My initial interest in undertaking a research project in Cape Town, was locked by my outsider's gaze into vibrant urban images of townships and informal settlements. It was nurtured by a free South Africa's much publicized need for decent housing, and my projection of involvement with design efforts to develop viable housing options for the great number of beautiful people living in lovely, crowded, fire-prone shack communities. I had been nurturing a conviction for the possibility of utilizing waste-stream resources -'trash'- in an evocative, ecological production of architecture - an interest spawned through the concept of industrial ecology, and my background in the biological sciences. A coinciding potential seemed ripe. It has been said that necessity is the mother of invention. Nowhere is this perhaps truer than in South Africa. The informal settlements of South Africa are a marvel of ingenuity and creativity where the processes of invention are continually fuelled by necessity's perpetual dance through the mazes of adversity; mazes, which are strewn with the fallout of a consumer society - created and driven by market forces. One of the most prevalent creations of the township is the 'shack.' In a condition where neither the state nor the private sector can provide appropriate housing in sufficient quantity, these dwellings are the people's solution to the immediate need for shelter. Many of the material resources used in the construction of shacks come from the waste stream of the country's consumer market. Formally, and materially shacks bear little resemblance to traditional South African dwellings. The two types are similar however, in that their material value exists primarily through their social and individual uti.lity and their location. A traditional dwelling has little economic value as a commodity ty because it is constructed with free building materials available in the natural environment. 1 The shack's use of free waste materials and relatively inexpensive used materials similarly confounds the capitalist system's commodification of the dwelling. Ironically, a dwelling with little to no market value can restrict entry into a capitalist society. Home ownership is one of the passes required in order to access credit - which is needed to become a 'cardholding' member of the consumer society, with all its benefits and demands. 2 There are however, numerous examples from the informal settlements and townships where goods of significant economic value are created from free resources. Folk artwork and craftwork from South African Townships is recognized all over the world and has significant market value. Scale replicas of Harley Davidsons are made from scrap wire and oil tins, plastic sheeting, and plastic bags. Telephone wire is used as a substitute for reeds to weave intricate baskets in

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Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Banca: Isabel Cristina Takitane / Banca: Valdir Schalch / Resumo: As áreas urbanas caracterizam-se pela alta produção de resíduos biogênicos, tanto de origem domiciliar quanto de atividades comerciais, como restaurantes e lanchonetes. Esses resíduos geralmente são aterrados, ou descartados em lixões e terrenos baldios. A compostagem desses resíduos evita o acúmulo em aterros, diminui o impacto ambiental, aumenta o tempo de vida útil destes locais e promove a geração de insumos orgânicos para a agricultura. Apesar de existir desde os primeiros cultivos agrícolas do homem, esta prática permanece pouco difundida e praticada no contexto nacional. Este estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos: o primeiro visa caracterizar a atuação do "Ciclo Limpo" no município de Botucatu/SP, empreendimento de coleta e compostagem, como um modelo de gerenciamento descentralizado de resíduos biogênicos. O segundo capítulo visa comparar o processo de compostagem dos resíduos biogênicos domiciliares utilizando-se diferentes biomassas (serragem de Pinus, cavaco de eucalipto e fibra de bambu) para que se entenda qual destes pode contribuir na produção do melhor composto, se adequando melhor ao processo. O "Ciclo Limpo" vem desenvolvendo um modelo de gerenciamento de grande importância para a gestão descentralizada dos resíduos biogênicos, reduzindo o impacto ambiental através da disposição adequada e produzindo um composto de qualidade agronômica. Com relação ao processo de compostagem, a serragem e o cavaco de eucalipto apresentaram resultados semelhantes e ambos demo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The urban areas are characterized by the high production of biogenics solid waste, both of home origin and commercial, such as restaurants and snack bars. These wastes are usually grounded, or discarded in dumps and vacant lots. Composting of these wastes avoids landfill accumulation, reduces environmental impact, increases shelf life, and promotes the generation of organic inputs for agriculture. Although it existed since the first agricultural crops by humankind, this practice remains little spread and practiced in the national context. This study was divided in two chapters: the first one aims to characterize the performance of the "Clean Cycle" ("Ciclo Limpo") in the city of Botucatu / SP, a collection and composting project, as a decentralized biogenic waste management model. The second chapter aims to compare the composting process of household biogenic waste using different biomass (Pinus sawdust, Eucalyptus barks and bamboo fiber) in order to understand which of these can contribute to the production of the best compost, becoming better suited to the process. The "Clean Cycle" has been developing a management model of great importance for the decentralized management of biogenic waste, reducing the environmental impact through proper disposal and producing a quality compost. Regarding the composting process, sawdust and Eucalyptus bark showed similar results and both showed to be suitable biomass for composting, differently than bamboo fiber. / Mestre

Título original: Caracterização de chorume e possibilidades de tratamentos para descarte / Orientador: Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis / Resumo: O chorume produzido em aterros sanitários é o resultado da decomposição físico-química e microbiológica dos resíduos urbanos, podendo variar muito em sua composição. Para se desenvolver tratamento e descarte eficientes e seguros há a necessidade de caracterização, desenvolvimento de técnicas adequadas de tratamento e estudo sobre o impacto do descarte dos resíduos destes tratamentos no ambiente. Este trabalho testou tratamento microbiológico com microrganimos isolados do chorume e com microalgas; tratamento com adsorventes como carvão ativado, hidrotalcita e sementes de M. oleifera; aprofundou estudos sobre a introdução dos resíduos do tratamento com hidrotalcita no ambiente. Foram feitas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, respirométricas e de toxicidade com o chorume bruto, tratado e com o lodo do tratamento. A caracterização do chorume constatou pequeno número de bactérias heterotróficas e fungos indicando condições desfavoráveis para crescimento microbiológico. Coliformes totais e E. coli alcançaram valores médios de 17900 e 890 NMP/100mL, respectivamente. As análises físico-químicas do lixiviado indicaram valores elevados para condutividade, cor, turbidez, DQO, DBO5, amônia, boro, sódio e cloretos. Os tratamentos biológicos não se mostraram eficientes na remoção dos parâmetros exigidos pela legislação, devido às altas concentrações de sais, amônia e matéria orgânica recalcitrante. O tratamento com hidrotalcita produziu os melhores resultados, para remoção de condu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The leachate produced in landfills is the result of physicochemical and microbiological decomposition of urban waste and its composition can vary widely. In order to develop efficient and safe treatment and disposal, there is a need for characterization, development of adequate treatment techniques and study of the impact of these treatment residues on the environment. This work tested microbiological treatment with microorganisms isolated from landfill leachate and with microalgae; treatment with adsorbents like activated carbon, hydrotalcite and M. oleifera seeds and deepened studies about introduction of residues of treatment with hydrotalcite in the environment. Physical-chemical, microbiological, respirometric and toxicity analysis were performed with the treated and raw leachates and with the sludge of treatment. The leachate characterization revealed a small number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. Total coliforms and E. coli reached mean values of 17900 and 890 NMP/100 mL, respectively. The physicochemical analysis indicated high conductivity, color, turbidity, COD, BOD5, ammonia, boron, sodium and chlorides. The biological treatments were not efficient in removing the parameters required by the legislation due to high concentrations of salts, ammonia and recalcitrant organic matter.Treatment with hydrotalcite produced the best results to remove conductivity (51%), turbidity (58%), BOD5 (95%), boron (40%) and ammonia (35%), also removed COD (43%) and color (70%) bu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-292). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-244). Also available on the Internet.