No abstract available. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

As respostas das plantas medicinais as diversas técnicas de manejo da irrigação são pouco conhecidas. Os efeitos da irrigação complementar e suplementar na produtividade das plantas medicinais é de interesse para a industria farmacéutica. A flora brasileira é uma das mais ricas da Terra e neste conjunto de plantas existem espécies medicinais de alto valor com aptidão farmacêutica e bioquímica. Dentre elas está a carqueja, uma planta brasileira conhecida popularmente pelo seu chá com efeito emagrecedor. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar as respostas da carqueja frente ao manejo da irrigação via clima em ambiente protegido. Em casa de vegetação, foram realizados dois experimentos em vasos de 11 L. O primeiro ensaio foi realizado no período primavera/verão de 2015/2016 e o segundo ensaio no outono/inverno de 2016. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados composto por seis níveis de reposição hídrica (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da ETo) e 6 repetições, totalizando 36 parcelas. Foi adotado o sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento. O conteúdo de água no solo foi monitorado por meio da refletectometria no domínio do tempo. O monitoramento meteorológico foi realizado por meio de uma estação meteorológica automática com datalogger. Após o transplantio das mudas foram realizadas três colheitas, realizando a avaliação das plantas cultivadas, por meio da determinação da biomassa, biometria, produtividade da água e teor do óleo essencial extraído por hidrodestilação. A cultura da carqueja (Baccharis crispa Spreng.) apresentou uma resposta diferencial aos níveis de reposição hídrica, nas diferentes colheitas, no período primavera/verão. O maior aumento da biomassa se obervou no ciclo primavera/verão aos 95 dias após o transplantio (DAT). A deficiência hídrica afetou em menor proporção às plantas submetidas ao nível de reposição hídrica de 75% em ambos ciclos. A maior produção de biomassa seca foi obtda aos 95 DAT no ciclo primavera/verão e o teor de óleo essencial no tratamento 75% de reposição hídrica no ciclo primavera/verão aos 205 DAT. / The responses of medicinal plants to the various techniques of irrigation management are little known. The effects of supplementary and supplemental irrigation on the productivity of medicinal plants is of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. The Brazilian flora is one of the richest on Earth and in this set of plants has high value as medicinal species with pharmaceutical and biochemical aptitude. Among them is the carqueja, a Brazilian plant popularly known for its tea with a slimming effect. The objective of the study was to verify the responses of the carqueja to the management of irrigation through climate in a protected environment. In the greenhouse, two experiments were carried out in 11 L pots. The first test was performed in the spring / summer of 2015/2016 and the second in the fall / winter of 2016. A randomized block design was adopted, consisting of six water replacement level (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of ETo) and 6 replicates, totaling 36 plots in the greenhouse. Drip irrigation system was adopted. The water content in the soil was monitored by time domain reflectectometry and the meteorological monitoring will be done by means of an automatic weather station with datalogger. After the transplanting of the seedlings, three harvests were carried out evaluating the cultivated plants, through determination of the biomass, biometry, water productivity and essential oil content extracted by hydrodistillation. The Baccharis crispa Spreng. presented a differential response to water replacement levels, in the different harvests, in the spring/summer period. The greatest development of the crop was observed in the summer spring cycle at 95 DAP. The water deficiency affected to a lesser extent the plants submitted to the water replacement level of 75% in both cycles. The highest dry biomass production at 95 DAP in the spring/summer cycle and the essential oil content in the treatment 75% of water replacement in the spring / summer cycle at 205 DAP.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardozo_mtd_dr_jabo.pdf: 446876 bytes, checksum: 0b413178ee7b84a67f1f7a95da08f058 (MD5) / Na produção de hortaliças é fator determinante a adubação aplicada nas dosagens corretas e a reposição de água no solo em quantidades ideais. A adubação com compostos orgânicos pode diminuir o custo da produção e proporcionar aumento da produtividade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os efeitos das reposições de água de irrigação na produtividade, e a dosagem do composto de lixo a ser utilizada na cultura do pimentão quando cultivada em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa modelo arco com 280 m2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 24 tratamentos em esquema fatorial de 6 x 4 (formas de adubação e reposição de água no solo, respectivamente). Quanto à adubação, foram seis formas: adubação mineral e adubação com composto de lixo orgânico (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 16 t ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem adição de adubos. Quanto às reposições de água no solo foram de 70%, 100%, 130% e 160% da lâmina necessária para elevar o solo à capacidade de campo. Foram determinados o número de frutos, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, eficiência do uso da água e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que quando a reposição de água no solo foi efetuada integralmente (100% de reposição) a produtividade foi similar entre as adubações com composto de lixo orgânico de 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1 / In vegetables production, the correct dosages of applied fertilizer and replacement of water in the soil in optimal amounts is a determining factor. The fertilization with organic compounds can decrease the production cost and provide increased productivity. This study aimed to: determine the effects of different replacement of irrigation water in crop yield, and optimal dosage of organic compound to be used in sweet pepper when grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a bow model greenhouse with 280 m2. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 6 x 4 (types of fertilization and water replacement in the soil, respectively). As for fertilization, it’s used six forms: fertilization with mineral fertilizer and organic compound (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1) and one as control, without addition of fertilizers. For the water replacement in the soil, it’s used 70%, 100%, 130% and 160% of the blade to raise the soil at field capacity. It was determined the number of fruits, plants height, stalk diameter, efficiency of water use and crop productivity. Among the results, it was found that when the replacement of water in the soil was made in full (100% replacement) the productivity was similar between the fertilizer with organic waste compound of 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 8 t ha-1

As respostas das plantas medicinais as diversas técnicas de manejo da irrigação são pouco conhecidas. Os efeitos da irrigação complementar e suplementar na produtividade das plantas medicinais é de interesse para a industria farmacéutica. A flora brasileira é uma das mais ricas da Terra e neste conjunto de plantas existem espécies medicinais de alto valor com aptidão farmacêutica e bioquímica. Dentre elas está a carqueja, uma planta brasileira conhecida popularmente pelo seu chá com efeito emagrecedor. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar as respostas da carqueja frente ao manejo da irrigação via clima em ambiente protegido. Em casa de vegetação, foram realizados dois experimentos em vasos de 11 L. O primeiro ensaio foi realizado no período primavera/verão de 2015/2016 e o segundo ensaio no outono/inverno de 2016. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados composto por seis níveis de reposição hídrica (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da ETo) e 6 repetições, totalizando 36 parcelas. Foi adotado o sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento. O conteúdo de água no solo foi monitorado por meio da refletectometria no domínio do tempo. O monitoramento meteorológico foi realizado por meio de uma estação meteorológica automática com datalogger. Após o transplantio das mudas foram realizadas três colheitas, realizando a avaliação das plantas cultivadas, por meio da determinação da biomassa, biometria, produtividade da água e teor do óleo essencial extraído por hidrodestilação. A cultura da carqueja (Baccharis crispa Spreng.) apresentou uma resposta diferencial aos níveis de reposição hídrica, nas diferentes colheitas, no período primavera/verão. O maior aumento da biomassa se obervou no ciclo primavera/verão aos 95 dias após o transplantio (DAT). A deficiência hídrica afetou em menor proporção às plantas submetidas ao nível de reposição hídrica de 75% em ambos ciclos. A maior produção de biomassa seca foi obtda aos 95 DAT no ciclo primavera/verão e o teor de óleo essencial no tratamento 75% de reposição hídrica no ciclo primavera/verão aos 205 DAT. / The responses of medicinal plants to the various techniques of irrigation management are little known. The effects of supplementary and supplemental irrigation on the productivity of medicinal plants is of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. The Brazilian flora is one of the richest on Earth and in this set of plants has high value as medicinal species with pharmaceutical and biochemical aptitude. Among them is the carqueja, a Brazilian plant popularly known for its tea with a slimming effect. The objective of the study was to verify the responses of the carqueja to the management of irrigation through climate in a protected environment. In the greenhouse, two experiments were carried out in 11 L pots. The first test was performed in the spring / summer of 2015/2016 and the second in the fall / winter of 2016. A randomized block design was adopted, consisting of six water replacement level (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of ETo) and 6 replicates, totaling 36 plots in the greenhouse. Drip irrigation system was adopted. The water content in the soil was monitored by time domain reflectectometry and the meteorological monitoring will be done by means of an automatic weather station with datalogger. After the transplanting of the seedlings, three harvests were carried out evaluating the cultivated plants, through determination of the biomass, biometry, water productivity and essential oil content extracted by hydrodistillation. The Baccharis crispa Spreng. presented a differential response to water replacement levels, in the different harvests, in the spring/summer period. The greatest development of the crop was observed in the summer spring cycle at 95 DAP. The water deficiency affected to a lesser extent the plants submitted to the water replacement level of 75% in both cycles. The highest dry biomass production at 95 DAP in the spring/summer cycle and the essential oil content in the treatment 75% of water replacement in the spring / summer cycle at 205 DAP.

Orientador: João Antonio Galbiatti / Coorientador: Márcio José Santana / Banca: Américo Iorio Ciociola Júnior / Banca: Haroldo Silva Vallone / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Rogério Teixeira de Faria / Resumo: Na produção de hortaliças é fator determinante a adubação aplicada nas dosagens corretas e a reposição de água no solo em quantidades ideais. A adubação com compostos orgânicos pode diminuir o custo da produção e proporcionar aumento da produtividade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar os efeitos das reposições de água de irrigação na produtividade, e a dosagem do composto de lixo a ser utilizada na cultura do pimentão quando cultivada em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa modelo arco com 280 m2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 24 tratamentos em esquema fatorial de 6 x 4 (formas de adubação e reposição de água no solo, respectivamente). Quanto à adubação, foram seis formas: adubação mineral e adubação com composto de lixo orgânico (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 16 t ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem adição de adubos. Quanto às reposições de água no solo foram de 70%, 100%, 130% e 160% da lâmina necessária para elevar o solo à capacidade de campo. Foram determinados o número de frutos, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, eficiência do uso da água e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os resultados, verificou-se que quando a reposição de água no solo foi efetuada integralmente (100% de reposição) a produtividade foi similar entre as adubações com composto de lixo orgânico de 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1 / Abstract: In vegetables production, the correct dosages of applied fertilizer and replacement of water in the soil in optimal amounts is a determining factor. The fertilization with organic compounds can decrease the production cost and provide increased productivity. This study aimed to: determine the effects of different replacement of irrigation water in crop yield, and optimal dosage of organic compound to be used in sweet pepper when grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a bow model greenhouse with 280 m2. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with 24 treatments in a factorial arrangement of 6 x 4 (types of fertilization and water replacement in the soil, respectively). As for fertilization, it's used six forms: fertilization with mineral fertilizer and organic compound (4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1) and one as control, without addition of fertilizers. For the water replacement in the soil, it's used 70%, 100%, 130% and 160% of the blade to raise the soil at field capacity. It was determined the number of fruits, plants height, stalk diameter, efficiency of water use and crop productivity. Among the results, it was found that when the replacement of water in the soil was made in full (100% replacement) the productivity was similar between the fertilizer with organic waste compound of 16 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 8 t ha-1 / Doutor

<p>Therapeutic proteins are often lyophilized with excipients such as sucrose or trehalose to protect them during manufacturing and achieve a longer shelf-life. Formulation design for therapeutic proteins has been a trial-and-error process, and the mechanisms responsible for the stabilizing effects of excipients are not fully understood. Two proposed theories have been widely accepted: the water replacement theory and the vitrification theory.^1,2The water replacement theory suggests that excipients stabilize protein molecules in the solid state by forming hydrogen bonds that “replace” the hydrogen bonds to water that stabilize the protein in solution, while the vitrification theory asserts that proteins are stabilized by a glassy solid matrix of low mobility and does not require direct interactions between excipient and protein. A better understanding of the interactions between proteins and other components of the lyophilized matrix can facilitate rational formulation design and shorten the time in development. However, most of the analytical methods available can only provide information on the bulk properties of the lyophilized matrix such as moisture content and glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g); it has been difficult to measure the interactions between protein and excipient directly, if they exist. In order to characterize the interactions between protein and excipients in a lyophilized matrix with high resolution, a photolytic labeling method was developed in this dissertation, building on previous work in our research group. Photolytic labeling has long been used to identify protein-protein interactions <i>in vivo</i>.^3,4Common types of photo-reaction reagents and their applications are summarized in Chapter 1. The research described in this dissertation utilizes the diazirine functional group, which is activated after UV exposure and undergoes a free radical reaction to form covalent bonds with nearby molecules. The reaction can be used to identify the interactions between excipients and protein or peptide in a solid formulation. Previous studies in our lab have shown that photo-reaction can be applied to lyophilized solids to study protein-matrix properties and interactions in the solid.^5,6This dissertation seeks to further identify photo-reaction products and analyze them in a more quantitative way. </p><p> </p><p>Chapter 2 describes a quantitative analysis of photo-reaction products in solution and lyophilized solids using a model peptide, KLQ (Ac-QELHKLQ-NHCH₃). The purpose of the work in this chapter is to establish a quantitative analytical method for photo-reaction products, enabling studies of peptide-excipient interactions in lyophilized solids. KLQ was derivatized with a bifunctional probe NHS-diazirine (succinimidyl 4,4’-azipentanoate; SDA) at Lys5 to be photo-reactive. The SDA derivatized KLQ (KLQ-SDA) was used to study the photo-reaction products and examine excipient interactions. Identification and quantitation of photo-reaction products of KLQ-SDA was achieved with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and reversed phase HPLC (rp-HPLC). Important reaction products such as peptide-excipient adducts and peptide water adducts varied in different formulations. Unexpected reaction products such as unproductive “dead-end” products and peptide-phosphate adducts from buffer salt were also detected and quantified. Together, the photo-reaction products reflected the local environment near Lys5 of the peptide in the solid state. This study has provided a better understanding of photo-reaction with diazirine in the lyophilized solids together with a quantitative description of the local environment near Lys5. </p><p> </p><p>In Chapter 3, the photo-reaction products in lyophilized solids exposed to increasing moisture were analyzed, and the effect of increasing moisture on the local environment near the peptide was examined. Using the analytical method developed in Chapter 2, these studies explored whether peptide-water interactions, as measured by the formation of water adducts formed by photolytic labeling, are linearly correlated with an increase in solid bulk moisture content. Formulations containing the KLQ-SDA peptide were exposed to various relative humidity conditions and photolytic labeling was induced. Solids containing disaccharide excipients behaved differently from those containing amino acids when exposed to the same relative humidity condition, showing different levels of peptide-excipient and peptide-water adducts. With increasing moisture content in the solids, the formation of photo-reaction products did not mimic the pattern of solutions with same composition, indicating differences in the local environment. </p><p> </p><p>An alternative approach to studying lyophilized formulations using photolytic labeling is to incorporate photo-reactive excipients into the solid matrix. In Chapter 4, a new diazirine-labeled photo-excipient, photo-glucosamine (pGlcN), was chemically synthesized and incorporated into formulations of the therapeutic peptide salmon calcitonin (sCT) and compared with the commercially available diazirine-labeled amino acid, photo-leucine (pLeu). The studies in Chapter 4 further compared peptide-excipient interactions at the molecular level with two different photo-excipients, ionizable pLeu and unionizable pGlcN. Changing solution pH prior to lyophilization was expected to change ionic interactions between sCT and pLeu in the solid samples, resulting in different distributions of photo-reactions products; pH-dependent differences were not expected for pGlcN. The results demonstrated that the distribution of photo-reaction products varied with the composition of the formulation and the pH of the solution prior to lyophilization. The photo-reaction products in the pGlcN-containing formulation differed from those pLeu, showing a difference in the interactions of unionizable (pGlcN) and ionizable (pLeu) excipients with sCT in solid samples. </p><p> </p><p>The work in this dissertation has developed photolytic labeling as a tool to study lyophilized peptide formulations, and has provided a more quantitative understanding of the photo-reaction products that are produced from diazirine-labeled peptides or excipients in the solid state. A new photo-reactive excipient has also been presented (pGlcN), which showed different photo-reaction products than a commercially available photo-excipient (pLeu) and is promising for future study. Photolytic labeling for formulation development is still in its early stages, and additional research regarding reaction mechanism and complementary stability studies is needed. Nevertheless, the results presented in this dissertation support continued development of photolytic labeling as a practical method for formulation design and development. </p><p> </p>