Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Henry França Meier, Antonio Andre Chivanga Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:25:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wiggers_VinicyusRodolfo_M.pdf: 4312543 bytes, checksum: c9c8ccdabb1190ba49ffe38d966b7226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A pirólise, uma das muitas alternativas de processos de conversão química de resíduos sólidos, tem recebido uma atenção especial de ambientalistas, engenheiros e da comunidade científica. Este processo tem sido testado em um número incontável de plantas piloto, e muitos sistemas em escala industrial já são operados com sucesso. Sofrendo aquecimento em uma atmosfera livre de oxigênio, muitas substâncias orgânicas de cadeia longa, podem ser fracionadas via craqueamento térmico e reações de condensação, em frações gasosas, líquidas e sólidas de menor peso molecular com maior valor econômico. Ao contrário da incineração que é altamente exotérmica, a pirólise é endotérmica, ocorre numa faixa de temperatura da ordem de 300 a 600°C e apresenta vantagens como a menor formação de dioxinas e a possibilidade de processo autotérmico. Este trabalho tem o propósito de simular, projetar e construir uma planta piloto de pirólise em reator de leito móvel através de solução de modelos matemáticos e métodos numéricos. Além disso, pretende-se desenvolver uma estratégia do tipo problema inverso para ajuste numérico de parâmetros térmicos e cinéticos do processo. Para tanto, projetou-se e montou-se um aparato experimental em escala piloto, com finalidade multi-propósito, para aquisição de dados do processo com e sem reação, mediante o desenvolvimento e uso do modelo microscópico unidimensional e permanente de conservação da massa e da energia / Abstract: Pyrolysis, one of many solid waste chemical conversion processes, has been receiving a special atenttion from engineers, researches and environment specialists. The pyrolysis has been tested in many pilot plants, and some industrial plants are operated with success. Heating in a controled atmosphere absenced of oxygen, an organic portion of waste materials can be converted into mixture gases, oils with lower molecular weight and others products with higher economic value. This trasnformation occurs through thermal cracking and condensation reaction. Whereas incineration is exothermic, pyrolysis is endothermic and runs in range temperatures from 300 to 600°C. This process still presents some advantages like smaller dioxines formation than the incineration and also the possibility of autothermal operation of the process This work has the propose to simulate, project and build a pilot plant of pyrolysis with a fluidised bed reactor, by using mathematical modelling and numerical methods for simulation of the process It also intends to develop strategies to solve an inverse problem to predict thermal and kinetics parameters of the model from experimental data obtaneid in a pilot plant and a metodology to determine a thermic and kinetic parameters of solid waste. To get this objective, a microscopic model l-D and steady state, of mass and energy conservation was developed, the simulation for design and the construction of an experimental aparatus in a pilot plant scale was realized, to get a process data with and without reaction, to intend a scale-up from process / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Banca: Monica Sarolli S. M.Costa / Banca: Adriane de Andrade Silva / Banca: Marco Antonio M. Biaggioni / Banca: Sérgio Campos / Resumo: A glicerina bruta é um resíduo da produção de biodiesel de baixo valor agregado, no entanto, possui alto teor de carbono e potencial para produzir bons resultados se co-digerida de maneira anaeróbia com um material rico em nitrogênio como os dejetos de animais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a co-digestão de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e dois tipos de glicerina bruta: bruta e bruta loira, em biodigestores anaeróbios operados em sistema semi-contínuo, sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento, sendo DBL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + água; DBL+GB - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta + água; DBL+GL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta loira + água. As cargas diárias foram iniciadas tanto no DBL+GB como no DBL+GL com 1,25% de glicerina bruta passando em seguida para 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 e 20%; os aumentos nas porcentagens foram graduais e realizados a cada 30 dias, sendo este o TRH estabelecido. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), relação AV/AT, temperatura, reduções dos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e de sólidos voláteis (SV), produção de biogás/dia, teor de metano (CH4), potencial de produção de biogás por quilograma: de substrato (m3 kg-1 subst.), de sólidos totais adicionados (m3 kg-1ST adic.), de sólidos voláteis adicionados (m3 kg-1 SV adic.) e de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros (m3 kg-1 dej.), teores de ... / Abstract: Crude glycerin is a waste from biodiesel production with a low added value, however, it has a high carbon content and potential to produce good results if it is co-digested with a rich nitrogen material as animal manures. This way, the aim of this study was the co-digestion evaluation of dairy cattle manures and two types of crude glycerin: crude and blonde crude, in anaerobic digesters operated in semi-continuous system, under experimental design entirely randomized with 5 repetitions for each treatment, DBL - dairy cattle manures + water; DBL+GB - dairy cattle manures + crude glycerin + water; DBL+GL - dairy cattle manures + blonde crude glycerin + water. Daily loads were initiated both in DBL+GB and DBL+GL with 1,25% of crude glycerin and then rising to 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 and 20%; increases in percentages were made gradually and every 30 days. The parameters assessed were: pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total alkalinity (TA), VFA/TA ratio, temperature, removal of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), biogas production, methane rate (CH4), potential of biogas production per kilogram: of substrate (m3 kg-1 subst.), total solids added (m3 kg-1 TS add.), volatile solids added (m3 kg-1 VS add.) and dairy cattle manures (m3 kg-1 dej.), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Least Square Means statistics was used to analyze the data (p<0,05). DBL+GB and DBL+GL treatments provided increments in biogas production in relation to DBL in all crude glycerin percentages tested. CH4 contents have been satisfactory and always above 59%, in all treatments. The ST and VS removals from DBL were less than DBL+GB and DBL+GL, and in these, increases in crude glycerin quantities accompanied. Potentials of biogas production varied according to the analyzed parameter: per kg of substrate and per kg of manures were higher in DBL+GB and in DBL+GL ... / Doutor

Thesis (M. Sc. Agriculture (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / This study aimed at assess phosphorus (P) solubility and bioavailability from non-reactive Phalaborwa ground phosphate rock (GPR) using thermophilic co-composting technology. Two types of organic wastes (Cattle, CM and poultry manure, PM) were used to produce different mix ratios (5:5, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1) of phospho-composts. Control compost of both manures without GPR addition were included. Samples of each compost heap were taken at mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling and maturity stages and used for bioquality and chemical tests. Microbial counts, enzyme activity, molecular analysis, and the quatification of different P forms and fractions were carried out on all compost samples. Results showed that the concentration of P measured in the different phospho-composts differed significantly (p < 0.05). The 8:2 mix ratio gave quantitatively higher P concentration in both CM- and PM-based phospho-composts. Organic P form had the lowest concentration when compared to other P forms and fractions while water soluble-P had the highest concentration as compared to other P fractions. The content of actinomycetes showed correlated positively with EC, phosphatase β-glucosidase, fungi and bacteria but negatively correlated with organic P, Ca-P water P and pH. There was a positive and significant correlation between electrical conductivity, enzyme activity (phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase), fungi, actinomycete and P fractions (Bray P1, Ca-P and Pi value). Acid phosphatase activity correlated negatively with water extractable P, organic P and Ca-P contents but revealed a positively significant correlation with bacteria, fungi and actinomycete counts. Generally higher microbial counts were measured in CM- than PM-based phospho-composts but the concentrations varied with each microbial species. Highest fungi (7.27 CFU g-1) and actinomycete (6.83 CFU g-1) counts were generally recorded in the control composts, which was quantitatively higher in CM- than PM-based phospho-composts. Quantitatively higher enzyme activities were measured across compost types and mix ratios during the cooling phase phospho-compost production; but were statistically comparable to measured values at maturity phase. Acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase enzymes were predominately higher at maturity phase in all cattle manure-based phospho-compost excluding the 5:5 mix ratio. In PM-based phospho-compost, both β-glucosidase and phosphatase were higher at initial phase with PM5:5 , PM9:1 and PM10:0. Dehydrogenase activities were predominately higher at thermophilic and cooling phase from both PM- and CM-based phospho-compost. Results of molecular analysis revealed that Bacillus sp. and Acholeplasma cavigenitalium sp. were dorminant in PM-based phospho-composts while Pseudomonas sp. and Acholeplasma pleciae dorminated the CM-based phospho-composts. In conclusion, results of this study revealed that the type of manure used exerts great influence on the bioquality parameters and the amount of P released. Key words: Phospho-compost, Compost quality, Enzyme activities, Nutrient cycling, Ground phosphate rock, Phosphorus forms and fractions

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a type of biologically-produced plastic known for their biocompatibility and biodegradability. They have the potential to replace petroleum-based plastics as an environmentally-friendly alternative. This is beneficial because the release of plastics into environments such as the ocean and the buildup of plastics in landfills are major concerns facing society today. Currently, however, PHAs are significantly more expensive than their petroleum-based counterparts. This is largely due to the cost of carbon sources and of extracting the bioplastics from bacteria. The goal of these studies was to examine replacing traditional carbon sources used in PHA production like sugar and oils with sustainable carbon sources and to improve extraction procedures by inducing secretion of PHAs in bacteria. A few sustainable carbon sources were examined for use in PHA production. First, studies focused on the conversion of food waste into PHAs were reviewed. It was shown that utilizing food wastes as carbon sources may be a viable approach to producing PHAs. A second carbon source examined was methanol. A novel isolate of Methylobacterium that demonstrated the ability to produce PHAs from methanol was identified. A system of secreting PHAs that was constructed using synthetic biological engineering approach was introduced to this isolate. This secretion system was not shown to improve extraction of PHAs in Methylobacterium in its current form.

No description available.

M.S.

A microbiological and economic study of methane production from dairy cattle waste was performed. The profit potential of producing methane and other vendable products from dairy cattle wastes was studied using a computerized cost model. The unit gas cost ($/cu. ft. methane) was determined for refractory volatile solids (VS) concentrations between 52% and 28% (W/W). Reaction rate constants (RKO) between 5.92 x 109 and 1.24 x 1011 were used. Retention time (RT) was varied between 1 and 10 days. Total solids (TS) concentration was varied between 8% and 14%. Analyses were performed with and without a fertilizer plant option for upgrading digester effluent solids. Unit gas cost (UGC) decreased as RKO increased and as the refractory VS concentration decreased when determined without the fertilizer option. UGC decreased at short retention times as RKO increased when the fertilizer option was included. The unit gas costs were always above $8.00 per M. cu. ft. CH4 without a fertilizer plant, and were consistently lower than the current intrastate market price of $3.18 per M. cu. ft. CH4 when a fertilizer plant was incorporated into the system. Microbiological studies were conducted using a multistage multistream digester. The design consisted of a 1,700 liter central digester with a working volume of 1,200 liters and 10, 50 liter satellite digesters with a working volume of 40 liters each. The digester design allowed for the automatic addition of substrate to the central digester once per hour and three times per hour to the satellites. The digester was operated at 55┬░C and 10% TS with a 6 day RT in the central digester and 2 days RT in the satellites. Manure from a commercial dairy was utilized for substrate. Methane production was directly related to the type of cattle feed ration. It ranged between 1.27 and 0.3 liters CH4 per liter of reactor fluid per day at a 6 day RT. Alkalinity, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia concentrations were related to methane production. VFA concentrations were lower and methane production slightly higher in the satellite digesters. Analysis of the digester effluent for fertilizer value was investigated by drying for 10 days on a as and drying bed at an initial depth of 10 cm. Total nitrogen, phosphorous (as P2O5) and potassium (as K2O) concentrations were: 1.8%, 1.1% and 7.2% for undigested manure; 4.5%, 2.3%, and 9.1% for 6 day RT effluent; 2.0%, 1.1% and 7.5% for 8 day RT effluent. Our economic studies indicate that digester operating conditions should include a 3-5 day RT, 10-12% TS, minimal changes in feed ration and recovery of solids for upgrading to fertilizer.

Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes are materials produced in the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of structures (buildings and roads). It also includes materials generated as a result of natural disasters (EPA, 2009). Preliminary estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show that the nation generated more than 160 million tons of building related C&D wastes in 2003. Also, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) estimated that in 2005, Pennsylvania disposed over 2.25 million tons of C&D wastes in its municipal and C&D landfills (PADEP, 2009).Though previous studies have shown that it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly for contractors or construction managers to recycle C&D wastes rather than disposing them in landfills, these previous studies, however, paid little or no attention to detailed cost of recycling C&D wastes in a particular geographical area or region as compared to the availability of market for recycled materials or monetary value of the recycled materials. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model that helps stakeholders in construction business to evaluate the potential cost of recycling C&D waste components in their geographical area or region, and the potential revenue from the recycled materials. The model developed in this thesis will enable private companies or individuals to identify, invest and participate in the recycling of C&D waste components that yield good profits in their region or area. It will also enable Government to identify, sponsor or provide incentives for the recycling of C&D waste components that yield no or less profit in order to reduce environmental pollution and generate jobs. A case study is conducted in Pennsylvania to test the model developed in this thesis and the test has been successful. Based on the mathematical model and logic structure for selecting C&D waste components for recycling, drywall, roofing shingles and wood are identified as the components whose recycling will yield good profit and thus may not need government's support or incentives. Moreover, C&D waste components such as concrete, brick, block and asphalt, have been identified as components whose recycling will not be profitable enough and therefore would require government's support or incentives. The result of the case study also shows that the quantity of non-ferrous metals in C&D wastes are very small and their recycling will not yield any significant profit. / Civil Engineering

No description available.

M.S.