Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-08T18:02:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabriela_Bonassa2017.pdf: 2330035 bytes, checksum: 2e5835687d6a7fb1deae6e756eb079b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-08T18:02:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabriela_Bonassa2017.pdf: 2330035 bytes, checksum: 2e5835687d6a7fb1deae6e756eb079b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sugarcane bagasse fly ash are byproducts generated in the sugar and alcohol industry in energy cogeneration, and due to their alkaline characteristics, abrasive and porous, present great potential to be used as an adsorbent material, such as in cooking oil purification. These residual oil are derived from the process of cooking food, presenting itself as an environmental, economic and social alternative for use as a feedstock for biodiesel production. By considering the high temperatures and multiples utilizations of these oils, which are put into contact with diversified and frozen foods, induce the minimization of their quality due to the high concentration of free fatty acids, moisture and peroxides arising from hydrolysis and oxidation reactions. In this sense, the aim of the present work was the evaluation of the adsorbent potential of sugarcane bagasse fly ash and activated carbon in the purification of waste cooking oil, evaluating operational conditions that may influence the adsorption process. Both materials were characterized by N2 Physisorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy, for textural, morphological and composition analyzes. In the waste cooking oil treatment step, temperatures rages from 15 to 25 ºC, adsorbent mass from 0,33 to 4,95 g and agitation speed between 50 and 200 rpm, the independent variables were predetermined in an experimental planning of the Rotational Central Composite Design, which aims to optimize the process by reducing the number of tests. It was found statistically in the intervals studied that the different conditions were statistically significant in the reduction of acidity (AV) and peroxide (PV) values and both materials provided near efficiencies in the improvement of residual oil quality, wherein the ashes led to a AV and PV minimizations around 59 and 25 %, respectively, while by using the commercial adsorbent (activated carbon), 57 and 27 %. The utilization of bagasse fly ashes in the waste cooking oil treatment, due to their low cost and be a waste generated in large quantities in Brazil provide positive advantages from the environmental, economic and social point of view. In addition, considering its efficiency to such application which is comparable to the commercial adsorbents, they minimize the expenses relates to the feedstock purification stages for biodiesel synthesis, from residual oils with high levels of oxidation and free fatty acids. / As cinzas de bagaço de cana são subprodutos gerados na indústria sucroalcooleira na cogeração de energia, e devido as suas características alcalinas, abrasivas e porosas, possuem potencial de serem aplicadas como material adsorvente, na purificação de óleo residual. Este é proveniente do processo de cocção de alimentos, apresentando-se como alternativa do ponto de vista ambiental, econômico e social para emprego como matéria-prima na produção de biodiesel. No entanto, as altas temperaturas e múltiplas utilizações do óleo durante a fritura, além do contato com alimentos diversificados e congelados, induzem a minimização de sua qualidade devido à elevada concentração de ácidos graxos livres, umidade e peróxidos que este passa a possuir, provenientes das reações de hidrólise e oxidação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi à avaliação do potencial adsorvente das cinzas de bagaço de cana e carvão ativado na purificação do óleo residual, em diferentes condições operacionais que influenciam no processo de adsorção. Ambos os materiais foram caracterizados por Fisissorção de N2, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva, para análises texturais, morfológicas e semi-elementares. Na etapa de tratamento do óleo residual, testaram-se faixas de temperatura de 15 a 25 ºC, massa de adsorvente de 0,33 a 4,95 g e agitações entre 50 a 200 rpm, variáveis independentes pré-determinadas em um planejamento experimental do tipo Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional, que visa a otimização do processo com a redução do número de ensaios. Constatou-se que estatisticamente os intervalos estudados são significativos na redução dos índices de acidez (IA) e peróxido (IP) e ambos os materiais proporcionaram eficiências próximas no aprimoramento da qualidade do óleo residual, com as cinzas as minimizações da concentração de IA e IP chegaram a 59 e 25 %, respectivamente, enquanto que empregando o adsorvente comercial (carvão ativado), 57 e 27 %. A utilização das cinzas de bagaço no tratamento de óleo residual, devido ao seu baixo custo e serem resíduos gerados em grandes quantidades no Brasil proporcionam vantagens positivas do ponto de vista ambiental, econômico e social. Além disso, por possuírem eficiência em tal aplicação comparável a adsorventes comerciais, minimizam os gastos atrelados às etapas de purificação de matérias-primas para síntese de biodiesel, a partir de óleos residuais com elevados teores de oxidação e ácidos graxos livres.

The Nyl River floodplain is one of the jewels in the arid Limpopo Province. The conservation and protection thereof is thus vitally important. The Nyl River Floodplain is an ephemeral floodplain and the largest of its type in South Africa. The wetland is a Ramsar site and provides habitat for a number of endangered species of birds and animals. The aims of this project were to (1) assess the water and sediment quality in the Nyl River system, (2) to determine baseline levels of pollution, (3) to develop a rapid wetland assessment protocol for biomonitoring and (4) to provide a framework for wetland management. Eighteen sites in the Groot Nyl and Klein Nyl rivers, as well as in some of the larger tributaries were selected. Water and sediment were sampled and analyzed to determine metal and nutrient levels. Bacterial analysis also took place at five of the sites along the course of the system. The results obtained from the water analysis indicate that bacterial levels in the system are cause for concern. Although metal levels in the water and the sediment are higher than Target Water Quality and Sediment Guideline Ranges, the metal levels remained relatively constant throughout the system. The metal levels indicated that they pose no potential threat to the system. The comparison between the present and historical ecological state indicated that nutrient levels are increasing in the system. The levels of toxic ammonia did not increase and thus the water quality in the system can thus be classified as fair. The sequential extraction of the sediment indicated that the majority of the metals in the sediment are not readily bioavailable. They were released by the fourth and fifth fractions and will only become available in the presence of strong reducing or oxidizing agents. Organic contaminant levels were also analysed in the sediment. The results indicated traces of PCB’s (Poly-chlorinated Biphenyls) and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin), but concentrations were too low to quantify. iii The third aim of the project was to develop a Wetland Assessment Protocol. A draft version of the protocol was developed using a modified version of the South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5). Due to the lack of biotopes in the system, the vegetation biotope was chose as sampling habitat. Aquatic invertebrates were collected and a total score was given to each sampling site. The total site rating was determined using a combination of the SASS5 scoring system, a newly developed habitat assessment system and a human impact assessment system, The Wetland assessment protocol identified changes in water quality, but more refinement is required on a system with a greater pollution gradient. The fourth aim of the project was to set up a draft framework for wetland management. The framework is based on the National Estuary Programme of the USEPA. It has been interpreted and adapted for use in wetlands, in a similar way to which USEPA ecological risk assessment guidelines have been adapted for the South African scenario. This research project was thus able to (1) provide baseline values for the Nyl River System, (2) to produce a first draft of a Wetland Assessment Protocol and (3) provide a framework for wetland management. It is envisaged that the information in this thesis will provide useful information in the protection and management of the Nyl River. / Prof. J.H.J. Van Vuren

M.Sc. (Zoology) / The catchment area of the Olifants River is being subjected to increased agricultural and mining activities, industrial development and urbanisation. As a result of this, the water quality 'of the Olifants River and some of its tributaries (e.g. Selati River) has been deteriorating since 1983. This causes reason for concern as one of the downstream water users in the Olifants River catchment is the Kruger National Park, which requires of good quality to sustain its terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems It was therefore necessary to determine what extent activity midstream-or--tlie I Olifants River, especial y in the Phalaborwa area, influenced the water quality of the Olifants River. In this study, an evaluation was done of the water quality (physically and chemically of the Lower Olifants River inside of the Kruger National Park, as well as the Lower Selati River, a tributary of the Olifants River which flows through the Phalaborwa area. Special attention was paid to the metal concentrations in the water, sediment and fish. Water and sediment were sampled every alternate month from April 1990 to February 1992 at six sampling sites along the Lower Olifants River and one in the Selati River. Standard methods were used to determine the physical and chemical characteristics (e.g. pH, TDS, etc.) of the water. The fish species Barbus marequensis was also sampled every alternative month, but only at three sampling sites along the Olifants River and one in the Selati River. Organs and tissues that were dissected, included the gills, fat, liver, gonads, gut, muscle, skin, blood, vertebrae, kidney and bile, as well as the gut contents. In February 1992, additional sampling was performed at Pioneer Dam, a natural reference point used in this study. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used in the laboratory to determine the Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn concentrations in the water, sediment and fish samples. (The water quality of the Selati River was found to be stressful to aquatic life, especially .) with regard to the sodium, fluoride, chloride, sulphate, potassium, total ~dissolved salts 1 and metal concentrations (except strontium). The Selati River also influenced the ': water quality of the Olifants River after the Selati-Olifants confluence. Most of the :. time the water quality of the Lower Olifants River in the KNP did, however, comply With the recommended guideline limits, except for the metal concentrations. The high metal concentrations detected in the water (in some cases sub-lethal levels) indicated some degree of metal pollution, but, due to the hardness of the Olifants River water, conditions were not necessarily toxic to the aquatic life. The accumulated metals in the organs and tissues of marequensis gave a good indication of the metal levels to which the fish were exposed. More metals were taken up by the fish from April 1990 to February 1991 than from April 1991 to February 1992. The various metals were . distributed differently to the tissues of B. marequensis, with the highest zinc concentrations being accumulated by the skin and ovaries; the highest copper and iron by the liver, kidney and gut; the highest chromium and nickel by the blood; and the highest manganese, lead and strontium by the vertebrae and gills. These results afforded guidelines as to the types of tissue which should be sampled as the most suitable for the analysis of the various metals in polluted waters.

This research was directed at reducing arsenic levels in the effluents generated at the Canelands facility that manufactures monosodium methyl arsenate. Two effluent streams containing arsenic have to be considered, a raw water stream that is treated on site and a brine stream that is disposed of by sea outfall. Removal of arsenate from aqueous media by coagulation was investigated and models were developed describing selected variables that influence the removal of the arsenate. Three coagulant systems were investigated, namely aluminium(III) coagulation, iron(III) coagulation and binary mixtures of aluminium(III) and iron(III). Researchers have studied individual aluminium (III) sulphate and iron(III) chloride coagulation. No detailed research and modelling had, however, been carried out on the use of binary mixtures of aluminium (III) sulphate and iron (III) chloride coagulation of aqueous arsenate, nor had individual aluminium(III) sulphate and iron(III) chloride coagulation of arsenate been modelled at relatively high arsenate concentrations. The models that were generated were validated statistically and experimentally. The variables investigated in the aluminium(III) model included initial arsenate concentration, pH, polymeric flocculent concentration, aluminium(III) concentration and settling time. The variables modelled in the iron(III) coagulation were initial arsenate concentration, pH, polymeric flocculent concentration, and iron(III) to arsenic mole ratio. The modelling of the binary coagulant system included initial arsenate concentration, pH, iron (III) concentration, aluminium(III) concentration, and flocculent concentration as variables. The most efficient arsenic removal by coagulation was iron(III), followed by the binary mixture of aluminium(III) and iron(III) and the weakest coagulant was aluminium(III) sulphate. Scale-up coagulations performed on real raw water samples at a 50 litre volume showed that iron(III) was the most efficient coagulant (on a molar basis) followed closely by the binary mixture, while aluminium(III) coagulation was considerably weaker. The residual arsenic levels of the iron(III) and the binary coagulation systems met the effluent discharge criteria, but the aluminium coagulation system did not. Leaching tests showed that the iron(III) sludge was the most stable followed by the sludge of the binary mixture and the aluminium(III)-based sludge leached arsenic most readily. Settling rate studies showed that the flocs of the iron(III) coagulations settled the fastest, followed by binary mixture flocs and the aluminium flocs settled the slowest. The flocs of the binary mixture had the lowest volume, followed by the iron(III) flocs, while the aluminium(III) flocs were the most voluminous. Based on current operations of the raw water treatment plant the aluminium(III)-based coagulation is the most cost efficient. Given a relative costing of 1.00 for the aluminium(III) coagulation, the iron(III) chloride-based coagulation would be 2.67 times more expensive and the equimolar binary mixed aluminium(III)/iron(III) system would be 1.84 times the cost of aluminium(III) coagulation.

M.Sc. (Environmental Management) / The minimum requirements for environmental impact assessment (EIA) in South Africa are prescribed in the 2010 EIA Regulations under the National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998) [NEMA]; where EIA is used as a decision-support tool by competent authorities in evaluating the environmental authorisation applications of activities likely to have adverse environmental impacts. Regulations under the National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008) [NEM:WA] define the nature and thresholds of those waste management activities for which environmental authorisation, in the form of a waste management licence, is required. The aforementioned regulations make a distinction between Category A activities and Category B activities; where an application for authorisation for Category B activities needs to be supported by a comprehensive Scoping and EIA (SIA) process undertaken by an independent environmental assessment practitioner (EAP). With the exception of the disposal of general waste to land, Category B activities relate to hazardous waste storage, treatment, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal. The above-mentioned SIA process is implemented in two distinct phases, the first of which is the scoping phase; which aims to identify the key potential impacts that could be realised from a development proposal and to set the terms of reference for the subsequent EIA phase. Scoping thus aims, inter alia, to ensure that the overall EIA is undertaken in an efficient and effective manner, with emphasis on identification of impacts of potential significance. By using a modified version of the South African adapted Lee and Colley (1992) Review Package, this dissertation presents the findings of an evaluation of the quality of hazardous waste-related Scoping Reports prepared in South Africa. A sample of 20 Scoping Reports was assessed using the aforementioned review package. The results indicated that 75% of Scoping Reports were undertaken satisfactorily in terms of overall quality. Conversely, 25% of these reports were deemed to be of an unsatisfactory quality, with 10% having been very poorly attempted and deficient in many material respects. This is concerning in respect of the sectoral focus (hazardous waste management) of this research; where by definition, owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics, the handling of hazardous waste may have a significant detrimental impact on human health and the environment if managed inappropriately.

Fermentation of sulfite spent liquor with Propionibacterium freudenreichii was done to produce volatile acids (acetic and propionic) and Vitamin B₁₂. It was found that in addition to producing these compounds some reduction in the pollution potential (COD) of this waste product was achieved. Better growth resulted if the spent liquor was first treated to remove lignin and calcium compounds. An existing spectrophotometry assay technique for measuring Vitamin B₁₂ content was modified for use in the presence of sulfite spent liquor. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

M.Sc. (Zoology) / An investigation was made into the presence and uptake of seven selected metals by the organs and tissues of the various developmental stages of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis from industrial, mine and sewerage polluted aquatic environments on the Witwatersrand. These results were compared with conditions in two relatively unpolluted localities where the clawed frog also occurs. Attention was given to the physical and chemical conditions including the concentration of the metals at various localities. Gut content analyses of the frog stages of the plataona was made to identify the particular food items ingested by the animal but also to correlate this with the incidence of the macro invertebrate organisms present. Metal concentrations were determined for both the gut contents as well as the macro invertebrates as a group at two selected localities. The presence and concentration of various metals were determined in specific organs and tissues of the frog and compared with each other. According to the data the spleen, gallbladder, middle & Hind gut as well as the testes were identified as the target organs containing the highest concentrations of the various metals. Shortcomings in the work is pointed out and recommendations made on possible further research.

Ph.D. (Chemistry) / This study presents work on the preparation, characterisation and application of agricultural waste residue, maize tassel in the production of activated carbon (AC) using both physical and chemical methods of activation in their production. The activated carbon produced from maize tassel (MTAC) or steam-produced activated carbon (STAC) were later added as a filler – together with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and raw tassel (RT) – in the production of polyurethane composite adsorbent (PUCAD) material for the removal of selected inorganic (such as Cd2+, Cr3+, Pb2+) and organic pollutants (phenolic compound - bisphenol A (BPA), ortho-nitrophenol (O-NTP), para-chlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and methylene blue (MB) as adsorbate/analytes from aqueous medium. Both batch and solid-phase extraction adsorption methods (SPE), were used for separation and preconcentration. The investigations included reactivity using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, surface morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal stability using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), heat flow using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and crystallinity using X-ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The FT-IR analysis revealed that there was interaction between the polymeric material and all the fillers. The hydrogen bonding and N-H group interaction between all the materials and the polyurethane polymer composite (PCAD) showed compatibility between the polymeric materials and the fillers.

Le développement continu d’outils pour mesurer le développement durable a conduit à la théorie éMergétique. L’éMergie d’une ressource ou d’un produit est définie en convertissant toutes les ressources (matières premières) et les entrées d’énergie sous la forme de leurs équivalents énergétiques solaires (solar energy unit seJ), cf Odum (1996, 2000). L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'adapter la méthode d'analyse éMergétique aux pratiques de recyclage industriel. La principale contribution scientifique de cette étude peut être résumée comme suit: contribution à la théorie éMergétique en temps discret appliquée au recyclage. Sous certaine hypothèses, l’émergie d'un produit recyclé peut être exprimée sous la forme d’une série géométrique. L'éMergétique d'un produit se détériorant, il existe un prix éMergétique au recyclage et une analogie avec l’énoncé de Carnot peut être faite. En conséquence, un nouveau «facteur» est introduit, ce dernier peut être inclus dans les tables d'évaluation éMergétique, pour tenir compte des accroissements de transformité dû aux recyclages multiples. Enfin, l'approche développée est appliquée avec succès à l'utilisation de matériaux de recycle dans un bâtiment basse énergie. / The continuous development of tools to measure sustainability led to the eMergy theory. The Emergy of a resource or product is defined by converting all resource (raw materials) and energy inputs in the form of solar energy equivalents (solar energy unit, seJ), cf Odum (1996, 2000). The main objective of this thesis is to adapt the method of emergy evaluation to industrial recycling practices. The principal scientific contribution from the study can be summarized as: contribution to th eMergy theory in discrete time applied to recycling. Under certain assumptions, the emergy of a recycled product can be expressed in the form of a geometric series. If the emergy of a product deteriorates, there is a cost to the emergy of recycling with similarities to the Carnot principle. As a result, a ‘factor’ is introduced which could be included on emergy evaluation tables to reflect increases in transformity due to multiple recycling. Fi nally, the developed approach is successfully applied to the use of recycle materials in a Low Energy Building.

Orientador: Egle Novaes Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T18:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marangoni_MariaCristina_M.pdf: 710002 bytes, checksum: 4061c097891b8495b44e0c00d24712ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste estudo aborda-se o gerenciamento do resíduo sólido de serviço de saúde no Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da UNICAMP (HEMOCAMP) -HEMOCENTRO, para se conhecer o funcionamento e a eficiência do Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduo Sólido de Serviço de Saúde (PGRSSS). Verificou-se cada processo, desde manejo, segregação, acondicionamento, armazenamento, coleta, transporte até o programa de educação. A caracterização do resíduo foi realizada em duas etapas, triagem e quantificação, em treze semanas, incluindo todas as estações do ano. Foi verificada a ação utilizada como programa de educação aos funcionários e pacientes. Foram atendidos, no período 9.400 pacientes, resultando a taxa de geração de 1,68 kg de resíduo por paciente. O total de resíduo pesado foi 15.856 kg e o total de resíduo considerado inadequado 532 kg. Observou-se que o acondicionamento não estava em conformidade com as especificações da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, pois os sacos de resíduo infectante continham volume maior que o permitido e não eram bem fechados. Quanto à coleta e ao transporte interno, é preciso reavaliar rota e horários para que não ocorram durante o atendimento aos pacientes. Foi verificado que é necessário intensificar o programa de educação no PGRSSS / Abstract: In this study it is approached the management of the health services solid waste at the Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da UNICAMP (HEMOCAMP) ¿HEMOCENTRO, in order to know the working and the efficiency of the Health Services Solid Waste Management Program (PGRSSS). Each process of this program was verified, since handling, segregation, packing, storage, collection, transportation, until the educational program. The characterization of the collected waste was performed in two stages: selection and quantification, within thirteen weeks, including spring, summer, autumn and winter. The action taken, as educational program for employees and patients, was also verified. The quantity of patients attended within that period was 9.400, resulting a 1,68 kg per patient waste generation rate. The amount of weighted waste was 15.856 kg and the amount of waste considered unsuitable was 532 kg. It was observed that the packing was not in compliance with the Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, since the plastic bags with infecting waste had a volume above the permitted one and they were not well closed. Concerning the collection and internal transportation, it is necessary to re-evaluate route and time, to avoid that they occur during the patients attendance. It was verified that it is necessary to intensify the educational program on the PGRSSS / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil