Orientador: Carlos Gomes da Nave Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_FabiolaMariaGoncalves_M.pdf: 4448670 bytes, checksum: 4f3fe46bb1701ffda93bc20a87a024fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A história do homem na Terra tem como marca principal a alteração do equilíbrio dinâmico dos ecossistemas, resultando num processo crescente de degradação ambiental. O uso da água, demandada para o desenvolvimento das diferentes atividades que garantem a produtividade econômica e o bem estar social, acarretou num consumo cada vez maior desse recurso natural como se fosse abundante e infinito. A escassez de recursos hídricos é uma realidade, inclusive no Brasil, tornando-se necessário desenvolver estratégias para o adequado gerenciamento desse recurso. Nesse contexto, o uso racional da água deve ser estimulado, tendo no reuso e reciclagem formas de mitigar a captação e consumo de água, favorecendo o aumento da oferta e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade. A indústria sucroalcooleira se caracteriza pelo uso intensivo de água, verificando-se nas usinas de açúcar, com destilaria anexa, um uso médio da ordem de 22 m³/t cana total. Esse valor não reflete os volumes captados ou consumidos, uma vez que o setor vem adotando práticas de gestão ambiental e de recursos hídricos, com ênfase ao reuso da água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os usos da água em duas unidades de produção de açúcar e etanol, localizadas na UGRHI 10, com distintas disponibilidades hídricas nos trechos dos rios onde se encontram instaladas e, o quanto a prática do reúso alterará a captação, lançamento e consumo de água, avaliando os consequentes valores a serem pagos pela cobrança pelo uso desse recurso natural. Como resultado principal teve-se que, na Unidade I, com o fechamento do circuito de água da fabricação de açúcar, ocorrido em 2009, o uso médio de água sofreu uma redução de 43%, ou seja, de 23 m³/t cana total para 13,2 m³/t cana total. Na Unidade II, onde a prática do reúso é melhor consolidada, o uso médio foi de 4,5 m³/t cana total. Nessa Unidade, com a adoção da limpeza a seco, ocorreu uma redução de 75% no volume de água utilizado nessa etapa. Verificou-se ainda que a prática do reúso de água no processo produtivo permitiu um abatimento significativo nos valores pagos pela cobrança pelo uso da água. Na Unidade I essa redução foi de 55 %, enquanto que na Unidade II foi de 86 %. Com os resultados obtidos apontam-se ganhos ambientais e financeiros associados às práticas de uso racional da água / Abstract: The history of the man on Earth is marked by the alteration of the ecosystems dynamic equilibrium, resulting in an increasing of environmental degradation process. The water use, demanded for the development of different activities to ensure economic productivity and social welfare, has led to a growing consumption of that natural resource as if it were abundant and infinite. Scarcity of water resources is a reality, also in Brazil, becoming necessary to develop strategies for proper management of this resource. In this context, the rational use of the water must be encouraged, having in the reuse and recycling ways to mitigate the collection and consumption of water, favoring the increase of supply and contributing to the sustainability. The sugar and ethanol industry is characterized by intensive water use, checking on sugar plants with attached distillery an average use of about 22 m³/t total sugarcane. This value does not reflect the collected or consumed volumes, since the sector has been adopting environmental and water resources management practices, with emphasis on the water reuse. The aim in this study was to identify water uses in two plants manufacturing of sugar and ethanol, installed in Water Resources Management Unit 10, with distinct water availability in the stretches of rivers where they are installed and, how the practice of reuse of water will change the collection, discharge and consumption of water, evaluating the resulting values to be paid by charging for the use of this natural resource. As main result was that in Unit I, with the closing of the water circuit of sugar manufacturing, which occurred in 2009, the average water use was reduced by 43%, i.e., from 23 m³/t total sugarcane, to 13,2 m³/t total sugarcane. In Unit II, where the reuse practice is better consolidated, the average use was 4,5 m³/t total sugarcane. In this Unit, with adoption of dry cleaning, occurred a reduction of 75% in volume of water used in this step. It was also verified that the practice of water reuse in the productive process allows a significant reduction on the amount of water charging. In Unit I, this reduction was 55%, while in Unit II it was 86%. With the results obtained point to environmental and financial gains associated with water rational use practices / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

No description available.

The objective of this research was to suggest the proposed classification of bodies of water to the basin of the stream Jacutinga, city of Ivorá-RS, based in its water usage and current status of water quality. The stream Jacutinga and its tributaries have been widely used for the irrigation of vegetables and fruit trees, watering animals, receiving and dilutive of effluents released partially untreated sewage discharge and the station sewage treatment. To evaluate the water quality to the basin of the stream Jacutinga, we used 8 points for water quality sampling and flow measurement in the period January 2009 to February 2011, totaling 6 campaigns. Analyses of physical, chemical and biological water were carried out, comparing the quality to the standards established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05. Therefore, analyzing the current situation of the body of water has the objective to evaluate the potential of water bodies to be classified to meet the water use and consequently class of classification. This classification allows to determine how much the waters are impacted by pollution and what are the critical variables. With regard to the current situation of water quality, the variables turbidity, pH, TDS and BOD were within the limits from class 1 in all sampling points. DO was within limits of class 1, except at the sampling point QA4, which was within the limits of class 2. Escherichia coli variable was within the limits of class 2, except at the sampling point QA7, where you stayed within the limits of class 1 and sampling point QA5, where it stayed within the limits of class 3. The suggestion of proposed classification of bodies of water to the basin of the stream Jacutinga based on water uses and current status of quality water, would be to conduct mitigating measures in point area sampling QA5, so that its waters remain within the limits of class 2, through the deployment of domestic sewage network in the stretch that includes the sampling points QA3-QA4 linking of station sewage treatment. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi sugerir a proposta de enquadramento dos corpos de água para a bacia hidrográfica do arroio Jacutinga, município de Ivorá-RS, baseada nos usos da água e na situação atual da qualidade da água. O arroio Jacutinga e seus tributários têm sido largamente utilizados para a irrigação de hortaliças e plantas frutíferas, dessedentação de animais, receptoras e diluidoras dos efluentes domésticos lançados parcialmente sem tratamento e pelo lançamento de efluentes da estação de tratamento de esgoto - ETE. Para avaliar a qualidade da água na bacia hidrográfica do arroio Jacutinga, foram utilizados 8 pontos de amostragens de qualidade da água e medição de vazões, no período de janeiro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2011, configurando-se 6 campanhas. Foram realizadas análises dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água frente aos padrões de qualidade estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/05. Logo, a análise da situação atual do corpo de água tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial dos corpos de água a serem enquadrados de atender aos usos da água e consequentemente a classe de enquadramento. Trata-se de avaliar o quanto as águas estão impactadas pela poluição e quais são as variáveis críticas. Com relação à situação atual da qualidade da água para as variáveis turbidez, pH, SDT e DBO ficaram dentro dos limites da classe 1 em todos os pontos de amostragens. Para a variável OD ficou dentro dos limites da classe 1, exceto no ponto de amostragem QA4, onde ficou dentro dos limites da classe 2. Para a variável Escherichia coli ficou dentro dos limites da classe 2, exceto no ponto de amostragem QA5, onde ficou dentro dos limites da classe 3 e o ponto de amostragem QA7, onde ficou dentro dos limites da classe 1. A sugestão de proposta de enquadramento dos corpos de água para a bacia hidrográfica do arroio Jacutinga, baseada nos usos da água e na situação atual da qualidade da água, seria realizar medidas mitigadoras na área do ponto de amostragem QA5, a fim de que suas águas fiquem dentro dos limites da classe 2, através da implantação de rede coletora de efluentes domésticos, no trecho que compreende os pontos de amostragens QA3-QA4 ligando a ETE.

Exploring how drought influences growth, performance, and survival in different species is crucial to understanding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. Here, we investigate the responses of two co-occurring pines (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) to interannual drought in east-central Spain by dendrochronological and wood anatomical features integrated with isotopic ratios of carbon (delta C-13) and oxygen (delta O-18) in tree rings. Our results showed that drought induces both species to allocate less carbon to build tracheid cell-walls but increases tracheid lumen diameters, particularly in the transition wood between early and latewood, potentially maximizing hydraulic conductivity but reducing resistance to embolism at a critical phase during the growing season. The thicker cell-wall-to-lumen ratio in P. nigra could imply that its xylem may be more resistant to bending stress and drought-induced cavitation than P. sylvestris. In contrast, the higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in P. sylvestris suggests that it relies more on a water-saving strategy. Our results suggest that narrower cell-walls and reduced growth under drought are not necessarily linked to increased iWUE. At our site P. nigra showed a higher growth plasticity, grew faster and was more competitive than P. sylvestris. In the long term, these sustained differences in iWUE and anatomical characters could affect forest species performance and composition, particularly under increased drought stress.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Rapidly increasing global population is adding more pressure to the agricultural sector to produce more food to meet growing demands. However the sector is already faced with a challenge to reduce freshwater utilisation as this sector is currently using approximately 70% of global water freshwater resources. In South Africa, the agriculture sector utilizes approximately 62% of freshwater resources and contributes directly about5% to the Gross Domestic Product. South Africa is a water scarce country receiving less than 500mm/year of precipitation in most parts of the country, and consequently approximately 90% of the crops are grown under irrigation. Studies have evaluated irrigation practices and crop water use in the country. However information is lacking on the full impact of South African horticultural products on freshwater resources. The water footprint concept can be used to indicate the total and source (blue/green) of water used to produce the crops. Information about water footprint (WF) can be used for identifying opportunities to reduce the water consumption associated with production of vegetables and fruits at the field to farm- gate levels, including the more effective use of rainfall (green water) as opposed to water abstracted from rivers and groundwater (Blue water). It can also be used to understand water related risks associated with the production of crops and facilitate water allocation and management at catchment/water management scale. While the potential value of water footprint information is well recognized there is still inadequate knowledge on how best to determine the water footprints of various crops within a local context. The aim of this study was to determine the water footprint and the crop water productivity of navel oranges, pink lady apples and potatoes produced with the Olifant/Doorn water management area in South Africa.The water footprint of the navel oranges, pink lady apples and potatoes assessed following the water footprint network method was 125 litres/ kg, 108 litres/kg and 65 litres/ kg respectively. The study concluded that water footprint studies should be carried out on the whole catchment instead of one farm in order to assess the sustainability of the process.

This dissertation endeavours to provide a practicable method to evaluate any existing or proposed irrigation water use against the purpose of the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) (NWA) as described in section 2. It firstly focuses on section 2(d) of the NWA, which requires the promotion of efficient, sustainable and beneficial use of water in the public interest. Although the evaluation of the degree to which this purpose is being achieved by a specific irrigation water use is the topic of this dissertation, it is further argued that by viewing this aspect comprehensively enough, it actually covers five other requirements of section 2, concerning irrigation water use. The efficiency and effectiveness of the irrigation operation is evaluated. It includes irrigation technology aspects, the efficiency of the relevant irrigation systems and water supply infrastructure, irrigation management skills and the proper application of best management practices by the irrigator that determines the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the irrigation operation. Aspects that determine sustainability of the particular water use that are included in the evaluation, entail among others the protection of the water resource (surface and groundwater) and other natural resources, the riparian habitats and all relevant aquatic ecosystems. Other aspects concerning sustainability are the prevention and control of the chemical pollution of the water and soils resources through the irrigation process, as well as salination and water-logging of land through wrong agricultural and irrigation practices. A further aspect is investigated here for a particular water use namely whether it really represents beneficial use in the public interest, by analysing the socio-economical and political considerations unique to every particular situation. This also requires the consideration of intangible benefits and costs, which are by nature subjective and for which the specific requirements will differ from the one situation to the other. In order to provide a procedure that is transparent and consistent enough to withstand any challenge from users or proposed users in this regard, it has been decided to utilise amongst others the BBBEE scorecard, which has been developed and is presently being implemented by government, also in terms of section 27(1)(b) of the NWA. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

M.Ing. / A one-year investigation on hot water consumption was conducted in South African developed and developing communities of Johannesburg to determine the personal and household average daily consumption of hot water as well as the average hourly (in summer and in winter) and monthly patterns. The motivation for this research project was to provide to engineers and water heaters manufacturers reliable experimental data on hot water consumption from various categories of dwellings. The existing sources of information in South Africa being extremely limited and results of estimations. The necessary information was collected from hourly and monthly measurements taken by monitoring hot water systems in different dwellings including, houses (300 units), traditional houses (90 units), shacks (200 units), apartments (123 units), townhouses (90 units). For the purpose of this study, the selected (not statistically) dwellings were classified into three categories, which are: high-density dwellings representing the developing communities, medium-density and low-density dwellings which represent the developed communities. The results of measurements show that, in general, people living in developed communities (low-density dwellings) use at least 1.4 times more hot water than those of developing communities (high-density dwellings). The patterns of hot water consumption have been determined for monthly and hourly consumption. The former is divided in four sections: summer weekdays, winter weekdays, summer weekends and winter weekends. The differences between sections are the specific times of peaks and the consumption. The results of this study should be of great assistance to engineers and water heaters designers in analysing existing systems for performance improvement, and in sizing more efficient and suitable systems to South African use.

The water volume of the artificial lake of Paraíbunas Reservoir has systematically been decreasing for the last 5 years. It is important to study the hydrological cycle to verify the relation between rainfall and the water level of the Reservoir. This work analyzed the rainfall regime of Taubaté and the Global rainfall regime of the Paraíba Valley, where the city is located, in State of São Paulo; it also analyzed the heights of Paraíbunas Reservoir during a 20-year period (1983 2002), as well as the output of Paraíbuna river (1931 2001), associated with a brief study on Eucalyptus monoculture, population increase in the region, pollution in the river Paraíba do Sul, laws concerning the management of hydrous resources and the development of the tourism around the area of Paraíbunas Reservoir. The data regarding the rainfalls (mm) in Taubaté were collected at the Meteorological Post of the University of Taubaté, the global data regarding Paraíba Valley were obtained at NASA (GCPC), the Reservoir heights (m) were provided by CESP and the output data (m2/s) were obtained at ON.S. There is a good relation between the rainfalls in Taubaté and the Global ones, but there is not a direct relation between them and the Reservoir level. During 2000, 2001 and 2002, rainfall levels were average and heights were low in the Reservoir, with its lowest average in 2002 (701.5m). The correlation coefficient between annual rainfall totals in Taubaté and the Global 13 number was 0.72. The highest correlation between both is obtained in Spring (0.79), and the lowest, in Summer (0.46). We simulated the potential impacts of Eucalyptus reforestation over the hydrous balance of the region. We concluded that, with the current rainfall regime, this activity directly influences the amount of water to be made available by surface outflow to the River Basin of the region. In spite of this unfavorable effect, the Eucalyptus culture has improved the socioeconomic development of the areas where they are implanted. According to the facts studied, we concluded that the lowering of the Paraíbunas Reservoir water level is not linked only with the rainfall regime, for many other factors interfere in this destock, namely: population growth, increase of Eucalyptus monoculture, pollution, deforestation, silting of rivers, output maneuver, among others. / O lago artificial da Barragem de Paraibuna vem diminuindo sistematicamente seu volume de água nos últimos 5 anos, sendo que o estudo do ciclo hidrológico é importante para se verificar a relação entre precipitação e o nível de água do Reservatório. Este trabalho analisou o regime de precipitação de Taubaté e Global (Região do Vale do Paraíba) e as cotas do Reservatório de Paraibuna no período de 20 anos (1983-2002); bem como as vazões do rio Paraibuna (1931 2001), associados ao um breve estudo sobre a monocultura do Eucalipto, o aumento da população na região, a poluição do rio Paraíba do Sul, a legislação sobre gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos e o desenvolvimento do turismo na área do reservatório de Paraibuna. Os dados da precipitação (mm) de Taubaté foram coletados no posto meteorológico da UNITAU, os dados da precipitação Global foram obtidos da NASA (GCPC), as cotas (m) do Reservatório foram cedidos pela CESP e os dados das vazões (m/s) foram obtidos da ONS. Há uma boa relação entre a precipitação Global e a de Taubaté, mas não uma relação direta entre estas precipitações e nível do Reservatório. Os anos de 2000, 2001 e 2002 tiveram índices de precipitação dentro da média e cotas baixas no Reservatório, que apresentou a menor média das cotas no ano de 2002 (701,5m). O coeficiente de correlação entre totais anuais de precipitação de Taubaté e Global foi de 0,72. A estação da Primavera apresenta a maior correlação entre os dados de precipitação Global e de Taubaté 11 (0,79), sendo que o Verão apresenta a menor correlação (0,46). Foram realizadas simulações de possíveis impactos do reflorestamento do eucalipto no balanço hídrico da região, chegando-se à conclusão de que, com o atual regime pluviométrico, a atividade de plantio de Eucalipto influencia diretamente na quantidade de água a ser disponibilizada através do escoamento superficial para a Bacia Hidrográfica da região. Apesar deste efeito desfavorável as plantações de Eucalipto têm trazido uma melhoria no desenvolvimento sócio-econômico para as regiões onde estão inseridas. Diante dos fatos estudados concluiu-se que o rebaixamento do nível de água do reservatório de Paraibuna não está atrelado somente à ocorrência da precipitação, pois muitos outros fatores, interferem neste desestoque, a saber: crescimento populacional, aumento da monocultura de Eucalipto, poluição, desmatamento, assoreamento dos rios, manejo das vazões, entre outros.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22782号 / 農博第2425号 / 新制||農||1081(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5302(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中村 公人, 教授 星野 敏, 教授 藤原 正幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (M. A. (Agricultural Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Field experiments were conducted at two locations; University of Limpopo (Syferkuil) and University of Venda (Thohoyandou) during 2015 and 2016 winter cropping seasons. The objectives of this study were to determine; the effect of genotype (ACC# 1, 3, 4 and 7) and planting density (33, 25 and 20 plants/m2) on four chickpea genotypes having contrasting growth patterns and also to determine the effect genotype and planting density on water use and water use efficiency of four chickpea genotypes having contrasting growth patterns. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, grain yield and yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, Harvest Index and 100 seed weight [100-SW] and above ground biomass, and were determined at different growth stages. Data obtained was subjected to analyses of variance using the general linear model of Genstat 17th edition. Significant differences between the treatments means were compared using the standard error of difference (LSD) of the means at 5% level. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between parameters. Plant height varied with genotype from 41 cm (84 DAE) to 44 cm (118 cm) at Syferkuil and 41 (56 DAE) to 44 cm (63 DAE) at Thohoyandou. Primary branches was not significantly affected by genotype and planting density at both locations and seasons. Planting density had significant effect on number of secondary branches, greater number was recorded at low (32, 6) density at Syferkuil in 2016. Above ground biomass was significantly affected by planting density at Syferkuil during in 2015 (5344 kg ha-1) and 2016 (3701 kg ha-1) growing seasons. Genotype and planting density did not affect number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 SW (100 seed weight), and Harvest index were not significant at both locations and seasons. Grain yield was significantly affected by planting density at Syferkuil in 2015 and Thohoyandou in 2016. Grain yield increased with the increase in planting density at both locations. Two field experiments were conducted at University of Venda (Thohoyandou) during 2015 and 2016 winter cropping seasons. This study aimed at assessing the effect of genotype v and planting density on water use efficiency of four chickpea genotypes with contrasting growth patterns. Crop water use (WU) was determined by monitoring soil water content at 7-day intervals using a neutron probe and, water use efficiency (WUE) was determined as a ratio of crop biomass and grain yield to WU. Genotype and planting density had no significant effect on WU in 2015 and 2016. Genotype and planting density had no significant effect on biomass production (WUEb) and grain yield production (WUEg) in 2015. In contrast, WUEb and WUEg was significantly affected by planting density in 2016. WUEb was 43.2% greater at high density compared to low density. Similarly, WUEg was 39.3% greater at high density compared to low density. WUEb and WUEg increased with the increase with planting density. Therefore, manipulation of management practices such as planting density may increase chickpea production. Keywords: Planting density, genotype, grain yield and yield components, water use efficiency. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and University of Venda Capacity Development