Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-77). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Aerosol particles affect the Earth’s climate, although their impact is associated with large uncertainties. Primary marine aerosol represents a significant fraction of the global aerosol budget considering the Earth’s 70-percentage coverage by oceans. They are produced when bubbles burst at the ocean surface and can consist of sea salt, organic matter and bacteria. An experimental approach was here used to investigate the primary marine aerosol production from the bubble-bursting mechanism using water from four different geographical locations. The main findings include: Similar and stable aerosol number size distributions at all locations, centered close to 0.2 μm. Largely varying aerosol organic fractions, both with size and location. Clear tendency for increased water temperature to negatively influence the aerosol production. No covariance between surface water chlorophyll α and aerosol production on a 10-minute time scale, although decreased aerosol production was observed at times of elevated phytoplankton activity on longer time scales. Mainly external mixtures of sea salt and organics was observed. A high tendency for colony-forming marine bacteria to use bubble-bursting to reach the atmosphere. A clear diurnal cycle in aerosol production was found for both laboratory produced aerosol and in-situ aerosol fluxes, probably biologically driven. The first near coastal sea spray fluxes with limited fetch and low salinity. While the primary marine aerosol spectral shape is stable, emission concentration varies with environmental parameters. Above that, the organic fraction of the aerosol varies largely between locations. This shows that observations of primary marine aerosol emissions not necessarily can be applied to large time- or spatial scales. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Magistriniame darbe įvertinamas Ignalinos atominės elektrinės ir gamtinių sąlygų poveikis terminiam Drūkšių ežero režimui. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Ignalinos atominės elektrinės ir gamtinių sąlygų poveikį terminiam Drūkšių ežero režimui. Tyrimo objektas – atominė elektrinė ir Drūkšių ežeras. Nuo l984 m. Lietuvos didžiausias Drūkšių ežeras pradėjo tarnauti kaip Ignalinos atominės elektrinės (IAE) aušintuvas. Todėl natūralus hidrologinis režimas ir šilumos balansas ežere buvo sutrikdyti. Ypač pakito Drūkšių ežero terminis režimas. Vidutiniškai Drūkšių ežero vandens temperatūra pakilo apie 3,5 ºC. Tačiau pastaraisiais metais Lietuvoje stebimos klimato atšilimo tendencijos. Per pastaruosius dešimtmečius vidutinė oro temperatūra padidėjo apie 1 ºC. Oro temperatūros augimas taip pat turėjo įtakos visų vandens telkinių, tuo pačiu ir Drūkšių ežero vandens temperatūrai. Todėl tiek antropogeniniai veiksniai (atominė elektrinė), tiek gamtiniai veiksniai (klimato kaita) turi įtakos Drūkšių ežero terminiam režimui. Lietuvos energetikos instituto ir kitų mokslinių institucijų darbuotojai atliko daug tyrimų, susijusių su Drūkšių ežero hidrologine, hidrotermine bei ekologine būkle. Tačiau šiuose tyrimuose mažai dėmesio buvo skirta gamtinės kaitos įtakos Drūkšių ežero terminiam režimui nustatymui. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti atominės elektrinės ir gamtinių sąlygų poveikį terminiam Drūkšių ežero režimui. Norint įvertinti Drūkšių ežero terminio režimo pokyčius veikiant IAE... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The paper evaluated the Ignalina nuclear power and natural conditions, the thermal effect of the lake Drūkšiai regime. Purpose of the survey - to assess the Ignalina nuclear power and natural conditions on the thermal regime of Lake Drūkšiai. The object of research - nuclear power and natural environment impacts. Since l984, the Lithuanian Drūkšiai largest lake began to serve as the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP) cooler. Therefore, the natural hydrological regime and heat balance in the lake has been disturbed. In particular, changes in lake thermal regime Drūkšiai. On average, Drūkšiai lake temperature has risen approximately 3.5 ° C. However, in recent years, Lithuania observed warming trends. Over the past decades, the average air temperature increased about 1 ° C. Air temperature rise is also affected by the water at the same time and lake water temperatures. Therefore, both anthropogenic factors (NPP) and natural factors (climate change) affect the thermal regime of Lake Drūkšiai. Lithuanian Energy Institute and other scientific staff, the large number of tests and touching Drūkšiai lake hydrology, hydrothermal and ecological condition. However, these studies little attention was given to natural changes affect Drūkšiai lake thermal regime. Purpose of this study was to evaluate nuclear power and natural conditions on the thermal regime of Lake Drūkšiai. To assess Drūkšiai Lake thermal regime change operation IAE... [to full text]

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T11:47:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 micheleferreiralima.pdf: 5915949 bytes, checksum: e395fbdd27769373c115eaa14346a8a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-05T13:55:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 micheleferreiralima.pdf: 5915949 bytes, checksum: e395fbdd27769373c115eaa14346a8a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T13:55:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 micheleferreiralima.pdf: 5915949 bytes, checksum: e395fbdd27769373c115eaa14346a8a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-30 / A Modelagem Matemática é uma ferramenta de estudo ecológico que vêm sendo aplicada ao gerenciamento de ecossistemas aquáticos com foco nos compartimentos físico, químico e biológico. Esta dissertação tratou da aplicação de um modelo hidrodinâmico tridimensional (Elcom) no Lago dos Manacás, com o objetivo de obter uma representação realista da estrutura térmica do reservatório. Uma vez calibrado, o Elcom constitui-se em uma eficiente metodologia para análise rápida dos processos de mistura e estratificação da coluna d’ água. É sabido que a circulação da água influencia na dinâmica de nutrientes e de comunidades biológicas, assim como na ressuspensão do sedimento, que atua como uma fonte de material orgânico e inorgânico para o sistema. Dessa forma, este trabalho também objetivou versar sobre as influências físicas e climáticas na biogeoquímica e coloração do lago. Nossos dados demonstraram que o Elcom foi satisfatoriamente representado na superfície da água (epilímnio), apenas com a configuração a partir de dados climáticos locais. Porém, este resultado não foi obtido na região intermediária (metalímnio) e no fundo do lago (hipolímnio). Assim, foi relevante entender as forçantes que influenciam na circulação da água, que esteve associada com ventos predominantes (NE-E) e velocidade de 7,8 m s-1. A chuva atuou de forma indireta e significativa, aumentando a vazão de entrada e promovendo o escoamento superficial. Foi observado que durante dias chuvosos de dezembro o lago manteve-se misturado e com altos níveis de turbidez e material em suspensão, que influenciam de forma indireta na cor verdadeira da água. A nossa hipótese inicial era que o Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido (COD) influenciava na cor do lago, porém esta foi derrubada, uma vez que no período estudado este não influenciou na coloração. No geral, o Lago dos Manacás não é limitado por nitrogênio e fósforo, possui estratificação química e pH neutro; altas concentrações de Ferro Total (FT) no fundo, o qual esteve relacionado com o Fosfato (FOS), uma vez que as maiores médias de FOS foram presentes quando o FT foi menor. Esse trabalho tem como perspectiva futura a aplicação dos dados biogeoquímicos em uma modelagem Ecológica (Caedym), calibrando-a no Lago dos Manacás. Assim, a modelagem acoplada Elcom – Caedym poderá ser vislumbrada para estudos futuros. / The mathematical modeling is a tool for ecological studies that has been applied to management of aquatic ecosystems with focus on physical, chemical and biological compartments. This thesis aimed to apply a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Elcom) in Manacás Lake, with the purpose to obtain a realistic representation of the thermal reservoir structure. When calibrated, the Elcom is an efficient methodology that can be applied for rapid analysis of the water column mixing and stratification processes. It is known that the movement of water influences the nutrient dynamics and biological communities, as well as resuspension of sediment, which acts as a source of organic and inorganic material into the system. This study also aimed to relate the physical and climatic influences on the biogeochemistry and color of the water. Our data demonstrated that Elcom has been satisfactorily represented on the water surface (epilimnion), only with local climatic configuration. However, this result was not obtained in the intermediate region (metalimnion) and in the bottom (hypolimnion). Thus, it was important to understand the forces that influence the water movements, which was associated with predominant winds (NE-E) and velocity of 7.8 m s-1; the rain acted indirectly and significantly increasing the inflow and promoting the runoff. It was observed that during rainy days in December, the lake remained mixed, with high levels of turbidity and suspended solids, which indirectly influence the true color of water. Our initial hypothesis was overthrow failed, because the Dissolved Organic Carbon (COD) did not affect the color. Overall, Manacás Lake is not limited by nitrogen and phosphorus, it presented chemical stratification, has neutral pH and high concentrations of Total Iron (TI) on the bottom, which was related to the FOS, since higher values of phosphate ( FOS), were present when the TI was lower. This work has the prospect of future application of biogeochemical data in ecological model (Caedym) and to calibrate it in Manacás Lake. Thus, the coupled modeling Elcom - Caedym can be envisioned for future studies.

A main concern in fisheries science has been to identify an accurate index of fish abundance. An underlying paradigm in the science has been that the amount of effort (calculated in hours and standardized for boat size) spent fishing was the best variable to be used to account for the variation in catches. The use of the ratio, catch per unit of effort (cpue), assumes that variations in fish abundance are due to human-controlled processes above the ocean's surface. It does not account for variation due to oceanographic processes that affect fish behaviour and movement patterns below the ocean's surface. This study investigated the possibility that oceanographic factors such as temperature, salinity and depth could have effects on the variations observed in the apparent abundance of a demersal rockfish, Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastes alutus. Gilbert). Simultaneous monitoring of physical variables and fish abundance estimation was achieved by attaching oceanographic equipment to the fishing gear of commercial vessels, monitoring the acoustic equipment and sampling the fish catch. It was found that Perch prefer a temperature range from 6.7 °C, down to at least 4.8 °C and that their movement patterns are linked to the movement of these temperatures by coastal wind patterns. Perch prefer areas with steep bathymetry, characterized by frontal activity due to interactions between the local bathymetry and tidal currents. Concerns that sampling only from highly successful commercial vessels may have biased abundance estimates, prompted the analysis of historical records of fish catch and government research surveys. Analyses between different boat sizes, different areas and different seasons from the original historical data base and a corrected subset revealed that it was mainly differences between areas that was responsible for the biasing of estimates. Deeper areas predictably produced more fish for all sizes of boats, but were fished more often by the larger boats used in the study. Therefore the field abundance estimates are likely to be biased towards areas of larger perch concentrations. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

This study examines the effects of a low oxygen environment, in concert with fluctuating temperature and salinity conditions, on the nearshore depth distributions (0-1 m) and flood tide movements of juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon. Comparisons are made between an unpolluted and a sewage polluted estuarine intertidal flat in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, the polluted area being characterized by the regular occurrence of low dissolved oxygen levels. Results are based on 380 beach seine samples taken between April and June of 1984. In general, chum and chinook salmon of increasing length were captured in increasing depths, though this pattern was modified by seasonal changes in water temperature. Low dissolved oxygen conditions in deeper waters may have been responsible for the presence of larger, and often sluggishly swimming fish in higher oxygenated surface water layers or in shallow waters near the shore. In both areas, the risk of aerial predation was high. On a flood tide, the likelihood of capturing a chinook salmon was reduced as temperatures increased and oxygen levels decreased. A combination of avoidance behaviour and a regularity in the movement patterns of chinook onto the study area in the later stages of the flood tide may account for their rare occurrence in low oxygen concentrations (<6 mg/1) and high temperatures (>20 °C). Fish mortalities were most likely to occur on the ebb tide when fish were forced into waters of low oxygen content by the drainage patterns characteristic of the polluted study area. Though wide ranges in salinity were recorded on both tidal flats, this factor was not strongly correlated to Chinook distributions. However, significantly higher salinity levels in the unpolluted area may account for the greater numbers of chum salmon captured there. An understanding of the influence of estuarine water quality conditions on the distribution of juvenile salmonids may assist in the identification of significant sources of mortality in their early marine life. This knowledge is particularly important in the evaluation of water quality changes as caused by human activity. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

This work deals with the design, realization and testing of the system for regulating the temperature of the water in an industrial environment using three-way mixing valve. This system can work autonomously, but also can be controlled by a superior control system. Created temperature regulation can be adjusted and controlled by a computer using control software.

The Middle Fork John Day Basin in Northeastern Oregon is prime habitat for spring Chinook salmon and Steelhead trout. In 2008, a major tributary supporting rearing habitat, Big Boulder Creek, was restored to its historic mid-valley channel along a 1 km stretch of stream 800 m upstream of the mouth. Reduction of peak summer stream temperatures was among the goals of the restoration. Using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) Fiber Optic Technology, stream temperature was monitored prior to restoration in June 2008, and after restoration in September 2008, July 2009, and August 2009. Data gathered was used to determine locations of groundwater and hyporheic inflow and to form a stream temperature model of the system. The model was used both to develop an evaluation method to interpret components of model performance, and to better understand the physical processes important to the study reach. A very clear decreasing trend in surface temperature was seen throughout each of the DTS stream temperature datasets in the downstream 500 m of the study reach. Observed reduction in temperature was 0.5°C (±0.10) in June 2008, 0.3°C (±0.37) in September 2008, 0.6°C (±0.25) in July 2009, and 0.2°C (±0.08) in August 2009. Groundwater inflow was calculated to be 3% of the streamflow for July 2009 and 1% during the August 2009 installation. Statistically significant locations of groundwater and hyporheic inflow were also determined. July 2009 data was used to model stream temperature of the 1 km (RMSE 0.28°C). The developed model performance evaluation method measures timelag, offset, and amplitude at a downstream observed or simulated point compared with the boundary condition, rather than evaluating the model based on error. These measures are particularly relevant to small scale models in which error may not be a true reflection of the ability of a model to correctly predict temperature. Breaking down model performance into these three predictive measures was a simple and graphic method to show the model's predictive capability without sorting through large amounts of data. To better understand the model and the stream system, a sensitivity analysis was conducted showing high sensitivity to streamflow, air temperature, groundwater inflow, and relative humidity. Somewhat surprisingly, solar radiation was among the lowest sensitivity. Furthermore, three model scenarios were run: a 25% reduction in water velocity, a 5°C increase in air temperature, and no groundwater inflow. Simulations of removal of groundwater inflows resulted in a 0.5°C increase in average temperature over the modeled time period at the downstream end, further illustrating the importance of groundwater in this stream system to reduce temperatures. / Graduation date: 2012

No description available.