Women are often in charge of the drinking water supply of their family and, in particular women in poverty, areespecially affected when access to water is lacking. Lack of water access is mainly due to governance failures,with corruption as the central problem. Thus, addressing the gender aspects of corruption in the water sector isneeded. This study aims to provide a participatory analysis answering two questions: ‘Which problems do womenin low-income peri-urban areas of Bogotá experience in accessing drinking water and how do they relate theseproblems to corruption?’ And, ‘how can the impacts of lack of access to drinking water, be explained andanalysed in a context of intersectional power structures?’ A feminist qualitative methodological approach was used and implemented by performing focus groupswith women in community-based organisations in Bogotá, where the expertise of the women was thefundamental guiding concept. Results indicate that corruption is inseparable from lack to access water, that women in poorneighbourhoods are most affected. The (intersectional) characteristics of the area of residence was indicated asdetermining, why a human geography perspective is useful to analyse impacts of lack of access to water.

Yes / BACKGROUND Water is essential in everyday life hence, there is a need for it to be available in quality and quantity to all. This study aimed to review relevant published studies on water accessibility and safety in Ghana from 2015 to 2022 to determine the plausibility of Ghana achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 by 2030. METHODOLOGY A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines using four databases including ProQuest, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus. Studies with data on specified keywords and published in English from January 2015 to June 2022 were included in this study. Duplicated titles were removed and the title, abstract and full text of remained studies were reviewed by two independent coders. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes. RESULTS Ten studies met the criteria and the majority of them used qualitative design (60%). Five main themes were identified including; causes of water contamination, the prevalence of waterborne diseases, types of water sources, implemented policies and challenges for policy implementation. The government implemented policies to provide safe and potable drinking water for the citizen and now, about 72% of the population have access to treated pipe water. Some challenges facing implemented policies include political interest in illegal mining, inadequate waste disposal facilities, and poverty. CONCLUSION This study shows that Ghana can achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 which is "Access to clean and affordable water for all" by 2030. The government, public health organizations and stakeholders should work together to alleviate the challenges faced in achieving this goal.

Doctor Legum - LLD / Water is at the very core of sustainable development, critical for a thriving people, planet and prosperity. Water is regarded as a public good which is fundamental for health and life. Water is so important that it was debated as being a basic human right on many international platforms. Water access has plagued many parts of the world for a long period of time. In recent years, there have been increasingly urgent warnings of a global water crisis, as the human species consistently uses more water than is sustainably available. The international community tried to work towards overcoming these water-related issues by establishing the then Millennium Development Goals (hereafter referred to as MDGs), with MDG7.C focusing on access to safe drinking water. Even though MDG7.C was achieved in part, issues still remained regarding water access and quality. Sustainable Development Goal 6 (hereafter referred to as SDG 6) was then introduced and the scope of SDG6 is much wider than its predecessor, since the water access and scarcity problems are still prevalent today. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes a dedicated goal on water and sanitation that sets out to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. SDG6 expands the MDG focus on drinking water to now cover the entire water cycle, including the management of water, wastewater and ecosystem resources, with water at the very core of sustainable development. The goal has, in essence, extended to include a much broader spectrum of issues that need to be solved which, in essence, unravels even more challenges along the way. As a result, it is imperative to determine whether SDG6 can allow for actual sustainable development in terms of freshwater resources. Thus, this thesis will discuss the advent of the Sustainable Development Goals (hereafter referred to as SDGs), in particular SDG6, as well as analyse how SDG6 impacts on International Environmental Law, with particular emphasis on International Freshwater Law. The main aim of this research is to determine whether the creation and implementation of SDG6 can result in overall freshwater sustainability and whether this can result in the furtherance of sustainable development.

Tourism is often promoted as growing industries that make an important economic contribution especially to marginalized communities in rural areas. But taking a Political Ecology approach, what sort of contribution does tourism really make? Why are its benefits spread unevenly? And have communities necessarily need to give up access and use rights to certain natural resources? This study provides an insight on understanding the different dimensions of justice on water  access by local community from a tourism perspective. In understanding  the issues of justice on water, environmental justice has been a central focus  of this research. Justice issuesrelated to water access is still a complex phenomenal due to the truth that, it is embedded to historical and socio-cultural context and linked to integrity of ecosystem. However, justice issues can be viewed differently from different people in relation to different perspective. Therefore, Schlosberg framework of justice is adopted in this research  to understand and explore water issues in three realms of justice i.e distributive, recognition and participation. Qualitative research method was employed in data collection and findings were presented based on three realms of Schlosberg's theory. However, researcher concluded that, there are mixed feelings and perceptions on understanding the sense of justice to local people in water access. Lastly, due to the fact that, the researches related to justice in tourism studies are still very limited , further research need to be done in investigating the access rights local people have on accessing their natural resources for instance water.

This bachelor thesis examines the pre-conditions for implementing a rain water harvesting system with additional purification on a school in a rural area of Cameroon. The villagers in this area are in general poor and lack basic access to water. The amount of rain in relation to the water need is thoroughly studied and two different UV purification are examined as potential systems for future use. The results showed that rain water harvesting is a suitable solution for the school if complemented by the further use of a natural spring nearby. The UV-systems are currently nearly non-existent on the Cameroonian market.

Thesis (M.A. (Agricultural Economics))--University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. / The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of improved water access for both domestic and productive uses on human development. The study was conducted in three villages in the Letsoalo-Sekororo community within the Mopani District Municipality in the Maruleng Local Municipality around the banks of the Olifants River in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study used a total sample of 59 participants representing 40 households, 16 key informants. Three focus group discussions were held. Various variables for the households were selected and analysed using logistic regression. The method of agreement was used for key informants as well as for focus group discussions. The results from the logistic regression indicated that household size and quantity of water consumed by an individual per household was found to be showing a positive relationship to improved water access. Cattle ownership and household’s monthly income were found to be showing a negative relationship to improved water access. The results also indicated that other people’s private yard taps are the water source which showed a negative relationship to improved water access. The variable food availability throughout the year, showed a positive relationship to improved water access. Water related disease showed a negative relationship to improved water access. The results of method of agreement indicated that there are many challenges faced by the key informants. These challenges were because of the poor water reticulations and the fact that other households were unable to make their connections due to lack of a money. vii The study recommends that the Department of Water Affairs and the Maruleng Local Municipality should continue their efforts of getting enough and safe water fir the Letsoalo- Sekororo communities. Once that is done these communities will be able to get involved in income generating activities. / French Embassy through the Centre for Rural Community Empowerment

The purpose of the paper is to examine how water scarcity affects women in Gakuto and strategies they use to adapt to water scarcity. Water is a basic necessity and a requirement for all according to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Botswana is one of the countries faced with water scarcity. The key geographical features of low rainfalls and semi-arid conditions contribute to the scarcity of water resources in the country. The paper highlights challenges faced by women in Gakuto village and strategies they use to cope with water scarcity. A conceptual framework has been used to discuss the relevant concepts that underpin the research. These are water scarcity, adaptation and coping, vulnerability. Data was collected during a site visit through semi structured interviews, field observations and secondary data sources from the government reports and publications. Using semi structured interviews, 23 women from 12 households were interviewed to outline challenges they face in accessing water and sanitation in the village. A traditional leader was also involved to outline the situation of water access in the village. Results show that over 80% of participants travel more than 1km from their households to access water. According to World Health Organisation, in Africa, women walk an average of 10 km per day collecting water. Data was coded and analysed to outline an overview of the various coping and adaptation strategies that participants employ at household level. Majority of them use rainwater, change water routine, access water through social networking and reuse at household level.

The main objective of this study was to determine water access and use characteristics of household in Dar es Salaam in order to determine how the integrated urban water management (IUWM) approach can be applied in solving the water crisis in the city as well as other challenges of urban water supply and sanitation. A limited household water access and use survey was carried out in all three districts of Dar es Salaam. It was found that some of the principles of IUWM such “fit for purpose use” are already being practiced informally at household level, although this is not recognized in planning by Water Authorities. The study also shows that practices geared at saving and efficient use of water are well entrenched in households; with even those with access to sufficient amounts of water practicing it. At the user level, there do not appear to be any obstacles to adoption of IUWM. The potential for IUWM application is therefore shown to exist and recommendations are made for immediate measures such as incorporation of the various water sources in use in households into the formal system as well as improvements to methods of water saving, ground water extraction and rain water harvesting. Recommendations are also provided for wider adaptation of the entire city water management system to IUWM with emphasis on context driven solutions.

<p dir="ltr">This research outlines the engineering design, fabrication, and testing processes used to design a manufacturable attachment to safely secure and accommodate water-well pipes, as they are driven into soil by the force of a driving ram on the well-driver utility vehicle. The Purdue Utility Project (PUP) Well-Driver Vehicle is an ongoing research project conducted by the Purdue University Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department. The well-driver machine does not feature a component to safely constrain water-well pipes, when being struck by the hydraulically lifted ram. After testing four prototype designs, the final solution was designed and fabricated. The pipe alignment assembly was secured at the base of the well driver frame using a heavy-duty pin mounting system that allows the assembly to be configured in either operational position or transport position by the removal and installation of one clevis-pin. The pipe alignment assembly increased well-pipe stabilization using a hinged locking jaw plate to clamp the pipe in position, while providing a simplistic method for the operator to load multiple pipe sections.</p>

The relevance of sanitation and sustainability is manifested in the promotion of public health, improvement of quality of life, and ensuring access to basic services as essential human rights. The comparative analysis between the cities of Caçador, Videira, and Concórdia, in Santa Catarina, in Brasil, and Sault Ste. Marie, Thunder Bay, North Bay, Chatham-Kent, Woodstock, and Kenora, in Ontário, in Canadá, allows for the identification of differences and similarities in sanitation systems, understanding of challenges and opportunities, and consequently, the foundation for effective public policies aimed at improving access to sanitation. The present study aims to analyze the situation of Brazilian municipalities concerning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 11, in comparison with Canadian municipalities. The methodology employed in the research encompasses a qualitative and descriptive approach, grounded in literature review, analysis of scientific publications, legal documents, and quantitative data. The comparison focused on access to household sanitation, specifically on the provision of potable water and sewage disposal, due to the availability of information. The work mentions the main challenges faced by both countries in rural and indigenous areas. The study emphasizes the importance for Brazil to invest in infrastructure, implement effective public policies, and promote international cooperation to ensure sustainable development, as well as improving the health and quality of life of its population. Given the current regulatory context, the perpetuation of concessions in the sanitation sector in the country could be an effective strategy to accelerate the expansion and modernization of networks for potable water supply, sewage treatment, urban cleaning, solid waste management, and drainage.