Locais para disposição de resíduos sólidos, em sua solução tecnicamente mais adequada, os aterros sanitários, são equipamentos que desempenham funções urbanas, mas situam-se afastados das áreas urbanas. A expansão destas áreas urbanas acaba por alcança-los, a ela incorporando-os, o que ocorre quando estão no final de sua vida útil. O presente trabalho identifica como se desenvolve este processo de incorporação, realizando uma análise crítica das condições em que ocorre e da mudança de uso e ocupação do solo dos aterros como soluções propostas para a sua incorporação. / Areas for solid waste disposal, in the more appropriate technological solution, the sanitary landfills, are equipments that execute urban functions but are placed out of urban areas. The urban areas growth reach and enclose them, what happens when they are in the end of their life. This work identifies the incorporation process developing, making a critical analysis where it takes place and the land uses changes had made in sanitary landfills to become their incorporation to urban areas a suitable solution.

A exploração de itabirito do minério de ferro para a indústria siderúrgica gera, entre outros, milhares de toneladas diárias de resíduo de arenoso. As características físicas e químicas homogêneas deste material, o faz atraente como matéria-prima para diversas indústrias, incluindo a fabricação de artefatos de cimento. Um aspecto importante para a sustentabilidade deste segmento é o uso racional dos recursos naturais e o aumento da durabilidade do produto final. Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento e o estudo comparativo das propriedades de argamassas contendo resíduo arenoso do itabirito e areia natural. Inicialmente o resíduo arenoso foi analisado, caracterizado e, de acordo com normas ambientais, classificado como inerte (Classe II B). Argamassas foram feitas usando a areia natural e resíduo de arenoso, seguindo o planejamento fatorial 23 para o estudo dos agregados, e 2x4 para o estudo dos fluidificantes. Os fatores estudados foram a relação água / cimento (a / c), o tipo de cimento e o proporção cimento:agregado. Os testes foram realizados, nas argamassas frescas e endurecidas, para determinar propriedades como viscosidade, tempo de pega, porosidade, densidade, resistência à compressão, etc. Estas propriedades foram analisadas em relação aos fatores definidos, utilizando ferramentas estatísticos ANOVA e t-student com amostras emparelhadas. A relação entre estas propriedades foi verificada através de um estudo realizado correlacionando-as duas a duas. Em alguns casos os resultados usando o resíduo arenoso não seguiram a tendência esperada, de acordo com a literatura para as argamassas com areia natural. Os dados do teste de carbonatação indicaram que as argamassas com resíduo arenoso devem ser preferencialmente utilizadas em estruturas não armadas, por exemplo, em calçadas. A partir da análise dos resultados de todas as propriedades, a formulação com cimento CP V, proporção cimento:resíduo = 1:2 e relação água / cimento = 0,80 apresentou boa trabalhabilidade e tempo de pega adequado, sendo selecionada como base para os testes em escala piloto. Além disso, a densidade, 2,05 g.cm-3, e a resistência à compressão, 19,2 MPa, dos produtos sugerem a sua utilização como artefatos para construção. Testes com 300 dias de alguns espécimes evidenciaram a estabilidade do produto final. Finalmente, com este trabalho construiu-se a base para os estudos de demonstração em escala piloto e de viabilidade econômica da cimentação deste resíduo. / The exploitation of itabirite from iron ore for the steel industry generates about thousands of tons daily of sandy waste, among others. The homogeneous physical and chemical characteristics of this material make it attractive as a raw material for different industries, including the cement artifact manufacture. An important aspect for the sustainability of this segment is the rational use of natural resources and the increase of product durability. This work aims the development and the comparative study of mortars properties containing sandy waste from itabirite and natural sand. Initially the sandy waste was analyzed, characterized and, according to environmental standards, classified as inert (Class IIB). Mortar was made using the natural sand and the sandy waste, following the 23 factorial design for the aggregate study, and 2x4 for the admixture study. The factors studied were the water / cement ratio (a / c), the type of cement and the cement:aggregate proportion. Tests were performed in fresh and hardened mortar to determine properties such as viscosity, setting time, porosity, density, compressive strength etc. These properties were analyzed in relation to the defined factors, using statistical tools ANOVA and t-student. The relationship between these properties was verified through a study carried out correlating them two by two. In some cases the results from using sandy waste did not follow the expected trend that was presented in the literature for the mortar using natural sand. The data from carbonation test showed that mortar with sandy waste should be preferably used in structures without steel, for example, in sidewalks. From the analysis of the results of all properties, the Formulation with the cement CP V, cement: waste proportion = 1:2, and water / cement ratio = 0.80 showed good workability and setting time appropriate, therefore it was selected as basis for tests in pilot scale. Additionally, the density, 2.05 g.cm-3, and compressive strength 19.2 MPa of the final product are suitable for their use as artifacts to construction. Tests for 300 days of some specimens evidenced the stability of the final products. Finally this work has built the base for the studies of pilot plant scale and the economical viability of the waste sandy cementation process.

O reprocessamento do elemento combustível constitui uma das etapas do ciclo do combustível e tem por objetivo separar U 235, U238 e Pu239 dos produtos de fissão contidos no elemento combustível queimado para reutilizá -los na fabricação de novos elementos combustíveis. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento do reprocessamento teve início nos anos 70 com a implantação de uma planta piloto de reprocessamento, no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/São Paulo (I PEN-CNEN/SP), dando origem à uma instalação, em escala de laboratório, que operou até o início da década de 90. Parte dos rejeitos radioativos, produzidos principalmente a partir dos laboratórios analíticos está armazenados à espera de tratamento no Labora tório de Gestão de Rejeitos do IPEN-CNEN/SP, e são constituído pela mistura de fases aquosa e orgânica. Por conter compostos orgânicos, esses rejeitos não podem se solidificados diretamente com cimento, necessitando para isso, de tratamento prévio para torná-los compatíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos que compõem os rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos (RRLO) para que os mesmos possam ser posteriormente imobilizados em c imento. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, a de caracterização dos RRLO, obtenção das comunidades microbianas (da mina de urânio de Poços de Caldas e do estuário de São Sebastião) e realização de ensaios de biodegradação dos RRLO. A partir da caracterização dos rejeitos, a biodegradação do TBP e acetato de etila foram monitoradas. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas selecionadas foram eficientes para a degradação dos rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos. Ao final dos experimentos os níveis biodegradação foram de 66% para o acetato de etila e 70% para o TBP. / The research and development program in reproces sing of low burn-up spent fuel elements began in Brazil in 70s, originating the lab -scale hot cell, known as CELESTE located at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP. The program was ended at the beginning of 90s, and the laboratory was c losed down. Part of the radioactive waste generated mainly from the analytical laboratories is stored waiting for treatment at the Waste Management Laboratory, and it is constituted by mixture of aqueous and organic phases. The most widely used technique for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes is the solidification in cement matrix, due to the low processing costs and compatibility with a wide variety of wastes. However, organics are generally incompatible with cement, interfering with the hydration and setting processes, and requiring pre -treatment with special additives to stabilize or destroy them. The objective of this work can be divided in three parts: i) organic compounds characterization in the radioactive liquid waste; ii) the occurrence of b acterial consortia from Poços de Caldas uranium mine soil and São Sebastião estuary sediments that are able to degrade organic compounds and third, the development of a methodology to biodegrade organic compounds from the radioactive liquid waste aiming th e cementation From the characterization analysis, TBP and ethyl acetate were chosen to be degrade d. The results showed that selected bacterial consortia were efficient for the organic liquid wastes degradation. At the end of the experiments the biodegradat ion level were 66% for ethyl acetate and 70% for the TBP.

by Ng Sai Leung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves [172]-[182] / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / LIST OF PLATES --- p.xvii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xviii / CHAPTER --- p.Page / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Literature review --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Scope and approach of the study --- p.8 / Chapter II --- METHODOLOGY --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Conceptualization --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Soil characteristics / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Site selection --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Descriptions of soils for investigation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Preliminary percolation test and soil preparation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Column design --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5 --- Routine operation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6 --- Sampling procedure --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7 --- Time schedule of the experiment --- p.30 / Chapter III --- ANALYTICAL METHODS --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Soil characteristics --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Soil leachate --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Continuous monitoring of the column system --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- Manipulation and analysis of data --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5 --- Remarks --- p.44 / Chapter IV --- INITIAL STATE OF THE SYSTEM --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Slurry characteristics --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Soil matrix --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3 --- Blank soil leachate --- p.50 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.51 / Chapter V --- HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF THE COLUMNS --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1 --- Hydraulic considerations of disposal design --- p.53 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Soil clogging phenomenon --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Significance of soil clogging --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Morphology of clogging layer --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3 --- Infiltration regimes of the columns --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Kostiakov infiltration model --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Factors affecting infiltration regimes --- p.63 / Chapter 5.4 --- Practical recommendations --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Recommended dosage rate --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Time of failure --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Recovery of the system --- p.67 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.68 / Chapter VI --- PURIFICATION EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM --- p.70 / Chapter 6.1 --- PH --- p.70 / Chapter 6.2 --- Specific conductivity --- p.71 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Ion movement pattern --- p.74 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Ion movement mechanism --- p.77 / Chapter 6.3 --- E. coli --- p.78 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- E. coli removal pattern --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- E. coli overview --- p.82 / Chapter 6.4 --- Carbon --- p.83 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Carbon attenuation pattern --- p.84 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Carbon transformation mechanisms --- p.93 / Chapter 6.5 --- Nitrogen --- p.95 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Nitrogen attenuation --- p.96 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Nitrogen transformation mechanisms --- p.103 / Chapter 6.6 --- Phosphorus --- p.106 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.112 / Chapter VII --- CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SOIL LEACHATE --- p.113 / Chapter 7.1 --- Cluster analysis of leachate samples --- p.114 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Clustering of soil leachate --- p.115 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Implications --- p.118 / Chapter 7.2 --- Discriminant analysis of leachate samples --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Discriminant functions --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Scanning the misclassified samples --- p.123 / Chapter 7.3 --- Spatial and temporal changes of soil leachate --- p.124 / Chapter 7.5 --- Summary --- p.127 / Chapter VIII --- CONTROLLING FACTORS OF THE LEACHATE QUALITY --- p.128 / Chapter 8.1 --- Interrelationship of leachate chemical quality --- p.130 / Chapter 8.2 --- Analytical framework --- p.133 / Chapter 8.3 --- Evaluating the effect of system characteristics --- p.135 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- "Effects on ""degradation""" --- p.137 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- "Effects on ""soil retention""" --- p.138 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- "Effects on ""nitrification""" --- p.138 / Chapter 8.3.4 --- Overall effect --- p.139 / Chapter 8.4 --- Pattern of pollutant attenuation --- p.140 / Chapter 8.5 --- Relative performance of five soils and the effect of depth --- p.142 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Relative purification efficiency of each soil --- p.143 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- The effect of soil depth on purification --- p.144 / Chapter 8.6 --- Evaluating the effect of slurry concentration --- p.146 / Chapter 8.7 --- Evaluating the effect of management practices --- p.148 / Chapter 8.7.1 --- Gravel washing --- p.148 / Chapter 8.7.2 --- Raking --- p.150 / Chapter 8.8 --- Summary --- p.151 / Chapter IX --- CHANGES OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES --- p.153 / Chapter 9.1 --- Soil reaction pH --- p.153 / Chapter 9.2 --- Soil electrical conductivity (SEC) --- p.156 / Chapter 9.3 --- Soil total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.158 / Chapter 9.4 --- Soil total nitrogen (TN) --- p.158 / Chapter 9.5 --- Soil total phosphorus (TP) --- p.162 / Chapter 9.6 --- Summary --- p.162 / Chapter X --- CONCLUSION --- p.165 / Chapter 10.1 --- General review of the performance of the columns --- p.165 / Chapter 10.2 --- Purification pathways and contaminant attenuation --- p.166 / Chapter 10.3 --- Factors affecting the purification --- p.167 / Chapter 10.4 --- Impacts of slurry application on the soil properties --- p.168 / Chapter 10.5 --- Practicability of soakaway and recommendations --- p.168 / Chapter 10.6 --- Suggestion and discussion --- p.169 / Chapter 10.6.1 --- Experimental design --- p.169 / Chapter 10.6.2 --- Operational improvement --- p.170 / Chapter 10.6.3 --- Statistical considerations --- p.171 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDICES

O reprocessamento do elemento combustível constitui uma das etapas do ciclo do combustível e tem por objetivo separar U 235, U238 e Pu239 dos produtos de fissão contidos no elemento combustível queimado para reutilizá -los na fabricação de novos elementos combustíveis. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento do reprocessamento teve início nos anos 70 com a implantação de uma planta piloto de reprocessamento, no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/São Paulo (I PEN-CNEN/SP), dando origem à uma instalação, em escala de laboratório, que operou até o início da década de 90. Parte dos rejeitos radioativos, produzidos principalmente a partir dos laboratórios analíticos está armazenados à espera de tratamento no Labora tório de Gestão de Rejeitos do IPEN-CNEN/SP, e são constituído pela mistura de fases aquosa e orgânica. Por conter compostos orgânicos, esses rejeitos não podem se solidificados diretamente com cimento, necessitando para isso, de tratamento prévio para torná-los compatíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos que compõem os rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos (RRLO) para que os mesmos possam ser posteriormente imobilizados em c imento. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, a de caracterização dos RRLO, obtenção das comunidades microbianas (da mina de urânio de Poços de Caldas e do estuário de São Sebastião) e realização de ensaios de biodegradação dos RRLO. A partir da caracterização dos rejeitos, a biodegradação do TBP e acetato de etila foram monitoradas. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas selecionadas foram eficientes para a degradação dos rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos. Ao final dos experimentos os níveis biodegradação foram de 66% para o acetato de etila e 70% para o TBP. / The research and development program in reproces sing of low burn-up spent fuel elements began in Brazil in 70s, originating the lab -scale hot cell, known as CELESTE located at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP. The program was ended at the beginning of 90s, and the laboratory was c losed down. Part of the radioactive waste generated mainly from the analytical laboratories is stored waiting for treatment at the Waste Management Laboratory, and it is constituted by mixture of aqueous and organic phases. The most widely used technique for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes is the solidification in cement matrix, due to the low processing costs and compatibility with a wide variety of wastes. However, organics are generally incompatible with cement, interfering with the hydration and setting processes, and requiring pre -treatment with special additives to stabilize or destroy them. The objective of this work can be divided in three parts: i) organic compounds characterization in the radioactive liquid waste; ii) the occurrence of b acterial consortia from Poços de Caldas uranium mine soil and São Sebastião estuary sediments that are able to degrade organic compounds and third, the development of a methodology to biodegrade organic compounds from the radioactive liquid waste aiming th e cementation From the characterization analysis, TBP and ethyl acetate were chosen to be degrade d. The results showed that selected bacterial consortia were efficient for the organic liquid wastes degradation. At the end of the experiments the biodegradat ion level were 66% for ethyl acetate and 70% for the TBP.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographic references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-74).

Submitted by JOSÉ LAÉCIO DE MORAES null (laeciomoral@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-14T20:56:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE JOSÉ LAÉCIO DE MORAES.pdf: 4393306 bytes, checksum: 37be13ffa17e6ece2383e5872ee6c07e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-15T17:03:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_jl_dr_rcla.pdf: 4063468 bytes, checksum: 9e4bd4fe771edc3a8588000f36193494 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T17:03:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_jl_dr_rcla.pdf: 4063468 bytes, checksum: 9e4bd4fe771edc3a8588000f36193494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente tese aborda o processo de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e cultural da sociedade contemporânea e, consequentemente, o expressivo crescimento dos centros urbanos e do consumo per capita de bens e serviços, que tem gerado uma maior quantidade de resíduos sólidos, originando diferentes impactos sobre o meio ambiente. Essas mudanças ocasionadas pela ação antrópica têm produzido marcas indeléveis nos registros geológicos do planeta, através do acúmulo de sedimentos e resíduos depositados em diferentes partes, de forma mais rápida do que ocorreria naturalmente. Os resíduos sólidos têm sido constantemente um problema para as gestões municipais, que necessitam planejar estratégias visando a não geração, reutilização e reciclagem de materiais, além da adequação municipal às exigências legais em relação à disposição final dos resíduos, que ocorrem em grande medida, de forma clandestina em lixões, gerando sérios impactos ambientais, econômicos, sociais e de saúde pública. O planejamento na área de resíduos sólidos tem sido cada vez mais complicado para os gestores municipais, pois não se dispõe de recursos financeiros e humanos para realização de planos de gestão que efetivamente direcionem para uma mudança do quadro negativo do setor de resíduos. Esta pesquisa se propôs a entender a elaboração, implementação e avaliação dos planos de gestão integrada de resíduos na Região Centro Sul do Ceará, utilizando o método indutivo para correlacionar o planejamento à efetivação de programas, projetos e ações, buscando entender e avaliar a relação entre o adequado planejamento e a gestão eficiente dos resíduos sólidos. Fundamentalmente propomos algumas adequações ao planejamento da gestão dos municípios, com base na avaliação dos planos elaborados pelas prefeituras e na realidade atual desses municípios, com vistas à melhoria das situações enfrentadas por eles e conforme as normativas federais e estaduais que regulamentam o setor. / The following thesis deal with the socioeconomic and cultural process of development in the contemporary society and, consequently, it deals with the evident growing of town centers, as the ‘per capita’ consumption of goods and services have been generating more and more wastes, causing a significant impact to the environment. This alteration, which is caused by anthropic acting, have been producing indelible consequences in the geological registers of the planet through the sediment gathering and deposited wastes in different parts in a faster way than it would be naturally. The wastes are a permanent problem to the municipal administration, which needs to create strategies aiming stop the generating, the reusing and the recycling of materials. Moreover, there is also the municipal adequacy to the law requirements in what regards to the waste disposal, that is broadly and undercovered done in landfills, creating serious environmental, economic, social and of public health impacts. The planning on the area of wastes is becoming more and more difficult to the municipal administers, due to the lack of financial and human resources to accomplish the reversion of the negative situation on the wastes sector. This search aims the understanding of the elaboration, implementation and evaluation of the integrated administrative of wastes in the south-center region of Ceará, using the inductive method to correlate the planning to the materialization of programs, projects and actions, aiming to comprehend and evaluate the relation between the adequate planning and the efficient administration of wastes. Basely it is proposed an adequacy to the planning of the municipal administration based on the evaluation of the plans made by the prefectures in the current reality of these municipalities, aiming to improve the situation experienced by them and according to the federal and states laws which regulate the sector.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08355.pdf: 5737145 bytes, checksum: 41a2be955830f51bb6b1c0b324fc6c03 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:00/00610-3