The feasibility of ensiling broiler litter alone, with added water or with high moisture corn grain was evaluated. Wood shaving based broiler litter was ensiled in small laboratory silos (about 4 liters) at moisture levels of 15.6 (no water added), 20, 30, 40 and 50%. Maximum fermentation was approached at 40% moisture as measured by silage pH and levels of lactic and acetic acids and water-soluble carbohydrates. Coliform bacteria were eliminated by ensiling at 20 to 50% moisture. In a subsequent study, litter was ground and 545 kg were ensiled alone (22% moisture) or with added water to elevate the moisture to 40%. Active fermentation occurred, and coliforms were eliminated in the silage containing 40% moisture. Twenty-four wethers and 12 steers were used in a metabolism study and a palatability study, respectively. Four rations were supplemented with: (1) dry heat processed litter [260 C at a depth of 1.3 cm for 30 min.]; (2) 22% moisture litter silage; (3) 40% moisture litter silage; or (4) soybean meal. Supplements supplied 50% of the dietary nitrogen in the metabolism trial. Nitrogen retention was lower (P<.01) for the ration supplemented with processed litter than for the other rations. Apparent digestibility was not significantly different among the three rations supplemented with litter, but digestion coefficients for dry matter and crude fiber were lower (P<.05) for the ration supplemented with soybean meal. Litter supplied 50% of the total ration dry matter in the palatability study. Dry matter intakes by cattle were similar for the two rations containing litter silage and were significantly (P<.01) lower than for cattle fed the conventional soybean meal supplemented ration. In another study, ground high moisture (26%) corn grain was ensiled alone or with ground litter in a 2 to 1 ratio in approximate 1 metric ton masses. The extent of fermentation in the corn-litter mixture was less than in corn ensiled alone. Twenty-four wethers were used in a metabolism trial and 12 steers were individually fed in two 15-day palatability trials. The four rations tested in both studies contained: (1) ensiled corn; (2) ensiled corn-litter mixture; (3) ensiled corn and dry heat processed litter [260 C at a depth of 1.3 cm for 30 min.]; or (4) ensiled corn and soybean meal. Nitrogen intake was similar for the three supplemented rations (2, 3, 4) fed in the metabolism study. Nitrogen retention was lowest (P<.01) for the unsupplemented ration (1). Retention was significantly higher (P<.01) for the soybean meal than for the litter-containing rations. This can be attributed mainly to lower fecal nitrogen excretion. Coefficients of apparent digestibility were usually significantly lower for the unsupplemented than for the supplemented rations. Apparent digestibility of crude protein was lower (P<.01) for both litter-containing rations than for the soybean meal supplemented ration. Digestion coefficients for dry matter, crude fiber, and NFE were not significantly different among rations 2, 3 and 4. Dry matter intakes tended to be higher for cattle fed litter than for those fed the soybean meal supplemented ration. Intake was lowest (P<.01) for the unsupplemented ration. / Ph. D.

Three digestion trials were conducted with six yearling steers to study apparent digestibility of fecal waste from steers fed a ground, high roughage finishing ration. In the first trial steers were fed a basal ration containing approximately 50% roughage. The ration contained 14.3% crude protein and 22.8% crude fiber, dry basis. Apparent digestibility was 65% for dry matter and 66% for crude protein. The feces collected during this trial were dried in a forced air oven at 120 C and ground. The chemical composition of the feces was 13.2% crude protein, 31.4% crude fiber, 2.8% ether extract, 5.4% ash, 38.8% NFE, 70.9% cell walls and 44.8% ADF, dry basis. For trials 2 and 3 a switch-back design was used. In each trial one-half of the steers were fed the basal and the remainder were fed a ration in which dried cattle feces collected during trial 1 were substituted for 20% of the basal ration. / Master of Science

A Municipal Yard Waste Composting Research and Demonstration Project was conducted to examine the process, quality of leachate, and viability of this technology for large-scale, low-technology application. Project research objectives were: 1) to characterize C/N, temperature, and moisture relationships of yard waste during composting and the elemental composition of the finished compost; 2) to investigate the oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) relationships in the composting yard waste; and 3) to quantify water quality parameters of the leachate from yard waste composting mixes. Mixes of 3 parts leaves/1 part grass, 2 parts woodchips/1 part grass, and leaves alone were composted in windrows. Process control was by a front-end loader/back-hoe according to a 60°C maximum temperature set-point, initially, and by temperature plateaus or moisture conditions following most active composting. Composting was more efficient with the presence of grass clippings. Some CH₄ was observed within windrows microsites, even under overall aerobic conditions. Occasional methane production not in excess of approximately 4x10⁻² mmol/l reflects inconsequential anaerobiosis. Leachate from individual windrows was minimal but contained high concentrations of total Kjehldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus, and biological oxygen demand. Soil degradation processes should ameliorate these. The leaf/grass mix generated the greatest quantities of carbon dioxide, strongly correlated oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, steepest temperature profile, and the highest concentrations of plant nutrients in material composted for between 8 and 24 weeks. Low-technology composting of yard wastes can be an effective, low-cost alternative to landfilling, with substantial societal and environmental benefits. / Master of Science

Der Bericht dokumentiert das Aufkommen, die Zusammensetzung und den Verbleib der sächsischen Siedlungsabfälle im Jahr 2012. Gegliedert in Landkreise und die drei kreisfreien Städte werden die Abfallgebühren für Restabfall, Bioabfall und sonstige Entsorgungsgebühren dargestellt. Die durchschnittliche Abfallgebührenbelastung pro Einwohner lag bei 53 Euro.

Der Bericht dokumentiert das Aufkommen, die Zusammensetzung und den Verbleib der sächsischen Siedlungsabfälle im Jahr 2013. Neu ist die Darstellung von zahlreichen Aktivitäten und Initiativen der sächsischen öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträger zur Vermeidung von Abfällen. Des Weiteren werden die Abfallgebühren für Restabfall, Bioabfall und sonstige Entsorgungsgebühren nach Landkreisen, kreisfreien Städten und Abfallverbänden betrachtet. Die Abfallgebührenbelastung pro Einwohner lag bei 54 Euro.

Der Bericht beschreibt das Aufkommen und den Verbleib der sächsischen Siedlungsabfälle für das Bilanzjahr 2009. Die Ergebnisse werden erstmals nach der seit dem 1. August 2008 geltenden Kreisgebietsstruktur des Freistaates Sachsen präsentiert. Neu ist die Integration der Gebührenübersicht in die Siedlungsabfallbilanz anstelle der bislang gesondert veröffentlichten Gebührenstudie.

In der Abfallbilanz 2002 wurden die von den öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträgern bzw. beauftragten Dritten eingesammelten Abfälle dargestellt.

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