Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1979. / Bibliography: leaf 31. / by Garry Wayne Perkins. / Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1979.

The thesis deals with the problem of friction during rapid transient 1-D flows in a pipe caused by water hammers. The evolution of the wall shear stress is interpreted in terms of two steps. The first step is the dramatic change of the wall shear stress during the passage of the pressure wave; the corresponding new value of the shear stress is much greater than the value predicted in steady-state. The second step, which begins after the passage of the pressure wave, is a relaxation process; here the shear stress decreases, tending to the new steady-state value corresponding to the new average velocity. The Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics theory is proposed as a tool to model the wall shear stress during the relaxation process. The Friction Relaxation Model presented in this thesis describes both steps of the evolution of the wall shear stress during water hammers, and therefore it enables to take into account the information about the velocity gradient at the wall, which is otherwise not available in 1D modelling.

It is widely known in oil industry that changes in fluid flow conditions such as water breakthrough or unsteady flow due to well shut-in can lead to sand destabilization, with a possible consequent sand production. In this research, different flow situations are incorporated into stress and stability analysis for the region around a wellbore producing oil from weak or unconsolidated sands, and the analyses involve strength weakening, stress redistribution, and decrease of rock stiffness. Two main mechanisms, chemical reactions of rock with formation water and variations of rock capillary strength, are identified and analyzed to study strength weakening after water breakthrough, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Using theories from particle mechanics, rock mechanics, and interfacial science, four novel capillarity models are developed and verified to analytically capture the physical behaviors of capillary strength at the grain scale. Based on model calculations, significantly better understanding of strength behavior in two-phase fluid environments is achieved. Based on a simplified model that can conservatively but efficiently quantify capillary strength with only two input parameters (i. e. particle radius and water saturation), a verified new method that physically calculates pore pressure in a multiphase environment, and a coupled poro-inelastic stress model, the redistributions of effective stresses with water saturation around a wellbore are solved. In terms of stress changes and growth of a plastic radius defining shear-failure zone, the effects of different stability factors, including capillarity through water-oil menisci, pore pressure changes due to the variations of fluid relative permeabilities, and loss of strength through chemical reactions of water-sensitive cementation materials, are quantified and compared in order to clarify when and how they contribute to sand production after water breakthrough. The nonlinearities of rock elastic properties in stressed and biphasic fluid environments is analytically addressed, based on an improved nonlinear theory that considers both a failure-based mechanism and a confining-stress-based mechanism, the strength model, and the coupled stress model. The calculations demonstrate the redistributions of stress-dependent rock stiffness around a wellbore and its evolution with increase of water saturation, clarify the relative importance of each mechanism in reducing rock stiffness, and fundamentally explain why current predictive technologies are invalid when water appears in a flowing wellbore. To quantify the effect of well shut-down on rock stability, the redistributions of fluid pressure in reservoir are analytically solved and coupled with the stress model, while the water hammer equations provide a boundary condition for the bottom-hole pressure. This approach allows direct solution of the relationships among fluid properties, rock properties and production parameters, within the context of rock stability. The proposed new approaches and models can be applied to evaluate sand production risk in multiphase and unsteady fluid flow environment. They can also serve as points of departure to develop more sophisticated models, or to develop more useful constitutive laws for numerical solutions.

It is widely known in oil industry that changes in fluid flow conditions such as water breakthrough or unsteady flow due to well shut-in can lead to sand destabilization, with a possible consequent sand production. In this research, different flow situations are incorporated into stress and stability analysis for the region around a wellbore producing oil from weak or unconsolidated sands, and the analyses involve strength weakening, stress redistribution, and decrease of rock stiffness. Two main mechanisms, chemical reactions of rock with formation water and variations of rock capillary strength, are identified and analyzed to study strength weakening after water breakthrough, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Using theories from particle mechanics, rock mechanics, and interfacial science, four novel capillarity models are developed and verified to analytically capture the physical behaviors of capillary strength at the grain scale. Based on model calculations, significantly better understanding of strength behavior in two-phase fluid environments is achieved. Based on a simplified model that can conservatively but efficiently quantify capillary strength with only two input parameters (i. e. particle radius and water saturation), a verified new method that physically calculates pore pressure in a multiphase environment, and a coupled poro-inelastic stress model, the redistributions of effective stresses with water saturation around a wellbore are solved. In terms of stress changes and growth of a plastic radius defining shear-failure zone, the effects of different stability factors, including capillarity through water-oil menisci, pore pressure changes due to the variations of fluid relative permeabilities, and loss of strength through chemical reactions of water-sensitive cementation materials, are quantified and compared in order to clarify when and how they contribute to sand production after water breakthrough. The nonlinearities of rock elastic properties in stressed and biphasic fluid environments is analytically addressed, based on an improved nonlinear theory that considers both a failure-based mechanism and a confining-stress-based mechanism, the strength model, and the coupled stress model. The calculations demonstrate the redistributions of stress-dependent rock stiffness around a wellbore and its evolution with increase of water saturation, clarify the relative importance of each mechanism in reducing rock stiffness, and fundamentally explain why current predictive technologies are invalid when water appears in a flowing wellbore. To quantify the effect of well shut-down on rock stability, the redistributions of fluid pressure in reservoir are analytically solved and coupled with the stress model, while the water hammer equations provide a boundary condition for the bottom-hole pressure. This approach allows direct solution of the relationships among fluid properties, rock properties and production parameters, within the context of rock stability. The proposed new approaches and models can be applied to evaluate sand production risk in multiphase and unsteady fluid flow environment. They can also serve as points of departure to develop more sophisticated models, or to develop more useful constitutive laws for numerical solutions.

&Ccedil / amlidere Dam supplies significant portion of the potable water demand of the City of Ankara. Consequently, it is very important that the pipelines extending over 60 km between the dam and the treatment plant at Ivedik operate continuously. At present, two composite parallel lines are in operation and construction of a third line is considered for the future. It is the aim of this study to investigate the water hammer problems to be expected under various scenarios and also suggest the safe operation conditions for the system. Water hammer analyses of the pipeline are carried out by computer software named HAMMER. This software employs the Method of Characteristics (MoC) which is a widely used mathematical procedure in solving the non-linear differential equations caused by unsteady flow. Within this theses work, existing tunnels, prestressed concrete and steel pipes, third steel pipeline which is planned to be constructed in the future and existing, and future-planned valves are modeled and calibration of the model is implemented. A plenty of scenarios and valve closure principles are constituted in order to specify steady-state conditions and additional water hammer pressures generated by several excitations through the pipeline. Results of these scenarios are compared with previous works conducted on the pipeline system and the most unfavorable ones among those are determined. Then, appropriate closure durations are identified and suggested for pipe fracture safety valves and the flow control valves at Ivedik in order not to cause excessive pressures in the system.

A pressure transient is generated when a sudden change in injection rate occurs due to a valve closure or injector shutdown. This pressure transient, referred to as a water hammer, travels down the wellbore, is reflected back and induces a series of pressure pulses on the sand face. This study presents a semi-analytical model to simulate the magnitude, frequency and duration of water hammer in wellbores. An impedance model has been suggested that can describe the interface, between the wellbore and the formation. Pressure transients measured in five wells in an offshore field are history matched to validate the model. It is shown that the amplitude of the pressure waves may be up to an order of magnitude smaller at the sand face when compared with surface measurements. Finally, a model has been proposed to estimate fracture dimensions from water hammer data. / text

Submitted by MARCOS JORGE ASSUMPÇÃO SCHIMIDT null (mschimidt@sabesp.com.br) on 2016-06-27T21:35:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CD.pdf: 10677692 bytes, checksum: 787b589f9accd5975edca6f4b2bb6868 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-29T14:13:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 schimidt_mja_me_bot.pdf: 10677692 bytes, checksum: 787b589f9accd5975edca6f4b2bb6868 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T14:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 schimidt_mja_me_bot.pdf: 10677692 bytes, checksum: 787b589f9accd5975edca6f4b2bb6868 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-02 / O abastecimento público é um dos grandes desafios das autoridades em prover a sociedade com água de qualidade e em quantidade. O aumento da demanda por este recurso natural exige projetos de captação e transporte cada vez maiores e mais complexos. Um projeto hidráulico deve ser concebido para operar sob condições normais de escoamento e também sob condições extremas, causadas por agentes externos que possam gerar pressões muito maiores ou muito menores às condições ideais de funcionamento. Este trabalho teve por objetivos definir o desenho de bombeamento público para o abastecimento da cidade de Torrinha, município do Estado de São Paulo; determinar qual alternativa de combinação de tubulações é a melhor solução hidráulica e econômica; e verificar a necessidade e definir a proteção contra transiente hidráulico. Utilizou-se o programa Allievi para realizar as cinco simulações propostas: Simulação 1 (S1): regime permanente; Simulação 2 (S2): linha com tubos de ferro fundido sem proteção; Simulação 3 (S3): linha com tubos de PVC-O sem proteção; Simulação 4 (S4): linha com tubos de PVC-O com proteção; Simulação 5 (S5): linha com tubos de ferro fundido e de PVC-12 DeFoFo com proteção. A partir dos resultados concluiu-se que na simulação 5 obteve-se a melhor opção econômica e hidráulica, consistindo em construir a linha com os primeiros 3391,79 metros de tubos de ferro fundido, ponta bolsa, K7 e 3297,33 metros restantes com tubos de PVC 12 DeFoFo; e a utilização do dispositivo RHO com bexiga de 1,5 m³ de capacidade para proteção contra transiente hidráulico. As simulações S2 e S3 evidenciaram um ganho de rendimento do grupo motobomba e a opção S1 é a que mostrou a melhor combinação vazão-altura. / Provide good quality water besides following the public demand is one of the biggest challenges faced for the authorities these days, the increasing demand for this natural resource requires larger and more complexes abduction systems and distribution networks. Moreover, hydraulics projects should be projected to work at normal flow conditions but also at extreme conditions caused by external agents whom can produce much bigger or much lower pressures comparing with a ideal operation condition. The current research aim to define a pumping project for the public supply of the city of Torrinhas in estate of São Paulo, establishing the most efficient combination of pipelines to attend the economic and hydraulics necessities, besides define the necessity and the protection against the hydraulics transient. The research was conducted using the Allievi software to simulate five proposed settings: Simulation 1 (S1): Steady state; Simulation 2 (S2): Pipeline with cast iron pipes without protection; Simulation 3 (S3): Pipeline with PVC-O pipes without protection; Simulation 4 (S4): pipeline with PVC-O pipes with protection; Simulation 5 (S5): pipeline with cast iron and PVC-12 DeFoFo pipes with protection. Therefore, with the present results was possible to conclude that the best economic and hydraulic option is to use cast iron hub pipes K7 in the first 3391.79 meters, and use PVC 12 DeFoFo pipes in the others 3297.33 meters, and also the utilization of the Balloon Hydro pneumatic Accumulator device with 1,5m³ of capability to guard the system against the hydraulic transient. The settings S2 and S3 showed gains in the pump group yield while the setting S1 had the best relation between flow rate and elevation.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor uma modificação técnica e conceitual no sistema de segurança dos geradores e condutos forçados nos 1 e 2 da Usina Henry Borden, em Cubatão São Paulo, com a finalidade de reduzir os golpes de aríete no conduto forçado. Inicia-se com uma breve revisão sobre turbinas hidráulicas, com ênfase nos tipos mais comuns no Brasil. Faz um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento das turbinas, prossegue com uma explanação sobre turbinas de ação tipo Pelton, e sobre os fundamentos teóricos envolvidos nos componentes auxiliares, como, por exemplo, injetores, defletores, agulhas de segurança e conduto forçado. Apresenta sucintamente a história e a descrição técnica da Usina Henry Borden. Ao final, aborda o efeito do golpe de aríete no conduto forçado e as implicações que esse fenômeno causa na operação do gerador. A seguir, o estudo propõe uma modificação técnica e conceitual no funcionamento das agulhas de segurança, com as premissas de operação e sincronismo dos injetores principais e auxiliares. Comenta sobre a utilização de reguladores de velocidade digitais que foram utilizados na modernização dos reguladores de velocidade dos geradores 11 a 16 da usina subterrânea, e também na usina Henry Borden. O trabalho conclui com uma discussão sobre a perturbação ocorrida no conduto forçado n 1, e como a modificação técnica apresentada pode minimizar as oscilações dinâmicas nos condutos forçados. / This study aims to propose a technical and conceptual modification in the safety system of generators and forced ducts n 1 and 2 of Henry Borden hydroelectric power plant, in Cubatão - Sao Paulo, with the main objective of reducing the water hammer in the forced ducts. This work starts with a concise review on hydraulic turbines, with emphasis on the most common turbines in Brazil industry. The study in the improvement of turbines shows an introduction with an explanation about Pelton turbine as well as the theoretical foundations involved in the auxiliary components, such as injectors, deflectors, safety needles and forced ducts. The study shows a historical and a technical description of the Henry Borden hydroelectric power plant. At the end, a detailed effect of water hammer in forced duct shown as well as the implications that this phenomenon affects the operation of the generators. After that, the work reveals a proposal to a technical modification and shows a new concept in the operation of safety needles, with the premises of operation and synchronism of the main and auxiliary injectors. The following is a short comment on the use of digital speed regulators, which were used in the innovation of the speed regulators of the generating 11 to 16 of the underground plant, also in Henry Borden plant. In conclusion, there is a technical discussion about the effect of the phenomenon observed inside the forced ducts Number 1 shown as a well as proposal for technical modification, that would minimize dynamic oscillations in the forced ducts and reduce maintenance costs.

This master thesis project has been carried out in cooperation with the Endress+Hauser Flowtec AG in Switzerland. The project was part of a bigger predevelopment project for a vortex flow meter in the research and development department of Endress+Hauser. Prowirl (vortex) flow meters are often used for measuring the volume flow in steam applications. This measurement method is based on the phenomena of vortices occurring behind obstacles in a stream which are registered by a sensor. Aim of the project was to develop and test a new vortex flow transducer concept for highest pressure applications (line pressure of 250 bars). Endress+Hauser already had a sensor for such applications which was outdated and not compatible to the newer generation of sensors. Two concepts with and without a temperature sensor option have been generated. The concepts have been modeled and verified via FE-analysis and analytical calculations according to the relevant standards (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and EN 13445). After the calculations prototypes have been manufactured and tested. The conducted tests matched the simulations well and proved that the concept worked. More detailed tests after this thesis project are necessary to transfer the concept into a final product. However, it has been shown that the new concept has significant advantages over the existing highest pressure sensor. These are a bigger pressure range, the option of integrating a temperature sensor and a cost reduction for the flow meters compared to the existing design. Keywords: Vortex, Flow meter, Sensor, Water hammer / Detta examensprojekt har utförts i samarbete med Endress+Hauser Flowtec AG i Schweiz. Projektet har varit en del av ett större inledande projekt kring en virvelflödesmätare under avdelningen för forskning och utveckling hos Endress+Hauser. Prowirl(virvel)flödesmätare används ofta för mätning av volymflöde i ångapplikationer och tekniken bygger på sensorregistrering av fenomenet virvelbildning som uppstår nedströms hinder i ett flöde. Målet med projektet var att utveckla och testa en ny virvelflödesmätare för högtrycksapplikationer (ledningstryck upp till 250 bar). Sensorn som Endress+Hauser redan hade för sådan applikation var föråldrad och inte kompatibel med nyare generationer av sensorer. Två koncept har tagits fram, ett med och ett utan temperatursensor. Koncepten har modellerats och verifierats genom FEM och analytiska beräkningar enligt relevanta standarder (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code och EN 13445), efter vilket prototyperna tillverkats och testats. De utförda testerna överensstämde väl med simulationerna och bevisade att koncepten fungerade. Mer utförliga tester efter detta examensprojekt är nödvändigt för att med koncepten som utgångspunkt skapa en klar produkt. Men det har visats att dessa koncept har väsentliga fördelar över den befintliga högtryckssensorn. Bland dem kostnadsreducering, möjlighet för integrering av temperatursensor och breddat tryckspann jämfört mot den existerande designen. Nyckelord: Virvel, Flödesmätare, Sensorer, Vattenslag

Worldwide water distribution infrastructure system is old and deteriorating. A water system with its myriad appurtenances (including pumps and valves and tanks) is susceptible to hydraulic transients resulting in high and low pressure waves alternatively passing through the network. While both low and high pressure events structurally tax the already weak system, there is copious evidence indicating intrusion of contaminants into the drinking water pipes from the pipe's exterior environment due to low pressure events associated with water hammer phenomenon. These contaminants enter into the drinking water as the home plumbing system is a passive recipient from the water main. While the major (municipal) system is readily recognized as a vast infrastructure system of nearly 1,409,800 km of piping within the United States, the minor (plumbing) system that is at least 5 to 10 times larger is generally not well analyzed. In this study, an experimental plumbing rig was designed and implemented that replicates the range of pressures encountered in actual minor water distribution systems. This research addresses how a pressure transient triggered within a house and from municipal systems can impact the service line with a possible suction effect. Experimental results on low pressure events and the accompanying numerical modeling showed good agreement. The experiment also enabled visualization of the various pressure transient phenomena. It is demonstrated that hydraulic transients triggered from water mains result in low pressures events (up to -10 psig) in service lines which can allow possible intrusion of microbial and chemical contaminants at the service line. Structural integrity of service line and hydraulic integrity at water mains should be maintained to minimize any public health risks. In the USA, about 90% of residential drinking water plumbing systems use copper pipes. Pinhole leaks in copper plumbing pipes have become a nationwide concern because these leaks cause property damage, lower property values, and result in possibility of adversely affecting homeowners' insurance coverage. In addition, resulting mold damage may cause health concerns. This research also addresses the concerns of the affected homeowners by enabling them to decide on whether to continue to repair or replace their plumbing system, the factors to be considered in a replacement decision, and the type of material to use for replacement. Plastic pipes such as PEX (cross-linked polyethylene), CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride), and copper are considered in present analysis. Other alternatives include an epoxy coating technique on the existing piping systems, without the need to tear into walls. Multiple attributes of a plumbing system including cost (material plus labor charges), taste and odor impacts, potential for corrosion, longevity of the pipe system, fire retardance, convenience of installation or replacement, plumber or general contractor's opinions or expertise, and proven record in the market are considered. Attributes and material rankings are formalized within the framework of the preference elicitation tools namely AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process). Surveys are conducted with selected homeowners in pinhole leak prone area in Southeastern US Community to observe their revealed and stated preferences. Participants' overall preference tradeoffs are reported in addition to comparing their revealed and stated preferences. Health effects, taste and odor of water turned out to be the most important factors from the survey. In real life, however, homeowners were not well aware of these safety issues related with plumbing materials. It is recommended that water professionals should work on bridging the gap between public perception and research results related to major and minor systems. / Ph. D.