Na etapa de purificação do trinitrotolueno (TNT) produzido nas indústrias, são realizadas duas lavagens ao final do processo. A primeira lavagem é realizada com água vaporizada, na qual origina-se o primeiro efluente, denominado água amarela, em seguida, é realizada uma segunda lavagem com a utilização de sulfito de sódio (Na2SO3), gerando o segundo efluente água vermelha. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos individuais, bem como, a associação da fotocatálise heterogênea utilizando TiO2 e tratamento biológico em reator air lift utilizando lodo ativado (biomassa bacteriana), para a remediação de águas residuais contaminadas com compostos nitroaromáticos, a fim de reduzir a toxicidade e ajustar os parâmetros legais de acordo com órgãos regulamentadores para despejo em vias aquáticas. O tratamento fotocatalítico foi conduzido por meio de desenho fatorial obtendo as melhores condições reacionais (pH 6,5 e concentração de TiO2 0,1 gL-1), sendo os melhores resultados obtidos em 360 minutos de reação, reduzindo 97,00% da absorbância em 275 nm, 94,20% da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), 67,70% de fenóis totais, bem como uma redução total dos picos constatados e atribuídos a compostos nitroaromáticos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. No tratamento biológico, observou-se redução de 53,40% da absorbância em 275 nm, 10,00% de DQO e 36,00% de fenóis totais em períodos curtos (3 dias), já para períodos longos (48 dias), houve uma influência antagônica nos resultados de forma que ocorreu a elevação destes parâmetros (DQO e fenóis totais) ao invés de sua redução. A análise cromatográfica confirmou a eficiência da degradação biológica por meio da redução de picos correspondentes a compostos como DNT e TNT. A associação dos tratamentos fotocatalítico e biológico apresentou resultados de redução da ordem de 91,10% de absorbância, 70,26% de fenóis totais e 88,87% de DQO. Enquanto que, a associação dos tratamentos biológico e fotocatalítico gerou eficiências relativamente inferiores, apresentando redução de absorbância de 77,30%, 62,10% de redução dos fenóis totais e uma diminuição de 87,00% da DQO. De maneira geral, ao compararmos os processos químico e biológico de forma isolada, o tratamento fotocatalítico apresentou os melhores resultados. Porém, comparando os resultados de forma isolada e as associações estabelecidas, a associação biológico x fotocatalise apresentou resultados mais promissores para o tratamento do efluente água vermelha. / Trinitrotoluene in the purification step (TNT) produced in industries, are carried out two washes at the end of the process. The first wash is done with vaporized water, which originates from the first effluent called yellow water, then the second washing with the use of sodium sulfite is performed (Na2SO3), generating a second effluent red water. This study aimed to study the individual effects, as well as the association of heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 and biological treatment in air lift reactor using activated sludge (bacterial biomass) for the remediation of wastewater contaminated with nitroaromatic compounds in order to reduce toxicity and adjust the legal parameters according to regulatory agencies for disposal in waterways. The photocatalytic treatment was conducted by factorial design obtaining the best reaction conditions (pH 6.5 and concentration of TiO2 0.1 gL-1), with best results obtained at 360 minutes of reaction, reducing the absorbance 97.00%, 94.20% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), 67.70% of total phenols, as well as a total reduction of observed peaks and assigned to nitroaromatic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the biological treatment, there was a 53.40% reduction in absorbance at 275 nm 10.00% 36.00% COD and total phenols in a short time (3 days), while for extended periods (48 days) there was an antagonistic influence on the results so that was the elevation of these parameters (COD and total phenols) instead of reducing. Chromatographic analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the biological degradation by reducing the peaks corresponding to compounds DNT and TNT. The Association of photocatalytic and biological treatments decreased results in the order of 91.10% absorbance, 70.26% of total phenols and 88.87% of COD. While the combination of biological and photocatalytic treatments generated relatively lower efficiencies, with 77.30% of absorbance reduction, 62.10% reduction of total phenols and a decrease of 87.00% of COD. In general, when comparing the chemical and biological processes in isolation, the photocatalytic treatment showed the best results. However, comparing the results of isolation and established associations, the association biological x photocatalysis showed more promising results in the treatment of red water effluent.

Na etapa de purificação do trinitrotolueno (TNT) produzido nas indústrias, são realizadas duas lavagens ao final do processo. A primeira lavagem é realizada com água vaporizada, na qual origina-se o primeiro efluente, denominado água amarela, em seguida, é realizada uma segunda lavagem com a utilização de sulfito de sódio (Na2SO3), gerando o segundo efluente água vermelha. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos individuais, bem como, a associação da fotocatálise heterogênea utilizando TiO2 e tratamento biológico em reator air lift utilizando lodo ativado (biomassa bacteriana), para a remediação de águas residuais contaminadas com compostos nitroaromáticos, a fim de reduzir a toxicidade e ajustar os parâmetros legais de acordo com órgãos regulamentadores para despejo em vias aquáticas. O tratamento fotocatalítico foi conduzido por meio de desenho fatorial obtendo as melhores condições reacionais (pH 6,5 e concentração de TiO2 0,1 gL-1), sendo os melhores resultados obtidos em 360 minutos de reação, reduzindo 97,00% da absorbância em 275 nm, 94,20% da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), 67,70% de fenóis totais, bem como uma redução total dos picos constatados e atribuídos a compostos nitroaromáticos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. No tratamento biológico, observou-se redução de 53,40% da absorbância em 275 nm, 10,00% de DQO e 36,00% de fenóis totais em períodos curtos (3 dias), já para períodos longos (48 dias), houve uma influência antagônica nos resultados de forma que ocorreu a elevação destes parâmetros (DQO e fenóis totais) ao invés de sua redução. A análise cromatográfica confirmou a eficiência da degradação biológica por meio da redução de picos correspondentes a compostos como DNT e TNT. A associação dos tratamentos fotocatalítico e biológico apresentou resultados de redução da ordem de 91,10% de absorbância, 70,26% de fenóis totais e 88,87% de DQO. Enquanto que, a associação dos tratamentos biológico e fotocatalítico gerou eficiências relativamente inferiores, apresentando redução de absorbância de 77,30%, 62,10% de redução dos fenóis totais e uma diminuição de 87,00% da DQO. De maneira geral, ao compararmos os processos químico e biológico de forma isolada, o tratamento fotocatalítico apresentou os melhores resultados. Porém, comparando os resultados de forma isolada e as associações estabelecidas, a associação biológico x fotocatalise apresentou resultados mais promissores para o tratamento do efluente água vermelha. / Trinitrotoluene in the purification step (TNT) produced in industries, are carried out two washes at the end of the process. The first wash is done with vaporized water, which originates from the first effluent called yellow water, then the second washing with the use of sodium sulfite is performed (Na2SO3), generating a second effluent red water. This study aimed to study the individual effects, as well as the association of heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 and biological treatment in air lift reactor using activated sludge (bacterial biomass) for the remediation of wastewater contaminated with nitroaromatic compounds in order to reduce toxicity and adjust the legal parameters according to regulatory agencies for disposal in waterways. The photocatalytic treatment was conducted by factorial design obtaining the best reaction conditions (pH 6.5 and concentration of TiO2 0.1 gL-1), with best results obtained at 360 minutes of reaction, reducing the absorbance 97.00%, 94.20% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), 67.70% of total phenols, as well as a total reduction of observed peaks and assigned to nitroaromatic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the biological treatment, there was a 53.40% reduction in absorbance at 275 nm 10.00% 36.00% COD and total phenols in a short time (3 days), while for extended periods (48 days) there was an antagonistic influence on the results so that was the elevation of these parameters (COD and total phenols) instead of reducing. Chromatographic analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the biological degradation by reducing the peaks corresponding to compounds DNT and TNT. The Association of photocatalytic and biological treatments decreased results in the order of 91.10% absorbance, 70.26% of total phenols and 88.87% of COD. While the combination of biological and photocatalytic treatments generated relatively lower efficiencies, with 77.30% of absorbance reduction, 62.10% reduction of total phenols and a decrease of 87.00% of COD. In general, when comparing the chemical and biological processes in isolation, the photocatalytic treatment showed the best results. However, comparing the results of isolation and established associations, the association biological x photocatalysis showed more promising results in the treatment of red water effluent.

Biotransformation and biodegradation rate constants were determined for naphthalene, lindane, and phenol in water samples from three different sources. Rate constants produced from monitoring disappearance of the parent chemical (biotransformation) were compared to those obtained from mineralization of the chemical (ultimate biodegradation) by ¹⁴CO₂ evolution as well as acidification of the residual ¹⁴C-labeled compound (primary biodegradation). Rate constants were statistically different for the three chemicals. The water source affected the rate constants. When biomass measurements of the waters were considered and second-order rate constants were derived, there was no statistical evidence that this parameter gave a reliable rate constant statistic that could be useful in predicting the fate of any of naphthalene, lindane, and phenol in these waters.

M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering) / The usual target of an upgrading process using membrane is to produce a retentate stream, the product, with high CH4 concentration. This work presents a simulation of two possible membrane configurations, single stage without recycle (SSWR) and double stage with permeate recycle (DSPR), of an existing operational biogas upgrading plant. The simulation was conducted using ChemCAD and AlmeeSoft gas permeation software to investigate the performance of the configurations on product purity, recovery and required compressor power with a view to determine the optimal operational conditions for maximising the concentration of CH4 and its recovery. Thereafter, an economic assessment on the optimal configuration was conducted to determine the gas processing cost (GPC), the profitability of producing biomethane and cost-benefit of utilising biomethane as a vehicular fuel. The simulation was validated against plant data with a maximum percentage error of 2.64%. Increasing CO2 in feed reduced product recovery and purity. Increasing feed pressure and selectivity increased product recovery and purity up to the pressure limit of the membrane module. Increasing feed flow rate increased product recovery but reduces purity. In both configurations, increasing CO2 in the feed and increasing feed pressure increased the GPC. However, increasing feed flow rate reduced the GPC. The overall performance of DSPR configuration was much higher due to increased trans-membrane area available for separation. At optimal conditions, a product purity of 91% and 96% CH4 recovery was achieved from the initial plant result of 87.2% product purity and 91.16% CH4 recovery. The total compression duty was 141 kW. The GPC was $0.46/m3 of biomethane. The cumulative discounted NPV, IRR and BCR for producing biomethane was R15,240,343, 22.41% and 2.05 respectively, with a break-even in the 5th year after plant start-up considering a prime lending rate at 9%. Using CBG instead of gasoline saves 34% of annual fuel cost with a payback period of one year and three months for the cost of retrofitting the vehicle.

M.Tech. (Civil Engineering) / This study presents work on the design and construction of three dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using a sandwich separator electrode assembly (SSEA) and membrane cathode assembly (MCA) for the dual purposes of energy generation from domestic wastewater and wastewater treatment. MFC1 was designed using an improvised SSEA technique (i.e. a separator electrode membrane electrode configuration, SEMEC) by gluing a sandwich of anode, membrane and a mesh current collector cathode to an anode chamber made from a polyethylene wide-mouth bottle. The reactor was filled with 1500 mL of domestic wastewater and operated on a long fed-batch mode with a residence time of 3 weeks. The reactor was inoculated with a mixed culture of bacteria present in the wastewater stream. The aim was to study the impact of wastewater COD concentration on power generation and wastewater treatment efficiency. For MFC2 and MFC 3, cathodes were constructed using the MCA technique consisting of a membrane and a mesh current collector cathode, with the anode electrode at the opposite side of stacked Perspex sections used for the anode chamber. The impact of electrode material on current production was examined in this study. For MFC2 a mesh current collector treated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and activated carbon (AC) functioned as the cathode, while the MFC3 cathode was an uncatalyzed mesh current collector. The two reactors were both filled with 350 mL of domestic wastewater...

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

PUMPS mimics natural geothermal vents as a conceptual model designed for the remediation of acid mine water (AMW) in voids of abandoned gold mines of the Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa. In this system, a reaction chamber containing Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii sulfate reducing bacteria will be set at the bottom of a 3-4 km deep mine that will be flooded. A geothermal system with at least one (1) doublet will be drilled from the bottom of the mine to the depth of 8km, where the temperatures are sufficient for geothermal energy harvesting. AMW, used as a geothermal fluid, will be pumped down the injection well and circulate through hot rock. The hot water is then used to generate electricity and then channelled into the reaction chamber to undergo bio-remediation. Following treatment, the water flows back into the mine voids where it will improve the quality of untreated AMW through dilution. Eventually, the mine will be flooded with clean water that can be stored underground and/or pumped up to surface for social and ecosystem services. Following an introduction and proof of concept for the PUMPS, the research builds further on the technical and economic evaluation of the PUMPS in order to assert its viability and sustainability. The technical viability includes testing the ability for Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii to survive in high pressure condition; quantifying the amount of energy that can be drawn from the geothermal reservoir; determining the placement and scheme of the geothermal wells; and, finally, developing a robust economic model of the system. Experiments show that Desulfotomaculum Kuznetsovii can tolerate high pressure conditions in of at least 100bar at their ideal sulfate reducing temperature of 63°C. Geochemical modelling shows that AMW can be used effectively as a geothermal fluid for PUMPS. To achieve highest efficiency and minimal fluid loss, the geothermal wells should be placed along the SSE-NNW direction, based on the known stress field across the Witwatersrand Basin. With a flow rate of 30l/s the energy drawn from the geothermal reservoir is sufficient to drive PUMPS and the surplus energy is determined by the volume of AMW treated per day. All results indicate that the PUMPS is technically and economically viable. The economic model shows that the value and viability of the PUMPS is best reflected with a comprehensive inclusion of potential revenue (for example from chemical solution mining of deep seated gold) and financial/environmental incentives.

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T23:01:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CintraFilho_OrlandoAntunes_M.pdf: 1700250 bytes, checksum: 7836c56a27063bfb7d59a5d3b4bfc8f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O trabalho teve a finalidade de avaliar o impacto da irrigação com efluente sanitário oriundo de lagoa anaeróbia, na cultura do milho. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi avaliar as alterações na qualidade da água do aqüífero subterrâneo sob a influência direta da irrigação diferenciada por três cenários: água de superfície com adubo químico, efluente anaeróbio desinfetado e efluente anaeróbio não desinfetado. Como efluente sanitário anaeróbio foi utilizado efluente da lagoa anaeróbia da ETE Lagoa Paulistano II, que trata esgoto sanitário estritamente residencial, proveniente do bairro Paulistano II do Município de Franca, SP. O processo é operado pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico de Estado de São Paulo ¿ SABESP. A técnica de irrigação foi disposição do efluente em sulcos rasos. Foram testadas três taxas de aplicação, correspondente a volumes de 50, 100 e 150 litros por aplicação para os três cenários, com 4 repetições cada, totalizando 36 parcelas. O experimento foi realizado no período entre novembro de 2005 e janeiro de 2008, onde foram realizadas duas safras, sendo uma de período chuvoso e outra no período de estiagem. As análises laboratoriais foram desenvolvidas no laboratório regional da SABESP, com sede em Franca, que é acreditado pelo Instituto Nacional Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial ¿ INMETRO segundo os critérios da Norma ISO/IEC 17025. Os resultados evidenciaram que, no período do estudo, não houve evidências de comprometimento na qualidade da água do aqüífero subterrâneo sob os três cenários pesquisados. No entanto, mesmo com estas evidências, foi recomendado um período mais prolongado dessas avaliações, pois é questionada a possibilidade do tempo de avaliação não ter sido suficiente para ocorrer a migração dos resíduos da irrigação para o aqüífero / Abstract: This work had the purpose of evaluating the impact of corn crop irrigation with sanitary effluent from an anaerobic pond. The main objective of this research was to verify possible changes on the quality of the aquifer under the direct influence of three different irrigation scenarios: surface water with chemical fertilizer; disinfected anaerobic effluent; and, raw anaerobic effluent. Sanitary anaerobic effluent was withdrawn from ETE Lagoa Paulistano II, an anaerobic pond that treats strictly domestic wastewater from Paulistano II, a neighborhood from the city of Franca, SP. This treatment system is owned and operated by SABESP (Companhia de Saneamento Básico de Estado de São Paulo). Shallow furrows were utilized as irrigation system for the application of the anaerobic effluent. Three different application rates were tested, corresponding to daily volumes of 50, 100, and 150 liters for each of the three scenarios, with four repetitions, totalizing 36 parcels. The experiment was accomplished during the period of November of 2005 to January of 2008, when two harvests were made, respectively one for the rainy period and another for the dry period. Laboratory analyses were performed at the regional laboratory of SABESP, located in Franca, which is accredited by INMETRO, the National Institute for Metrology, Normalization and Industrial Quality, according to criteria of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. Results obtained during the study period showed that there was no evidence of worsening the aquifer quality. Despite the results, it was recommended that future research on this topic should cover a larger testing period. This seems to be necessary because it was questioned if the time for the migration of the irrigation effluent residues to the aquifer was achieved. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T03:02:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_MarcoRoberto_D.pdf: 5271302 bytes, checksum: 360fb9a15e870769155cec24f76d1dab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Desinfecção de esgotos com radiação ultravioleta vem sendo utilizado, principalmente, em países europeus e nos EUA. A fotorreativação dos microrganismos tem sido avaliada para determinar seu grau de interferência na desinfecção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a radiação ultravioleta para diferentes qualidades de efluentes e estudar a fotorreativação. Foram utilizados dois reatores diferentes, sendo um com lâmpadas emersas e outro imersa. Os reatores foram testados em seis efluentes diferentes para quatro vazões diferentes para cada reator. Os coliformes totais e fecais foram analisados para avaliar a eficiência dos reatores. Ensaios de fotorreativação em condições controladas foram realizadas. De forma geral, o Reator I foi mais eficiente que o Reator TI, e a qualidade do efluente muitas vezes foi mais importante que a dose aplicada como apresentada no Ponto de Coleta 3 para coliformes fecais, em que a inativação foi maior para a vazão 4 (com menor tempo de exposição à luz) em vez de ocorrer para a vazão 1 (com maior tempo de exposição). Doses de radiação ultravioleta mais altas implicam em valores iniciais e finais de fotorreativação menores, porém para atingir o valor máximo necessita de mais tempo. Quanto maior a dose de radiação ultravioleta aplicada menor é o grau de fotorreativação; os coliformes totais tem melhor correlação para análises desta natureza quanto comparado com a E.co/i / Abstract: Disinfection of effluents with ultraviolet radiation has been used in Europeans countries and United States. The photoreactivation of microorganism have been estimated to determine the influence on the disinfection. The objective of this work had to evaluate the ultraviolet disinfection to different qualities of effluent and photoreactivation. Two different kinds of reactors were used in experimental analyzed. The reactors were tested to six different effluents for four flows. Total and fecal coliforms were analyzed to estimate the efficiency of reactors. Assays of photoreactivation were analyzed in controlled conditions. In most of case, the Reactor I was more efficient than Reactor II, and effluent quality was more important than the dose uv applied. Dose uv higher imply in initial and final values of lower photoreactivation. The total coliforms have better correlation than E.coli / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

The prevention of outbreaks of waterborne diseases remains a major challenge to public health service providers globally. One of the major obstacles in this effort is the unavailability of on-line and real-time methods for rapid monitoring of faecal pollution to facilitate early warning of contamination of drinking water. The main objective of this study was to develop a β-glucuronidase (GUD)-based method that could be used for the on-line and real-time monitoring of microbial water quality. GUD is a marker enzyme for the faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli. This enzyme breaks down the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG) to D-glucuronic acid and p-nitrophenol (PNP), which turns yellow under alkaline pH. The enzymatically produced PNP was used to detect GUD activity. In situ GUD assays were performed using running and stagnant water samples from the Bloukrans River, Grahamstown, South Africa. The physico-chemical properties of environmental GUD were determined, after which a liquid bioprobe and a microbial biosensor modified with Moraxella 1A species for the detection of the enzyme activity were developed. In order to determine the reliability and sensitivity of these methods, regression analyses for each method versus E. coli colony forming units (CFU) were performed. The storage stabilities of the bioprobe and biosensor were also investigated. The physico-chemical properties of in situ GUD were different from those of its commercially available counterpart. The temperature optimum for the former was between 35 and 40 °C while for the latter it was 45 °C. Commercial (reference) GUD had a pH optimum of 8.0 while the environmental counterpart exhibited a broad pH optimum of between pH 5.0 and 8.0. The liquid bioprobe had a limit of detection (LOD) of GUD activity equivalent to 2 CFU/100 ml and a detection time of 24 h. The method was less labour intensive and costly than the culturing method. The liquid bioprobe was stable for at least four weeks at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C). The biosensor was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with PNP degrading Moraxella 1A cells. The biosensor was 100 times more sensitive and rapid (5-20 min) than the spectrophotometric method (24 h), and was also able to detect GUD activity of viable but non-culturable cells. Thus it was more sensitive than the culturing method. Furthermore, the biosensor was selective and costeffective. The possibility of using a Pseudomonas putida JS444 biosensor was also investigated, but it was not as sensitive and selective as the Moraxella 1A biosensor. The Moraxella biosensor, therefore, offered the best option for on-line and real-time microbial water quality monitoring in South African river waters and drinking water supplies.