No description available.

This study has investigated the use of exergy analysis when applied to the UK steel sector. The aim has been twofold: to assess whether exergy analysis provides greater insight into physical processes at this level than conventional thermodynamic analyses; and whether it can be used to identify ways that this sector has reduced its impact on the environment in the past, and how this might continue in the future. An overview of the issues surrounding resource consumption and waste generation and their relationship to the steel sector are given [Chapter 1]. The theory behind exergy analysis is then reviewed and its relevance to reducing resource use and waste minimisation examined [Chapter 2]. An exergy analysis was performed on all the processes within the steel sector [Chapters 3 & 4] and the reasons for thermodynamic inefficiencies discussed. Based on these analyses, exergy analysis was found to be superior to other methods in describing some, but not all, processes when compared with two forms of energy analysis [Chapter 5]. This is due to fact that exergy includes an account of entropy which quantifies thermodynamic quality. It was shown that reducing the exergy consumption of the steel sector leads to a reduction in resource use and to some extent will lead to a reduction in the emission of pollutants. Two different systems which could represent the UK steel sector were investigated to determine which best fitted the aims of the study [Chapter 6]. The first system was based on all processes within the UK which were linked to the use of steel; the second was based on all processes, regardless of location, which were linked to the use of steel in the UK. It was found that for the steel sector at least, there was little difference in the exergy consumption of each system, although these were structurally quite different. Finally a system was chosen to represent the UK steel sector which best suited the needs of the study. This system was used to examine the evolution of the steel sector from 1954-1994, detailing all the main steel and scrap flows, the exergy consumption in; mining, transport, steel production and scrap processing, the effects of trade and the role of manufacture and product use in generating scrap [Chapter 7]. It was found that the exergy consumption of the UK steel sector has fallen twofold in this time period, indicating a large reduction in resource consumption. Based on past evolution, scenarios for possible futures of the steel sector were constructed [Chapter 8]. These showed that from 1994 to 2019 substantial reductions in the exergy consumption of the sector are possible (between 15% and 72% of 1994 levels by 2019) through changes to: the overall demand for steel goods, the technology of steel production and the mix of steel production methods.

Continuous increase in resource demand and associated with it environmental impact, by-products and wastes,  are  going  to  put  strains  on  the  global  ecosystem  including  humans.  The  thesis  was  based  on  the assumption that: The household scale holds important information on flows of resources and statistical  relations between them. This master thesis was pilot-study of the project “Quantifying Household Metabolism” which was carried out by Urban Metabolism Research Group (UMRG) at Chalmers University of Technology. The thesis intends to develop methods to quantify fluxes of consumption and waste generation through individual household. The data was collected in two Swedish households and the collection period in the master project was 2.5 months on solid waste and 1 month on biowaste. The data was collected on a daily basis and from three streams: shopping receipts, recyclable solid waste and biowaste from kitchen. The data gathered by the proposed method illustrated a  pattern  of  consumption  and  waste  generation  through  individual  household  based  on  t h e   two  studied households. Although the proposed method avoided the errors happened in pervious study methods (Survey), the  deficiencies  and  potential  risks  exited.  The  indicators  developed  to  evaluate  the  situation  of  household metabolism  failed  to  apply  to  the  testing households  in pilot-study.  The applied data collection procedure was manual  and  laborious,  and  accumulated  errors  easily  happened  when  it  carry  out  in  a  long  term.  Several automatic possibilities could be introduced in the future study.

The current thesis presents an exploratory study on municipal solid waste generation and minimization in Sweden, with a focus on their connection to basic socio-economic parameters. The fundamental goal of the study is to investigate into correlations and interdependencies between waste generation, waste minimization and basic socio-economic characteristics on municipal level, and to search for models for explanation of waste management parameters through socio-economic factors. Theoretical background involves reasoning on the role of municipal waste management in sustainable development, and extensive analysis of framework, legislation and organization of municipal solid waste management in Sweden. Practical part presents correlation analysis of data, which proved that socio-economic parameters do not explain differences in waste management performance of Swedish municipalities; however they are closely connected to differences between municipalities in aspect of presence of waste-related data.

The use of renewable waste for bioenergy production is in discussion because of the concurrence to the food or animal feed. The treatment of organic waste is necessary in order to keep clean the environment. The combination of those proposals, the waste utilization and the production of renewable energy can be combined with several techniques. In Vietnam the energy demand will increase rapidly in the next years, because a lot of people do not have access to electricity. The development of power sources is limited mainly to large central power plants using hydropower and traditional fossil fuels. So in the country there exists a considerable potential for sustainable energy sources like biomass and residues. The biogas potential is large due to the high livestock population. There are more than 30 million animals in farms, mostly pigs, cattle, and water buffalo. There is a high potential for biogas utilization. Biogas production is economic in small and in big plants, so household biogas digesters are one opportunity for production of renewable energy in small villages or cities with a high livestock population. The advantage of anaerobic treatment of organic waste is the work in closed loops. The treatment of organic waste and the utilization of digested sludge from wastewater treatment plants are samples for the circulation of materials after use. The remaining materials can be used in the natural circulation process, because the nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon, and also trace elements remain in the digested matter. In biogas plants a huge variety of substrates can be used. The adaption of biogas technology to the special conditions of the substrates, the increase of the prices for energy, the aim to replace fossil energies with renewable energies will be forced in the next years. / Việc sử dụng chất thải có thể tái tạo được để sản xuất năng lượng sinh học là vấn đề còn đang được thảo luận vì sự cạnh tranh với thức ăn hoặc thức ăn cho động vật. Việc xử lý các chất thải hữu cơ là cần thiết để giữ sạch môi trường. Sự kết hợp của các đề xuất đó, tận dụng các chất thải và sản xuất năng lượng tái tạo có thể có thể được kết hợp với một số kỹ thuật. Ở Việt Nam, nhu cầu năng lượng sẽ tăng lên nhanh chóng trong những năm tiếp theo, bởi vì rất nhiều người vẫn chưa có điện sử dụng. Sự phát triển của các nguồn năng lượng chỉ giới hạn chủ yếu là các nhà máy điện lớn trung tâm sử dụng thủy điện và các nhiên liệu hóa thạch truyền thống. Vì vậy, trong nước tồn tại tiềm năng đáng kể cho các nguồn năng lượng bền vững như sinh khối và những nguồn khác. Tiềm năng khí sinh học lớn do quần thể động vật nuôi rất lớn. Có hơn 30 triệu động vật trong trang trại, chủ yếu là lợn, bò, trâu nước. Tiềm năng sử dụng khí sinh học rất cao. Sản xuất khí sinh học rất có hiệu quả kinh tế trong các nhà máy nhỏ và lớn, do đó, các thiết bị phản ứng tạo khí sinh học ở các hộ gia đình là một cơ hội để sản xuất năng lượng tái tạo trong các thành phố hay làng mạc nhỏ với số lượng lớn các gia súc được chăn nuôi. Ưu điểm của việc xử lý kỵ khí các chất thải hữu cơ là làm việc trong vòng khép kín. Việc xử lý các chất thải hữu cơ và sử dụng bùn phân hủy từ các nhà máy xử lý nước thải là các ví dụ cho việc tuần hoàn các vật chất sau khi sử dụng. Các vật chất còn lại có thể được sử dụng trong quá trình tuần hoàn tự nhiên, vì các chất dinh dưỡng như phốt pho, nitơ và carbon, và cả các nguyên tố vi lượng vẫn tồn tại trong nguyên liệu đã phân hủy. Trong các nhà máy khí sinh học, rất nhiều loại chất nền có thể được sử dụng. Sự cải tiến công nghệ sản xuất khí sinh học theo các điều kiện đặc biệt của các chất nền, sự gia tăng của giá năng lượng, mục đích thay thế nguồn năng lượng hóa thạch bằng năng lượng tái tạo sẽ là bắt buộc trong những năm tới.

In this study, hazardous waste inventory for Turkey is developed based on wastes identified as hazardous in European Waste Catalogue and Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes, Annex 7 Necessity of such inventory arises from importance of acquiring information on the amount of hazardous wastes generated and on their countrywide distribution for a sound hazardous waste management system for Turkey. Hazardous waste inventory is constructed by using waste generation factors obtained from literature which are coefficients that relate production with environmental emissions. Whenever possible, direct information obtained from generators was utilized. Both absolute and minor entries are covered. It is estimated that 4,940,000 &ndash / 5,110,000 t/yr of hazardous wastes are being generated in Turkey. 1,790,000 &ndash / 2,252,000 t/yr of these are classified as absolute entries and 3,146,000 &ndash / 3,160,000 t/yr of hazardous wastes are minor entries. It is observed that highest generation occurs from mining and thermal processes which involve high amounts of minor entries. Beside these industries highest generation occurs from wood preservation. Per capita hazardous waste generation is estimated as 30 &ndash / 77 kg/capita/yr which is in accordance with per capita generation range of EU. Highest hazardous waste generation occurs from Marmara Region with 527,730 t/yr followed by Aegean (524,580 t/yr), Central Anatolia (481,820 t/yr), Black Sea Region (277,850 t/yr), Mediterranean (211,580 t/yr), Southeast Anatolia (58,290 t/yr) and Eastern Anatolia (36,520 t/yr) excluding minor entries from mining industry and thermal processes. The trends in hazardous waste generation and GDP from manufacturing industry show the same trend. Contribution of regions are in the same order both in hazardous waste generation and GDP.

nÃo hà / A taxa da geraÃÃo dos resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos (RSU) cresce muito mais do que a da populaÃÃo urbana, atà mesmo em regiÃes onde o percentual de natalidade à elevado. Os motivos deste crescimento podem ser vÃrios, todavia os fatores culturais e econÃmicos sÃo os mais relevantes. Os impactos ambientais decorrentes deste crescimento podem ser notados, principalmente nas grandes cidades, como Fortaleza-CE, com caracterÃsticas de cidade comercial e turÃstica. Esta pesquisa procurou analisar as razÃes do crescimento dos resÃduos urbanos, mais particularmente no Brasil e na cidade de Fortaleza. Procurou-se como hipÃtese principal a correlaÃÃo da geraÃÃo dos resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos com o crescimento econÃmico, ocasionado pelo consumismo. Foram estudados os indicadores de sustentabilidade influentes para o crescimento da geraÃÃo dos resÃduos. Por meio da ferramenta estatÃstica SPSS, foram selecionados os indicadores correlatos, e daà aplicou-se uma regressÃo mÃltipla para encontrar a equaÃÃo-resposta que quantifica o total gerado dos resÃduos urbanos para Fortaleza, no perÃodo entre 2001 a 2011. Os resultados obtidos representam bem os indicadores, pois a confiabilidade foi de 80,9% do valor previsto. Os restantes 19,1% sÃo explicados por outros indicadores que nÃo estÃo no modelo. Os indicadores de sustentabilidade escolhidos foram: INPC, IPCA, Ãndice de GINI, consumo de energia elÃtrica, PIB, consumo de Ãgua tratada, tempo, IDH e a populaÃÃo urbana. Dentre todos os indicadores analisados, por ordem, os que expressaram maior correlaÃÃo para a equaÃÃo resposta foram o consumo de energia elÃtrica, PIB, consumo de Ãgua tratada, tempo, IDH e a populaÃÃo urbana. De acordo com a equaÃÃo-resposta, validada para o MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, permitiu-se concluir sobre a necessidade de associar o modelo de produÃÃo e consumo moderno com a geraÃÃo de resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos. / The rate of generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased much more than the urban population, even in regions where the birth rate is high. The reasons for this growth can be various, yet the cultural and economic factors are the most relevant. The environmental impacts of this growth can be noticed especially in large cities such as Fortaleza, CE, with characteristics of commercial and tourist city. This research sought to examine the reasons for the growth of the urban waste, particularly in Brazil and in the city of Fortaleza. It was sought as the main hypothesis the correlation of MSW generation and the economic growth, caused by consumerism. We studied the influential sustainability indicators for the growth of waste generation. Through the SPSS statistical tool, we selected the related indicators, and then we applied a multiple regression to find the response equation that quantifies the total of waste to Fortaleza, in the period between 2001 and 2011. The results obtained represent the indicators well because the reliability was 80.9% of the predicted value. The remaining 19.1% is explained by other indicators that are not in the model. Sustainability indicators chosen were: INPC, IPCA, GINI Indicator, power consumption, GDP, consumption of treated water, time, HDI and the urban population. Among all the indicators analyzed, those ones that showed the highest correlation to the response equation were, in order, the electricity consumption, GDP, consumption of treated water, time, HDI and the urban population. According to the equation-response, validated for the city of Fortaleza, allowed to conclude on the need to involve the model of production and consumption with the modern generation of municipal solid waste.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the golf states and one of the richest oil producing countries. Saudi population is nearly 27million; in addition, Saudi Arabia receives millions of people from around the world for Islamic pilgrimages. Moreover, Saudi is hosting hundreds of thousands of international professionals and labourers. Hence, the country infrastructure and services have been in the top agenda to be modernized in order to cope with new demand for better quality of life for a rich country. The healthcare sector is one of the key sectors which requires a special on going attention, particularly medically generated waste. Therefore, this research work has been conducted to investigate the status of medical waste management in the capital city; Riyadh. The prime aim of this research work is to propose a strategic framework which can be used as a roadmap for the different stakeholders. This will contribute to the enforcement of better handling and treatment of medical waste and more importantly prevent and control the spread of diseases or harm might be caused by poor handling of medical waste. The aim of the research has been achieved through; the critical review and analysis of the relevant literature, which has revealed the noticeable gap and lack of scientific studies of the proposed field. Appropriately, the findings of the research has contributed to filling the gap of the knowledge as well as serving as a milestone for further research work in this very important field. By surveying Riyadh’s hospitals and other national and international reports has. This allowed the presentation of the facts and indications of the current status of medical waste in Riyadh City. To obtain in-depth knowledge and gather the important findings concerning the medical waste management, focused; interviews of different medical professionals from various hospitals were conducted. This research has revealed more important factors that need to be addressed. These findings were used to propose the framework, which has been formed to enable resolving the challenges of the integration, of the awareness element though Islamic principles, within the Saudi system. The proposed framework has been evaluated by committee of medical professionals and has been accepted as good roadmap and appropriate solution that address the main aim of this research work. Finally, the research work is just a step towards the establishment of a proper biomedical waste management system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Some recommendations for future implementation are suggested at the end of this thesis.

The use of renewable waste for bioenergy production is in discussion because of the concurrence to the food or animal feed. The treatment of organic waste is necessary in order to keep clean the environment. The combination of those proposals, the waste utilization and the production of renewable energy can be combined with several techniques. In Vietnam the energy demand will increase rapidly in the next years, because a lot of people do not have access to electricity. The development of power sources is limited mainly to large central power plants using hydropower and traditional fossil fuels. So in the country there exists a considerable potential for sustainable energy sources like biomass and residues. The biogas potential is large due to the high livestock population. There are more than 30 million animals in farms, mostly pigs, cattle, and water buffalo. There is a high potential for biogas utilization. Biogas production is economic in small and in big plants, so household biogas digesters are one opportunity for production of renewable energy in small villages or cities with a high livestock population. The advantage of anaerobic treatment of organic waste is the work in closed loops. The treatment of organic waste and the utilization of digested sludge from wastewater treatment plants are samples for the circulation of materials after use. The remaining materials can be used in the natural circulation process, because the nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon, and also trace elements remain in the digested matter. In biogas plants a huge variety of substrates can be used. The adaption of biogas technology to the special conditions of the substrates, the increase of the prices for energy, the aim to replace fossil energies with renewable energies will be forced in the next years. / Việc sử dụng chất thải có thể tái tạo được để sản xuất năng lượng sinh học là vấn đề còn đang được thảo luận vì sự cạnh tranh với thức ăn hoặc thức ăn cho động vật. Việc xử lý các chất thải hữu cơ là cần thiết để giữ sạch môi trường. Sự kết hợp của các đề xuất đó, tận dụng các chất thải và sản xuất năng lượng tái tạo có thể có thể được kết hợp với một số kỹ thuật. Ở Việt Nam, nhu cầu năng lượng sẽ tăng lên nhanh chóng trong những năm tiếp theo, bởi vì rất nhiều người vẫn chưa có điện sử dụng. Sự phát triển của các nguồn năng lượng chỉ giới hạn chủ yếu là các nhà máy điện lớn trung tâm sử dụng thủy điện và các nhiên liệu hóa thạch truyền thống. Vì vậy, trong nước tồn tại tiềm năng đáng kể cho các nguồn năng lượng bền vững như sinh khối và những nguồn khác. Tiềm năng khí sinh học lớn do quần thể động vật nuôi rất lớn. Có hơn 30 triệu động vật trong trang trại, chủ yếu là lợn, bò, trâu nước. Tiềm năng sử dụng khí sinh học rất cao. Sản xuất khí sinh học rất có hiệu quả kinh tế trong các nhà máy nhỏ và lớn, do đó, các thiết bị phản ứng tạo khí sinh học ở các hộ gia đình là một cơ hội để sản xuất năng lượng tái tạo trong các thành phố hay làng mạc nhỏ với số lượng lớn các gia súc được chăn nuôi. Ưu điểm của việc xử lý kỵ khí các chất thải hữu cơ là làm việc trong vòng khép kín. Việc xử lý các chất thải hữu cơ và sử dụng bùn phân hủy từ các nhà máy xử lý nước thải là các ví dụ cho việc tuần hoàn các vật chất sau khi sử dụng. Các vật chất còn lại có thể được sử dụng trong quá trình tuần hoàn tự nhiên, vì các chất dinh dưỡng như phốt pho, nitơ và carbon, và cả các nguyên tố vi lượng vẫn tồn tại trong nguyên liệu đã phân hủy. Trong các nhà máy khí sinh học, rất nhiều loại chất nền có thể được sử dụng. Sự cải tiến công nghệ sản xuất khí sinh học theo các điều kiện đặc biệt của các chất nền, sự gia tăng của giá năng lượng, mục đích thay thế nguồn năng lượng hóa thạch bằng năng lượng tái tạo sẽ là bắt buộc trong những năm tới.

In this study, Hazardous Waste Production potential for the selected priority sectors in OSTIM Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ), Ankara is investigated. A general inventory study is conducted based on both absolute and minor entries in Waste List of Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management, Annex 4. Processes included in priority sectors are identified / moreover, each process is analyzed in terms of inputs entering and outputs leaving. Generated hazardous wastes from each sector are classified as process based, side processes based, and non-process based. After determination of codes and amounts of wastes, hazardous qwaste generation factors are generally calculated as &quot / kg of waste generated per ton of product or raw material processed&quot / . Calculated hazardous waste generation factors are compared with the estimated ones in literature if there is any and a specific range is determined for each waste factor. By use of sector specific hazardous waste generation factors and total capacity values sectoral hazardous waste generation amounts are calculated for OSTIM OIZ. The most crowded and potentially polluter sectors are determined from 14 main producer sectors of OSTIM OIZ. Accordingly, machining, casting of ferrous metals, treatment and coating of metals, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and manufacture of rubber products are selected priority sectors studied in this thesis study. It is observed that among selected priority sectors highest generation occurs in machining sector, which involve high amounts of 12 01 coded HWs as metal grindings and waste oil mixtures. In addition, manufacturing of rubber products sector has no significant hazardous waste generation.