The legal requirements for wastewater discharge into environment, especially to zones exposed to eutrophication, lately became stricter. Nowadays wastewater treatment plants have to manage with the new rules and assure better biogenic elements’ removal, in comparison with the past. There are some well-known methods of diminishing concentrations of these compounds, but they are ineffective in case of nitrogen-rich streams, as landfill leachate or reject waters from dewatering of digested sludge. This wastewater disturbs conventional processes of nitrification-denitrification and raise necessity of building bigger tanks. The partial nitritation followed by Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) process appear to be an excellent alternative for traditional nitrification/denitrification. The process was investigated in three different reactors – Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) and Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC). The process was evaluated in two options: as a two-stage process performed in two separate reactors and as a one-stage process. The two-step process, in spite of very low nitrogen removal rates, assured very high nitrogen removal efficiency, exceeding even 90% in case of the MBBR. However, obtained results revealed that the one-step system is a better option than the two-step system, no matter, what kind of nitrogen-rich stream is taken into consideration. Moreover, the one-step process was much less complicated in operation. Performed research confirmed a hypothesis, that the oxygen concentration in the bulk liquid and the nitrite production rate are the limiting factors for the Anammox reaction in a single reactor. In order to make a quick and simple determination of bacteria activity, the Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) tests were shown as an excellent tool for evaluation of the current bacteria activity reliably, and without a need of using expensive reagents. It was also shown, that partial nitritation/Anammox process, could be successfully applied at temperatures much lower than the optimum value. Performed Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) analyses, proved that the Anammox bacteria were mainly responsible for the nitrogen removal process. / QC 20100707

In previous studies on suction box dewatering, three mechanisms were identified that determine the dry content of a web, viz. web compression, displacement of water by air and rewetting. In the present work, the relative importance of the three mechanisms was investigated through direct measurement of the web deformation, the dry content changes during and after the suction pulse, the air flow through the fibre network and the saturation of the web after the suction pulse. Suction pressure, suction time and rewetting time were varied. The experiments were done with chemical and mechanical pulp webs of various grammages. It was found that a large web deformation took place during the suction pulse, particularly at its beginning. Compression dewatering was found to be the most dominant dewatering mechanism. Displacement dewatering started after most of the web compression had occurred. Its contribution to the increase in dry content was most pronounced for higher suction pressures, longer suction times and for chemical pulp webs. A surprisingly large expansion of the web was observed immediately after the suction pulse. This expansion was the effect of rewetting. This rewetting strongly reduced the dry content of the web if the web had not been immediately separated from the forming fabric at the end of the suction pulse. Under the conditions studied, the decrease in dry content amounted to the order of 3 to 6 %. Rewetting was smaller for longer suction times and higher suction pressures. A considerable air flow through the web occurred under these conditions. This air flow apparently moved water from the forming fabric into the suction box, thus making less water available for rewetting. Rewetting for mechanical pulp webs was more pronounced and took place faster than for chemical pulps. The use of a membrane on top of the web during suction box dewatering proved to be advantageous for reducing the air flow through the web. However, under the conditions investigated, the dry content could not be improved. Although the web compression was increased when using a membrane, especially at a higher suction pressure, rewetting after the suction pulse had an even larger negative impact on the dry content, which, as a result, was lower. / QC 20100924

The removal of water is an integral part of tissue paper production. Through air drying (TAD) is used for water removal when producing premium tissue grade products, however, at the price of higher energy demand. A better understanding of TAD may therefore lower the energy demand. The objective was to investigate the influence of formation, pulp type and grammage on non-uniform drying and air flow through sheets. A laboratory method, based on infrared thermography, was used to determine drying time and area-specific and mass-specific drying rates. Air flow rate and pressure drop were used to determine flow resistance and modified permeability. Pulp type had a large influence on the air flow through the sheet. Modified permeability, i.e. the material property describing the air flow through the fibre network, was strongly dependent on grammage for lower grammages, while it approached a constant value for higher grammages. In contrast to that, mass-specific drying rates were similar for the different pulp types at lower grammages, but proved to be grammage-dependent for higher grammages. Formation did not influence the drying speed to any large extent. The results illustrate that industrial TAD processes operate under very special process conditions due to the low grammage sheets.

No description available.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T14:08:44Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T14:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T17:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROCHELIA SILVA SOUZA CUNHA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 3859616 bytes, checksum: 9dc6f57db82d6f9d21eed20973fe15ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T17:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROCHELIA SILVA SOUZA CUNHA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 3859616 bytes, checksum: 9dc6f57db82d6f9d21eed20973fe15ff (MD5) / Capes / A separação emulsão óleo água utilizando membranas é um processo muito importante e muito utilizado, neste sentido a busca por novos materiais e novas técnicas para produção de membranas é fonte de interesse industrial. A inovação deste estudo se dá na síntese de membranas compósitas a base de polietileno de ultra-alta massa molar (PEUAPM) por sinterização e argila organofílica Brasgel e nanocompósito para separação de emulsão óleo/água. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivos: (i) preparar membranas poliméricas tubulares de polietileno de ultra-alta massa molar (PEUAPM) sob distintas condições experimentais e suas superfícies internas foram modificadas por impregnação com solução diluída de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) em tolueno; (ii) preparar membranas compósitas tubulares a base de PEUAPM adicionando argila Brasgel organofílica ou nanocompósito; (iii) investigar parâmetros de processo de síntese das membranas, tais como, tempo de sinterização e percentagem do material (argila organofílica ou nanocompósito) que irão influenciar no desempenho das membranas no processo; (iv) avaliar estas membranas no processo de emulsão óleo água. As técnicas de caracterização usadas para avaliar a organofilização da argila organofílica foram Difratometria de raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia e Fluorescência de raios X por energia dispersiva (FRX-ED), Adsorção física de Nitrogênio, Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Análise Térmica Diferencial e Termogravimétrica (ATD/TG) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Todas as membranas foram caracterizadas por DRX, MEV, capacidade de absorção de água, porosidade e resistência química. Todas as membranas foram avaliadas no processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. Os ensaios foram realizados nas condições de concentração inicial do óleo 100 mg.L-1, temperatura igual a 25ºC, pressão atmosférica, que possibilitou observar os fluxos (m3.m-2.h-1) e a percentagem de rejeição. A organofilização da argila Brasgel foi evidenciada por DRX, FTIR e ATD/TG. As membranas compósitas foram obtidas com sucesso a partir do polímero PEUAPM e argila organofílica Brasgel ou nanocompósito. Foi observado a partir de análises por DRX que as membranas compósitas apresentaram estruturas esfoliadas. A caracterização por MEV evidenciou que as superfícies das membranas foram modificadas com a deposição do filme de PEBD, conduzindo a redução no tamanho de poros. A partir de estudos realizados sobre o efeito dos parâmetros, tais como, tempo de sinterização (60, 90 e 120 minutos) e percentual do material (argila organofílica Brasgel ou nanocompósito) na síntese das membranas compósitas concluiu-se que esses dois fatores são importantes. Este fato foi evidenciado pelos testes de capacidade de absorção de água e testes de porosidade. Baseado nos resultados obtidos por processo de separação por membranas (PSM) da emulsão óleo/água, pode-se concluir que a inserção dos materiais (argila organofílica Brasgel ou nanocompósito) às membranas poliméricas melhoraram os seus desempenhos, consequentemente aumentando a percentagem de rejeição. Estes resultados corroboraram com os testes de absorção de água e porosidade das respectivas membranas. Como conclusão geral, as performances das membranas compósitas foram superiores aos resultados das membranas poliméricas evidenciando que a incorporação da argila organofílica ou do nanocompósito afeta positivamente. / The separation of emulsion oil water using membranes is a very important and very used process, in this sense the search for new materials and new techniques for the production of membranes is a source of industrial interest. The innovation of this study is the synthesis of composite membranes based on ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMWPE) by sintering and organophilic Brasgel or nanocomposite for oil / water emulsion separation. The objective of this work is to: (i) prepare ultra-high molar mass polyethylene tubular polymer membranes (UHMWPE) under different experimental conditions and their internal surfaces were modified by impregnation with a solution of HDPE in toluene; (Ii) prepare PEUAPM-based tubular composite membranes by adding organophilic Brasgel or nanocomposite clay; (Iii) investigate process parameters for membrane synthesis, such as sintering time and percentage of material (organophilic clay or nanocomposite) that will influence the performance of the membranes in the process; (Iv) evaluate this membranes in the water-oil emulsion process. The characterization techniques used to evaluate the organophilic clay composition were X-ray diffraction (XRD), Spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence (FRX-ED), Physical Nitrogen Adsorption, Cation Exchange Capacity (CTC) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential and Thermogravimetric Thermal Analysis (ATD/TG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All membranes were characterized by DRX, MEV, water absorption capacity, porosity and chemical resistance. All membranes were evaluated in the oil/water emulsion separation process. The tests were carried out at the initial concentration of 100 mg.L-1 oil, temperature at 25ºC, atmospheric pressure, which allowed to observe the flows (m3.m-2.h-1) and the percentage of rejection. The organophilization of Brasgel clay was evidenced by XRD, FTIR and ATD/TG. Composite membranes were successfully obtained from the polymer PEUAPM and organophilic Brasgel or nanocomposite. It was observed from XRD analyzes that the composite membranes presented exfoliated structures. The characterization by SEM showed that the surfaces of the membranes were modified with the deposition of the LDPE film, leading to the reduction in pore size. Based on studies on the effect of the parameters, such as sintering time (60, 90 and 120 minutes) and percentage of the material (organophilic Brasgel or nanocomposite clay) in the synthesis of the composite membranes, it was concluded that these two factors are important This fact was evidenced by tests of water absorption capacity and porosity tests. Based on the results obtained by membrane separation process (PSM) of the oil/water emulsion, it can be concluded that the insertion of the materials (organophilic Brasgel or nanocomposite) to the polymer membranes improved their performances, consequently increasing the percentage of rejection. These results corroborate with the water absorption and porosity tests of the respective membranes. As a general conclusion, the performances of the composite membranes were superior to the results of the polymer membranes, evidencing that the incorporation of the organophilic clay or the nanocomposite affects positively.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-04-08T14:08:44Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T14:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho é apresentado o potencial de remoção de íons estrôncio de soluções aquosas pelas fibras de coco na forma bruta e na forma ativada com peróxido de hidrogênio, 1% e 4%, em meio básico. Os experimentos de biossorção foram realizados em batelada com 2 mg.L-1 de solução de Sr(NO3)2 e foram estudadas as influências dos seguintes parâmetros: tempo de contato, pH e a eficiência de biossorção das fibras ativadas em comparação com a fibra de coco bruta (FCB). A caracterização das fibras antes e após o tratamento, e a presença de Sr2+ nas fibras foram realizadas por microscopia de varredura eletrônica com detector de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, espectroscopia de difração de raios X, espectroscopia de infravermelho e por análise térmica. Dentre as fibras estudadas, a fibra de coco ativada com 1% H2O2 (FCA 1) apresentou a maior capacidade de biossorção: 3,6 mg.g-1, nas seguintes condições: 5 mg de biomassa em pH 6, após 90 minutos de tempo de contato à temperatura ambiente. A fibra de coco ativada com 4% H2O2 (FCA 2) levou a uma maior degradação dos constituintes da fibra e consequentemente a uma menor remoção de íons de Sr2+.Para os estudos de modelos de isotermas de biossorção de Sr2+, tanto a FCB quanto a FCA 1 ajustaram-se melhor ao modelo de Langmuir e à cinética de pseudo-segunda ordem. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos energia livre de Gibbs (ΔG) e coeficiente de distribuição (KD) foram -0,90 kJ.mol-1 e 265,3L.Kg-1 para a FCB e de -7,2 kJ.mol-1 e 824,3 L.Kg-1 para a FCA1. Esses resultados demonstraram que a FCA 1 possui uma boa eficiência para remover íons de Sr2+de resíduos químicos aquosos e é uma boa alternativa no tratamento de rejeitos radioativos líquidos contendo íons 90Sr. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP