Orientadores: Lucia Regina Durrant, Alexandre Nunes Ponezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_IvanJoseSantana_M.pdf: 1134875 bytes, checksum: 88af103bdbd26ade9ec5e063cbd582c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: 17a-etinilestradiol (EE2), carbamazepina (CBZ) e ibuprofeno (IBU) são substâncias farmacêuticas muito utilizadas em todo o mundo e vêm sendo frequentemente detectadas em estações de tratamento de efluentes e em águas naturais em vários países, inclusive no Brasil. A grande preocupação da presença destes fármacos em quantidades residuais na água potável e nos ambientes aquáticos são os potenciais efeitos adversos para a saúde humana e animal. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de fungos ligninolíticos e bactérias para degradar esses três compostos, individualmente. Linhagens de bactérias e fungos ligninolíticos foram crescidas em meio mineral com os fármacos, na presença ou ausência de glicose. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma seleção com o objetivo de escolher linhagens bacterianas e fúngicas com maior capacidade de degradação dessas drogas, avaliando a necessidade da presença de glicose para que a degradação ocorresse. As linhagens que apresentaram maior capacidade de degradar tais compostos foram selecionadas e, em seguida, foram realizados ensaios com o intuito de se otimizar o período de incubação, visando-se uma maior porcentagem de degradação no menor período de incubação possível. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises de atividade das enzimas lacase, lignina peroxidase (LiP) e manganês peroxidase (MnP) produzidas pelos fungos selecionados e foi avaliada a participação dessas na degradação dos fármacos. A atuação das enzimas do Citocromo P450 na degradação dos fármacos foi avaliada por meio da adição de piperonil butóxido (PB), o qual inibe esse complexo enzimático. A toxicidade dos fármacos e seus metabólitos para a bactéria Vibrio fischeri também foram avaliadas. A quantificação dos fármacos em todas as amostras foi realizada por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. EE2 foi totalmente degradado por todos os fungos avaliados, sem a necessidade de glicose no meio de cultivo; no entanto, nenhuma das bactérias estudadas foi capaz de degradá-lo significativamente. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm linhagem P1 foi selecionado para os ensaios subsequentes. Após 6 dias, foi encontrada atividade de MnP igual a 5122,11 U.L-1. A lacase teve como atividade 307,69 U.L-1, valor encontrado após 4 dias de incubação. Não foi detectada atividade da enzima LiP em nenhum dos tempos analisados. Apesar da detecção de atividade dessas enzimas, elas não foram capazes de degradar o EE2 na ausência do micélio fúngico. Nos ensaios de toxicidade foi encontrada uma CE50 igual a 76% para o EE2 e os metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Trametes sp. linhagem BNI foi a selecionado para degradar CBZ, sendo a glicose necessária para o processo de biodegradação. Após 28 dias de incubação, houve 42% de degradação de CBZ. A atividade máxima de lacase foi de 1740,17 U.L-1, sendo encontrada após 21 dias de incubação. LiP teve como atividade máxima 663,08 U.L-1, valor encontrado após 14 dias de incubação. Não foi detectada atividade da enzima MnP em nenhum dos tempos analisados. Não houve a degradação de CBZ utilizando apenas o caldo enzimático. A presença de PB inibiu totalmente a degradação de CBZ. CBZ e seus metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Nenhuma das bactérias foi capaz de degradar CBZ. IBU foi totalmente degradado por todos os fungos avaliados sem a necessidade de glicose no meio de cultivo, sendo Trametes sp. linhagem BNI selecionado para os ensaios posteriores. Após 2 dias de incubação, BNI foi capaz de degradar totalmente IBU. Lacase foi a única enzima que teve atividade detectada nesse ensaio, sendo a atividade máxima detectada igual a 478,18 U.L-1, no sexto dia de incubação. Não foi detectada degradação de IBU utilizando apenas o caldo enzimático e a presença de PB no meio não inibiu a degradação deste fármaco. Nos ensaios de toxicidade foi encontrada uma CE50 igual a 86% para o IBU e os metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Staphylococcus arlettae e Bacillus megaterium foram capazes de degradar significativamente IBU na presença de glicose. B. megaterium foi selecionado para os ensaios subsequentes. Após 3 dias, essa linhagem foi capaz de degradar todo IBU disponível no meio. Nos ensaios de toxicidade para os metabólitos do processo de biodegradação por B. megaterium, o IBU apresentou uma CE50 inicial igual a 47% e os metabólitos não apresentaram toxicidade. Esses resultados comprovam que fungos ligninolíticos e bactérias são capazes de degradar fármacos encontrados em matrizes ambientais, sendo plausível a utilização destes micro-organismos, ou suas enzimas, em sistemas de tratamento de água e esgoto / Abstract: 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), carbamazepine (CBZ) and ibuprofen (IBU) are pharmaceutical drugs used worldwide and have been frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants and in natural waters in several countries, including Brazil. The major concern about the occurrence of these drugs in trace amounts in drinking water and aquatic environments are the potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of ligninolytic fungi and bacteria to degrade these 3 compounds individually. Bacteria and ligninolytic fungi strains were grown on mineral medium with these drugs and with or without glucose. A selection was carried out to choose bacterial and fungal strains with capacity to degrade these drugs and if an addition of a carbon source (glucose) was needed for degradation. Strains with greater capacity to degrade these compounds were selected and assays were performed in order to optimize the incubation time to obtain the highest degradation rate in the shortest incubation time. Subsequently, the enzymatic activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by the selected fungi was assessed. Also, the action of these enzymes in the degradation of the drugs was evaluated. The involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in degradation of the pharmaceutical drugs was evaluated by the addition of piperonyl butoxide (PB), which inhibits this enzyme complex. The toxicity of the drugs and metabolites to Vibrio fischeri were also evaluated. The quantification of the drugs was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. EE2 was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, however none of the studied bacteria was capable to degrade it significantly. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm strain P1 was selected for subsequent tests. The maximum enzyme activity produced by P1 was 5122.11 UL-1 for MnP after 6 days and 307.69 UL-1 for lacase after 4 days, while LiP activity was not detected. Although the detection of the enzymes activity, they were not able to degrade EE2 without the fungal mycelia. Toxicity studies showed the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value equal to 76% to EE2 prior to fungal treatment, after this no toxicity was observed. Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected to degrade CBZ, and glucose was shown to be necessary for the biodegradation process. After 28 days of incubation, 42% of CBZ was degraded. The maximum laccase activity was 1740.17 UL-1, after 21 days of incubation. LiP maximum activity was 663.08 UL-1, found after 14 days of incubation, while MnP activity was not detected. There was no CBZ degradation using only the enzymatic supernatant. The addition of PB completely inhibited the degradation of CBZ. CBZ and its metabolites did not show toxicity. IBU was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, and Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected for further analyses. 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), carbamazepine (CBZ) and ibuprofen (IBU) are pharmaceutical drugs used worldwide and have been frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants and in natural waters in several countries, including Brazil. The major concern about the occurrence of these drugs in trace amounts in drinking water and aquatic environments are the potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of ligninolytic fungi and bacteria to degrade these 3 compounds individually. Bacteria and ligninolytic fungi strains were grown on mineral medium with these drugs and with or without glucose. A selection was carried out to choose bacterial and fungal strains with capacity to degrade these drugs and if an addition of a carbon source (glucose) was needed for degradation. Strains with greater capacity to degrade these compounds were selected and assays were performed in order to optimize the incubation time to obtain the highest degradation rate in the shortest incubation time. Subsequently, the enzymatic activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by the selected fungi was assessed. Also, the action of these enzymes in the degradation of the drugs was evaluated. The involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in degradation of the pharmaceutical drugs was evaluated by the addition of piperonyl butoxide (PB), which inhibits this enzyme complex. The toxicity of the drugs and metabolites to Vibrio fischeri were also evaluated. The quantification of the drugs was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. EE2 was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, however none of the studied bacteria was capable to degrade it significantly. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm strain P1 was selected for subsequent tests. The maximum enzyme activity produced by P1 was 5122.11 UL-1 for MnP after 6 days and 307.69 UL-1 for lacase after 4 days, while LiP activity was not detected. Although the detection of the enzymes activity, they were not able to degrade EE2 without the fungal mycelia. Toxicity studies showed the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value equal to 76% to EE2 prior to fungal treatment, after this no toxicity was observed. Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected to degrade CBZ, and glucose was shown to be necessary for the biodegradation process. After 28 days of incubation, 42% of CBZ was degraded. The maximum laccase activity was 1740.17 UL-1, after 21 days of incubation. LiP maximum activity was 663.08 UL-1, found after 14 days of incubation, while MnP activity was not detected. There was no CBZ degradation using only the enzymatic supernatant. The addition of PB completely inhibited the degradation of CBZ. CBZ and its metabolites did not show toxicity. IBU was completely degraded by all fungi without glucose in the medium, and Trametes sp. strain BNI was selected for further analyses / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

M.Tech. / The removal and recovery of heavy metals from effluents has been a subject of significant importance due the negative impact these toxic metals have on human health and the environment as a result of water and soil pollution. Precipitation is the mostly widely used wastewater treatment method because it is the most economical and easier to implement and operate on a large scale. However, traditional precipitation methods using lime, sulfides or hydroxides recover metals in the form of a sludge which is not reusable and has to be disposed in landfills creating a potential environmental hazard and resulting in loss of valuable minerals. The current focus in effluent treatment is now on the recovery and re-use of these heavy metals rather than removal and disposal. This study investigated the use of hydrazine as a reducing agent to remove and recover Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Fe2+ from effluent by reduction crystallization. In this process chemically reduced aqueous metal ions were plated on to a base substrate (nickel powder) with no electrical current required for deposition. A feasibility study was carried out to test the efficiency and find the optimum operating conditions for this method and generate an understanding of the chemical and particulate process occurring. The results obtained indicate that hydrazine is an effective reducing agent for removal and crystallization of Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Fe2+/ Fe3+ into their elemental states with nickel powder as a seeding material. Over 99 % of metals were removed from the effluent in all the systems (Ni-only, Ni-Cu, Ni-Fe and Ni-Fe). Breakage, aggregation and molecular growth were identified as the predominant mechanisms occurring during the reduction crystallization process in Ni-only, Ni-Cu, Ni- Co systems and there was evidence of nucleation in Ni-Fe solution. These finding were confirmed by analysing the scanning electron micrographs of the powder obtained. A nearly spherical structure powder with wide distribution in particle size and evidence of fragmentation was obtained in all the experimental runs. vii The residual concentrations obtained were far below the required limit for effluent discharge into sewer where 20 mg/L Ni, 20 mg/L Cu and 20 mg/L Fe and the total metal concentration of 50 mg/L for Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd is stipulated. Reduction crystallization using hydrazine as a reducing agent can be utilized for controlling environmental pollution and eliminating hazardous metals from the environment.

Indicator organisms like coliforms, E. coli and enterococci are normally associated with the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, and can thus be used for indicating fecal contamination of water. This study investigated the removal efficiency of indicator organisms in a free water surface constructed wetland used for additional treatment of municipal wastewater. The species composition of enterococci and the prevalence of the tetracycline resistance gene tetM were also investigated. Samplings were done at five different sites: at the inlet, within and at the outlet of the wetland, as well as upstream and downstream of the wetland outlet into the adjoining river. A total of 86 enterococci isolates were characterized as E. faecalis, E. faecium or other Enterococcus spp., and the two former were also screened for the tetM gene. The investigated wetland showed a high removal rate of indicator organisms, with a removal of approximately 98%. E. faecium was identified as the predominant species in the wetland at a mean of 55.8%. In comparison, only 9.3% were E. faecalis, while other Enterococcus spp. were found to comprise 34.9%. Of the 56 isolates identified as E. feacalis or E. faecium 10.7% were positive for the tetM gene. The high removal of bacteria shown by this investigation provides further evidence of the benefits of constructed wetlands on wastewater treatment. It also offers a first indication of the Enterococcus spp. composition in Ekeby wetland, Eskilstuna, Sweden, and shows that the prevalence of the tetM gene is relatively low at this point in time.

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is an increasing global health problem, leaving few therapeutic options available for the treatment of pathogenic infections. The development of new antibiotics has been slow since their discovery more than 8 decades, therefore, monitoring the extent and distribution of antibiotic resistance is of great importance. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in sludge samples obtained from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. Samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of nalidixic acid (NA), chloramphenicol (CHL), and tetracycline (TC) resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA extracted from Eskilstuna and MälarEnergi sludge showed the presence of NA and TC resistance genes, whereas Örebro sludge was found to have resistance for TC antibiotic genes. To validate the results, PCR detection for resistance genes was performed on Escherichia coli isolates from the sludge samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was used to confirm the genetic analysis for antibiotic resistance genes detection in these E. coli. The PCR results for TC resistance genes correlated between sludge PCR analysis and bacterial isolates for all 3 WWTPs. Based on the results obtained from the genotypic analysis of sludge and E coli, incomplete compatibility in regards to NA, and CHL were observed. However on the basis of antibiotic susceptibility testing, E coli isolates from MälarEnergi sludge samples unveiled the majority presence for antibiotic resistance genes. The results suggest that extra monitoring for the wastewater treatment facilities are vital to minimize the rising incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

The modernized world is over-consuming low-cost energy sources that strongly contributes to environmental stress. As a consequence, the interest for environmentally friendly alternatives has increased immensely. One such alternative is utilizing the diazotrophic nature of the heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. as feedstock for biodiesel and hydrogen production using pulp and paper wastewater – a phosphorous and nitrogen deficient medium. In this work, biodiesel and hydrogen production was studied with respect to three main aspects: biodiesel quality properties, lipid content and hydrogen production coupled with a preliminary study investigating the luminous effects on the biomass and biodiesel quality properties when exposed to low (50 μEm-2s-1), medium (150 μEm-2s-1) and high light (300 μEm-2s- 1). The preliminary study showed that an increase of light intensity was associated with parabolic results for biomass following the 10-day cultivation period, with the medium light intensity showing an average dried weight of at the most 203% greater than the two other light intensities. When analysing the FAME- composition, similar results were demonstrated for the fatty acid constituents preferred for biofuel applications, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids, where the low, medium and high light showed an accumulative 34.65, 43.1 and 31.6 dwt % respectively. The strain could be of interest as feedstock for biodiesel when cultivated in pulp and paper wastewater, due to the positive results pertaining to the lipid content and biodiesel quality properties. Following the 10-day cultivation period the lipid content obtained was 35.9 dwt %. The biodiesel quality properties were tested to assess the strains suitability for biodiesel and were tested to ensure its accordance to the standards on commercial biodiesel quality; European Standard for Biodiesel as heating oil (EN 14213) and European Biodiesel Standard (EN 14214). The critical parameters tested were the regulated (iodine value, cetane number, density, viscosity, pour point, cold filter plugging point, oxidative stability) and unregulated (FAME-composition) fuel properties. Results obtained showed values within the regulated values set by the different standards. However, due to a high saturated fatty acid content, the strain showed inadequate low temperature flow properties (cloud point, pour point and the cold filter plugging point). This study shows that this strain has a low potential for hydrogen production, with a hydrogen production of 0.13 nmol/mg dry wt/h following the 10-day cultivation period. This low hydrogen production could be attributed to the among other things the current growth phase of the cyanobacteria. Chemical analyses were conducted for revealing the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand (COD) content. Following the 10-day cultivation period, the samples showed a 22% decrease in phosphorous concentration, 11% decrease in COD concentration and 51% increase of nitrogen concentration. The probable causes for this increase is the Nostoc’s diazotrophic nature and the ammonium excretion nitrogen fixation entails, as well as the nitrogen release following the final algal growth phase – the death phase. In conclusion, the results showed great potential, however, further studies are recommended investigating the changes that occurs during cultivation period to further assess the strains potential as well as assessing the continuity of the results with a greater initial cellular concentration. Nonetheless, due to the positive results obtained regarding the nutrient uptake, biodiesel and hydrogen production, this study shows potential for further optimization for the use of Nostoc grown in pulp and paper wastewater for wastewater treatment, biodiesel and/or hydrogen production.

This master thesis is about mathematical modelling of the anammox process with a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for a reject water application. Specifically, the aim of my research was to find out whether the model proposed by Erik Lindblom in (Lindblom et al. 2016) is a good model for this purpose and worth continuous research and optimization. The code for the model, implemented in Matlab/Simulink, was given; although not initially functioning in the given condition. Some modifications needed to be done to make it function properly. In order to confirm that the code was working and used in a correct way some results in (Lindblom et al. 2016) were reproduced. Before starting the evaluation of the model, some much-needed optimizations of the code were done, substantially reducing the run time. A sensitivity analysis was done, and the five most sensitive parameters were picked out to be used in the calibration. The calibration improved the total fit of the model to the available measurements, although one of the model outputs could not be calibrated satisfactorily. In short, I found that although there are still problems left to solve before the model can be stated to accurately model the anammox process with MBBR, it appears promising. Most importantly, more measurement data are needed in order to make a proper validation and to do a better calibration. / CONAN

The biological treatment of metalworking fluids (MWFs) is a cost effective alternative to conventional waste disposal processes. While research has proven that this process is capable of treating large volumes of wastes with high organic concentrations, there are uncertainties about the mechanisms by which the treatment occurs, and there are limitations that must be overcome. There is a need to understand the importance of the mechanisms by which carbon (and hence COD) is removed from the wastewater. This will allow for waste practitioners to make better decisions for optimizing the process, and for disposing of waste (i.e sludge) that is generated. The biological treatment process is also susceptible to biocides present within formulations. These compounds either need to be removed before the treatment process, or the bioreactors need to be made more resistant to them to ensure that their presence does not hinder the reactor functioning. This study aims to answer the uncertainties about the carbon removal mechanisms involved in the treatment of oil-containing MWFs. In the first experimental chapter, it is shown that the predominant mechanism of carbon removal is oil/water separation induced by emulsifier degradation, and hence the bioprocess treatment rate is significantly affected by the biodegradability of surfactants and by the presence of cations found naturally in the water that used to prepare the emulsions. The study then provides insights into the potential that coagulation and coalescence has for removing inhibitory components commonly found in MWFs. Coagulation and coalescence is shown to effectively remove biocides with low aqueous solubility (iodopropynyl butylcarbamate) and those that partition themselves into the oil phase (o-phenyl phenate and its sodium salt). Finally, to improve the resistance of reactors to inhibitory compounds, factors influencing the development of fixed-film reactors are investigated. A micro-cosmic system is used to study the both physico-chemical effects and nutritional factors on the development of biofilm reactors. It is shown that biofilm yields can be controlled through pH adjustment, and that these yields are maximized with phosphate stimulation and ammonium limitation. It is then shown that fixed-film reactors are able to treat metalworking fluids even under conditions deemed to be inhibitory. In summary, this project provides insights into further understanding and enhancing the biological treatment of MWFs.

This research evaluates two different Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR) systems for enhanced nitrogen removal in decentralized wastewater treatment. The first study evaluated the performance of Hybrid Adsorption and Biological Treatment Systems (HABiTS) at the pilot scale with and without stage 1 effluent recirculation. HABiTS is a system developed at the bench scale in our laboratory and was designed for enhanced BNR under transient loading conditions. It consists of two stages; an ion exchange (IX) onto clinoptilolite media coupled with biological nitrification in the aerobic nitrification stage 1 and a Tire-Sulfur Adsorption Denitrification (T-SHAD) system in the anoxic denitrification stage 2. The T-SHAD process incorporates NO3- adsorption onto tire chips and Sulfur Oxidizing Denitrification (SOD) using elemental sulfur as the electron donor for NO3- reduction. Previous bench scale studies evaluated HABiTS performance under transient loadings and found significantly higher removal of nitrogen with the incorporation of adsorptive media in stage 1 and 2 compared with controls (80% compared to 73%) under transient loading conditions. In this study, we hypothesize that a HABiTS system with effluent recirculation in nitrification stage 1 may enhance nitrogen removal performance compared to that without recirculation. The following were the expected advantages of Stage 1 effluent recirculation for enhanced nitrogen removal: 1) Pre-denitrification driven by the mixture of nitrified effluent from stage 1 with high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) septic tank effluent. 2) Moisture maintenance in stage 1 for enhanced biofilm growth. 3) Increased mass transfer of substrates to the biofilm in stage 1. 4) Decreased ratio of BOD to Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) in the influent of stage 1. Two side-by-side systems were run with the same media composition and fed by the same septic tank. One had a nitrification stage 1 effluent recirculation component (R-system), which operated at a 7:1 stage 1 effluent recirculation ratio for the first 49 days of the study and at 3:1 beginning on day 50 and one was operated under forward flow only conditions (FF-system). The R system removed a higher percentage of TIN (35.4%) in nitrification stage 1 compared to FF (28.8%) and had an overall TIN removal efficiency of 88.8% compared to 54.6% in FF system. As complete denitrification was observed in stage 2 throughout the study, overall removal was dependent on nitrification efficiency, and R-1 had a significantly higher NH4+ removal (87%) compared to FF-1 (70%). Alkalinity concentrations remained constant from stage 1 to stage 2, indicating that some heterotrophic denitrification was occurring along with SOD, as high amounts of sCOD leached from the tire chips in the beginning of the study, reaching sCOD concentrations of 120-160 mg L-1 then decreasing after day 10 of operation of stage 2. Sulfate concentrations from stage 2 for each side were low until the last 10 days of the study, with an average of 16.43 ± 11.36 mg L-1 SO42--S from R-2 and an average of 16.80 ± 7.98 SO42--S for FF-2 for the duration of the study, however at the end of the study when forward flow rates increased, SO42--S concentrations increased to 32 mg L-1 for R-2 and 40 mg L-1 for FF-2. Similar performance was observed in the FF system as the bench scale reactor tests. The second part of the research focused on the findings from a study of a Particulate Pyrite Autotrophic Denitrification (PPAD) process that uses pyrite as the electron donor and nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor in upflow packed bed bioreactors. The advantages of using pyrite as an electron donor for denitrification include less sulfate production and lower alkalinity requirements compared with SOD. The low alkalinity consumption of the PPAD process led to comparison of PPAD performance with and without oyster shell addition. Two columns were operated side-by-side, one packed with pyrite and sand only (P+S), while another one was packed with pyrite, sand and oyster shell (P+S+OS). Sand was used as a nonreactive biofilm carrier in the columns. My contribution to this research was to carry out Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis to support the hypothesis that oyster shell contributes to nitrogen removal because it has a high capacity for biofilm attachment. SEM analysis showed that oyster shell has a rough surface, supported by its high specific surface area, and that there was more biofilm attached to oyster shell than pyrite or sand in the influent to the column. EDS results showed a decrease in atomic percentages for pyrite sulfur in the effluent of both columns (59.91% ± 0.10% to 53.94% ± 0.37% in P+S+OS column and to 57.61% ± 4.21% in P+S column). This finding indicated that sulfur was oxidized more than iron and/or the accumulation of iron species on the pyrite surface and supports the coupling of NO3- reduction with pyrite oxidation.

Traditional wastewater treatment is known not to be specifically designed to eliminate the new generation of chemical residues that ends up in the sewage system. Polluted wastewatereffluent therefore reaches the aquatic environment possibly causing adverse effects in aquatic wildlife. The effects of effluent water from five Swedish sewage treatment plants sampled on 6 occasions 2017, were studied in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). The study included morphological, physiological and behavioural endpoints. Overall there were few effectswhere deviations from control animals could be seen in the exposed zebrafish. The overall outcome of this assessment was that the wastewater effluent had no consistent effects on the early development of zebrafish. The consequences of continuous low-level exposure duringthe whole life-cycle of wild fish are presently unknown and further studies are needed to evaluate potential risks.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the industrialization, the demographic growth and the consumption patterns of society there is an increase in the generation of solid waste, among which include polymeric waste. Thereby, the recycling emerges as a viable alternative, but for it to be effective is very important to carry out the cleaning of the waste, as well as the treatment of wastewater generated in the process. Thus, the main objective of this study was performed quantification, characterization and washing of polymer waste and treating the wastewater generated in the process. For the quantification of different polymeric waste was carried out a data collection in the Association of Selectors of Recyclable Materials (ASMAR). Where, also were collected the packages of HDPE, LDPE, PP, which were characterized by their degree of contamination and were subsequently used in the washing process. The washing process was carried out in three phases (pre-wash, washing and rinse), and using different cleaning products. Regarding the treatment of the effluent was adopted a physical-chemical process via the coagulation / flocculation, sedimentation, followed by filtration. The following coagulants were used: chitosan powder, chitosan diluted in acetic acid, tannin SG, tannin SL and aluminum sulfate. The results from the quantitation of different polymeric residues collected by ASRM demonstrated that the most representative resins in 2014 were the LDPE, with 33.87% and 21.74% with HDPE. Regarding the characterization of polymeric waste depending on their level of contaminants was possible to verify that packages of PP and HDPE, even though they come from selective collection still contained a high level of contaminants, unlike LDPE packaging. As the washing process, it was possible to ascertain that the three stages developed, consisting of an efficient sequence for obtaining clean polymeric residues and suitable for recycling. Furthermore, the combination of sulfonic acid with lauryl and sodium hydroxide showed be more efficient to the other conditions tested in the washing step. Regarding the treatment of the wastewater, the results indicated that the use of aluminum sulphate coagulating was the most efficient in the removal of turbidity. Also was noted the importance of completing the process of coagulation / flocculation before the filtration. From the results obtained in the characterization process of the raw and treated wastewater it was possible to verify that the chosen treatment is effective and appropriate, once the values removed for most of the analyzed parameters were higher than 90%, including turbidity, suspended solids, fixed and volatile amounted to nearly 100% removal. Therefore, the washing process applied was efficient for obtaining clean polymeric materials and favorable to recycling and the method employed for treatment of wastewater also played a great role, since it allows the obtention of a treated wastewater with appropriate quality standards, which gives safety and reliability for its reuse in the washing process of polymeric residues. / Com a industrialização, o crescimento demográfico e os padrões de consumo da sociedade há o aumento da geração de resíduos sólidos, entre os quais destacam-se os resíduos poliméricos. Assim, a reciclagem surge como uma alternativa viável, porém para que esta seja efetiva é de suma importância a realização da lavagem desses resíduos, assim como, do tratamento do efluente gerado nesse processo. Diante disso, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a quantificação, a caracterização e lavagem dos resíduos poliméricos, bem como, tratar o efluente gerado no processo. Para a quantificação dos diferentes resíduos poliméricos foi realizada uma coleta de dados na Associação de Selecionadores de Materiais Recicláveis (ASMAR). Onde, também foram coletadas as embalagens de PEAD, PEBD e PP, que foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu grau de contaminantes e posteriormente foram utilizadas no processo de lavagem. O processo de lavagem foi desenvolvido em três etapas (pré-lavagem, lavagem e enxague), sendo utilizados diferentes produtos de limpeza. Quanto ao tratamento do efluente foi adotado um processo físico-químico, via coagulação/floculação, sedimentação, seguida ainda por filtração. Os seguintes coagulantes foram utilizados: quitosana em pó, quitosana diluída em ácido acético, tanino SG, tanino SL e sulfato de alumínio. Os resultados obtidos a partir da quantificação dos diferentes resíduos poliméricos coletados pela ASMAR demonstraram que as resinas mais representativas no ano de 2014 foram a de PEBD, com 33,87% e a de PEAD com 21,74%. Referente à caracterização dos resíduos poliméricos em função do seu grau de contaminantes foi possível verificar que as embalagens de PP e PEAD, apesar de serem provenientes de coleta seletiva ainda continham um elevado grau de contaminantes, diferentemente das embalagens de PEBD. Quanto ao processo de lavagem, foi possível averiguar que as três etapas desenvolvidas, consistem em uma sequência eficiente para obtenção de resíduos poliméricos limpos e próprios para posterior reciclagem. Além disso, a combinação de ácido sulfônico com lauril e hidróxido de sódio se mostrou mais eficiente que as demais condições testadas na etapa de lavagem. Quanto ao tratamento do efluente, os resultados indicaram que o uso do coagulante a base de sulfato de alumínio foi o mais eficiente na remoção da turbidez. Também se observou a importância da realização do processo de coagulação/floculação anteriormente à filtração. A partir dos resultados obtidos no processo de caracterização dos efluentes bruto e tratado foi possível verificar que o tratamento adotado é eficiente e adequado, uma vez que os valores de remoção para a maior parte dos parâmetros analisados foram superiores a 90%, inclusive a turbidez, os sólidos suspensos, fixos e voláteis chegaram a quase 100% de remoção. Portanto, o processo de lavagem adotado foi eficiente para obtenção de materiais poliméricos limpos e propícios à reciclagem e o método empregue para o tratamento do efluente também desempenhou uma excelente função, visto que possibilitou a obtenção de um efluente tratado com padrões de qualidade adequados, o que lhe confere segurança e confiabilidade para o seu reúso no processo de lavagem dos resíduos poliméricos.