative to gasoline or diesel to reduce emissions. Catalytic methanol-steam reformers can be combined with high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (HTPEM) fuel cell systems to create compact electrical power modules which run on liquid methanol. These modules combine the efficiency of a fuel cell system with the convenience of using a traditional, liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Catalytic methanol-steam reformers require a heat source as the methanol-steam reforming process is endothermic. The heat source for this system will initially be from the catalytic combustion of either pure methanol, during startup, or from HTPEM fuel cell anode waste gas during system operation. Efficient use of catalyst requires effective premixing of the fuel and air. This study will investigate parameters affecting premixing and their effect on temperature distributions and emissions.

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This study armed to develop a biofilter packed only with fern chips for the removal of air-borne low concentration VOCs (volatile organic compounds) emitted from semiconductor manufacturing industries. The fern chip biofilters could avoid the shortcomings of traditional media, such as compaction, drying, and breakdown, which lead to the performance failure of the biofilters. Performance of biofiltration for removal of simulated semiconductor manufacturing emitted gases consisting of IPA (isopropyl alcohol), acetone, HMDS (hexamethylene disilazane), PGME (propylene glycol monomethyl ether), and PGMEA (propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate) was studied in a pilot-scale biofilter consisted of two columns (40-cmW x 40-cmL x 70-cmH acrylic column) arranged in series. Each column was packed with fern chips to a packing volume of around 56 L (0.40 m¡Ñ0.40 m¡Ñ0.35 mH). A sprinkler was set over the packed fern chips for providing them with water and nutrition solutions. Liquid leached from both layers of chips were collected in the bottom container of the column. The experiment lasted for 182 days which was divided into four phases with varying influent gas flow rates and VOC concentrations. Gas samples collected around 3 times per week from the influent as well a the first and second stage effluents were analyzed for VOC concentrations. On a weekly basis, fern chips sampled from each column were also analyzed for getting pH, moisture, and the absorbed VOC content of the chips. Phase shifted if it obtained a quasi-steady state which was judged by the nearly unchanging VOC removal efficiencies. Operation conditions of an empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 1.50 min and influent VOC concentrations of 159-284 mg/m3 were used in the Phase I experiment which lasted for 15 days. Nutrition of 1.34 g milk powder/m3.d was used in this phase and the conditions gave an average volumetric VOC loading (L) of 15.1 g/m3.h. Effluent VOC concentrations were 3-18 mg/m3 and an average VOC removal of 96% was obtained in this phase. An EBRT of 0.75 min, L of 11.44 g/m3.h, and nutrition of 1.34 g milk powder/m3.d were used in the Phase II experiment. VOCs in the gas could be removed from 90-126 to 1-19.6 mg/m3 and an average efficiency of 94% was obtained. Following Phase II, an average VOC removal of only 48% was obtained with an EBRT of 0.75 min, nutrition of 2.0 g milk powder/m3.d, and L of 22.8 g/m3.h in Phases III experiment during the 56-97th days from the startup time. Additional nitrogen (urea) and phosphorus (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) was added to the media from the 105th day and the VOC removal increased to 80% at the 107th day. An average VOC removal of around 93% was obtained in phase III experiment. The results showed that enough nutrition is essential to the successful performance for the biofiltration process. Phase IV experiment lasted for 59 days with an EBRT of 0.75 min, L of 34.1 g/m3.h, and nutrition of 2.0-6.0 g/m3.d. During the initial period of this phase, media pH dropped from 7.8 to 5.8 due to an excess nitrogen (ammonium chloride) addition as high as 12.35 g N/m3.d which resulted in nitrification reaction in the media. By stopping nitrogen, increasing milk powder dosing, and addition of NaHCO3 at the 140th day, pH restored to 7.5 in the following days. VOC removal increased to an average of 92% in the rest operation days. From the results, it could be proposed that for achieving over 90% of the VOC removal, appropriate operation conditions are media moisture content = 52-65%, media pH = 7-8, influent VOC concentration = 150-450 mg/Am3, EBRT = 0.75 min, and L to the whole media = 11-34 g/m3.h.

This study armed to develop a biotrickling biofilter packed only with fern chips for the removal of air-borne low concentration VOCs (volatile organic compounds) emitted from a solvent refinery located in Kaohsiung county of southern Taiwan. The fern chips could avoid the shortcomings of traditional media, such as compaction, drying, and breakdown, which lead to the performance failure of the biofilters. A pilot-scale biofilter (0.80 mL ¡Ñ 0.75 mW ¡Ñ 1.50 mH) packed with 0.24 m3 fern chips was used for the performance study. The study was conducted in the plant by drawing vented gas streams from two distillation columns and two solvent storage vessels. The gas streams contain aromatics and oxygenated hydrocarbons such as benzene, alcohols, and esters. Results indicated that suitable nutrition rates are 10, 100, and 10 g/m3.d, respectively, of milk powder, Urea-N, and K2HPO4-P, accompanied with a water spraying rate of 125 L/m3.d. Around 85% of VOCs in the influent gas with concentrations of 600-3,200 ppm (as CH4) could be removed under an average loading of 60 g VOC (as methane)/m3.h. A test indicated that odor intensity (expressed as dilution to threshold (D/T) ratio) of the influent gas could be reduced from around 7,330 to 73.

This thesis deals with the design of the equipment and documentation for the design of equipment for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) by catalytic oxidation and the selection of appropriate technological conditions for this technology. Introduction is devoted to familiarization with the field of the catalytic oxidation, used catalysts, catalyst supports and their active components. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of catalytic oxidation versus thermal incineration are outlined and currently applicable legislative terms for VOC and CO emissions are listed. In the next part of the thesis the fundamental mathematical tools and research findings available for catalytic reactor model designed primarily for monolithic catalysts are summarized. Presented kinetic model considers continuous reactor with plug flow of gas and adiabatic heating by oxidation reactions corrected for the heat loss of the reactor. The next chapter discusses the design of the new prototype of the catalytic oxidation pilot plant (i.e. the reactor incl. peripherals) primarily intended for monolithic catalysts and bulk catalysts in the form of the fixed bed. The basis for the design and sizing are material and energy balances in the ChemCAD for different intended use of the unit, from which boundary conditions of the unit operating parameters arises. Pilot plant has been designed and built, functionality tests was scheduled also with consecutive obtaining of experimental data not only for the reactor kinetic model. Results of the model for the catalytic combustion were in good agreement with measured data. The next part includes two industrial case studies of the catalytic oxidation process usage for the chemical industry. In particular it was dealt with a replacement of the non-catalytic combustion for the catalytic for VOC abatement from chemical production plants off-gas streams of the company Momentive Specialty Chemicals in Sokolov and German city Leuna. These case studies have brought many valuable experimental and technological knowledge from long-term pilot tests and also verification of design concept, thanks to which it was later possible to design a pilot unit for removal of pollutants in premises of NETME Centre and among other to economically evaluate the usage of catalytic oxidation for the off gas cleaning, in comparison with traditional combustion, in two completely different individual cases. This information was valuable and necessary for the verification of theoretical assumptions of the thesis on specific conditions of two different industrial productions. Based on acquired practical experience and theoretical background, guidelines for designing of devices for VOC and CO removal in the industry were developed.

This diploma thesis deals with impurities in waste gases and syngas. Those gases usually have low heating value and contain impurities which are the main issue of those gas fuels. Waste gases and syngas can replace natural gas after right gas treatment. First part is theoretical. It starts with description of biomass and gasification technology. Then the waste gases are described – their origin and usual composition. Next part is dedicated to impurities and is followed by impurities treatment technologies. For removing of almost every type of impurity wet scrubber can be used which is described in detail in following part. There are other types of gas cleaning technologies, so they are described too but not in such detail as wet scrubber. In second part the wet scrubber is designed, and its function is tested by cleaning syngas from fluidized-bed gasifier called Biofluid. During gas cleaning in wet scrubber the influence of water temperature on efficiency of tar removal is examined.

The point of this thesis is a waste gas condensator for 200kW woodchips burning boiler. In the first part of the thesis types of heat exchangers are introduced. Condensation is introduced. Further all necessary equations and relations for vertical shall and tube heat exchanger are specified. Following those relations waste gas condensator is designed. Situation under different input conditions is talked over in the end.

This thesis inquire into experimental decomposition of freon R-22 (CHClF2 - chlorodifluorometan) for different process conditions, by the help of pilot experimental unit in heavy laboratories DEPARTMENT of process and enviromental engineering Brno. This unit can decomposition waste gas, as the case may be combustion gas by the thermic oxidation or catalytic oxidation. Ground was in theoretical research, in which had been executed decomposition of freon R-22 in laboratory. In terms of experimental work were to be execution states for decomposition of freon R-22, next will be decomposition of freon R-22 by catalytic oxidation on catalyst Pt/Al2O3 and consequently this experiment will be analyse. Part of this thesis is exploration of facts basic way to decomposition of freon R-22, accounting of experimental unit and discussion of results.