Thesis (Master of Agriculture)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020 / Grain yield and its components are very important and complicated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and are highly influenced by environmental factors and agronomic management practices. For 2018 growing season, a study was designed under rainfed conditions to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1 of N) and planting density (120, 140, 160, and 180 to 200 seeds m-2) on the agronomic performance of three barley cultivars (Elim, Hessekwa and S16). A randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used. Combined analysis of variance showed significant (p<0.1) differences among cultivars, N rates and planting densities. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of planting density and different fertilizer application strategies on barley grain yield and quality. The results showed that biggest increases on yield and yield components were observed at 180 seeds m-2 and 80kg ha-1 N rate. Higher N rates generally reduced kernel size. Kernel size was both increased and decreased by increasing planting density as well as N rate. Increasing planting density from 180 to 200 seeds m–2 generally provided slight reductions in grain N concentration and reduced kernel size. The three cultivars expressed a significant effect on kernel plumpness and N content of grain. The most beneficial agronomic practices for malting barley production in Western Cape were application of N fertilizer at optimum rate depending on cultivar, locality and rainfall and planting seeds at a rate of 160-180 seeds m-2 depending on cultivar. A planting density of 160-180 seeds m-2 at a rate of 80 kg N ha-1 is recommended for planting barley under dry land in the Western Cape.

The effects of cultural intensity (operational and intensive) and planting densities (741, 1483, 2224, and 2965 ha-1) on modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and specific gravity (SG) of small clear samples obtained from 15 and 16 year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) from the Lower Coastal Plain and Piedmont region of the southeastern United State were examined. Planting density and distance from pith showed a significant (p < 0.0001) and strong main effect on stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR) for the samples. Regardless of planting density, MOE, MOR and SG of samples increased significantly from pith toward bark. A significant culture × density interaction (p < 0.0001) was observed for the samples obtained from the Lower Coastal Plain. The project also determined the feasibility of measuring microfibril angle (MFA) on solid wood loblolly pine samples using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with the angle analyzed using image analysis. Measurements of MFA revealed minor differences (5⁰) between juvenile wood and mature wood.

Maize is the most important cereal crop grown in areas of South Africa by both small-scale and commercial farmers. Maize monocropping without sufficient input and declining soil nitrogen content are some of the factors that limit yield. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different cowpea cultivars and populations on growth, yield and yield components of succeeding maize. The effects of cropping systems on soil N content were also observed. Field experiments were conducted during the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 growing seasons at Potchefstroom and Taung in North West province. The trial consisted of four cowpea cultivars: PAN 311 (short duration cowpea cultivar), CH 84, Bechuana white (medium duration cowpea cultivar) and TVU 1124 (long duration cowpea cultivar) and, four planting densities (10 000, 15 000, 20 000 and 40 000 plants ha-1). Maize was used as sequential test crop to determine the residual effect of previous cowpea treatments. Cowpea grain yield increased as planting density increased at both localities. TVU 1124 gave highest grain yield of all cowpea cultivars at both localities. Total dry matter yield also increased with increasing planting density. After cowpea soil NO3- and NH4+ content increased with increasing density. Similarly, soil NO3- content of maize following cowpea showed a considerable improvement, compared to maize monocropping. The highest soil NO3- and NH4+ content was observed when maize followed Bechuana White. Significant differences were also observed in soil microbial activities among the cultivars. Maize grain yields and plant height responded positively to the previous cowpea crop, compared with maize monocropping at both locations, but especially at Taung. Maize stover yield, cob length and KNC significantly responded to maize and cowpea rotation compared to maize monocropping at Taung. These results further confirm the potential of using cowpea to contribute soil N to subsequent maize crops in a rotational system. Copyright / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-18T12:51:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosJXC_DISSERT.pdf: 683610 bytes, checksum: 8a8a7d7deb5057b4145141246195a5f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-21T14:37:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosJXC_DISSERT.pdf: 683610 bytes, checksum: 8a8a7d7deb5057b4145141246195a5f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-21T15:03:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosJXC_DISSERT.pdf: 683610 bytes, checksum: 8a8a7d7deb5057b4145141246195a5f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T15:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosJXC_DISSERT.pdf: 683610 bytes, checksum: 8a8a7d7deb5057b4145141246195a5f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Planting densities is a very important tool for planters, considering that, according to consuming market demands, we may handle it in order to obtain better financial return and increasing production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of zucchini (courgette) cultivars under different planting spacing. The experiment was accomplished in Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, belonging to Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), in Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2 x 4 with four repetitions. The treatments were formed by the combination of two zucchini (courgette) cultivars (Alice and Caserta) and four repetitions among plants (0.40 m; 0.50 m; 0.60 m e 0.70 m). The following quality characteristics were evaluated: number of marketable fruits per plant, total number of fruits per plant, market production per plant, total production per plant, market productivity, total productivity, number of non-commercial fruit per plant; non-commercial production per plant, mass of marketable fruit, mass of non-commercial fruit, non-commercial productivity, plant dry mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity and relation soluble solids/ titratable acidity. The cultivars reacted differently to the spacing among plants, in such a way distances 0.7 and 0.4 allowed the highest market productivity, respectively, for Alice and Caserta. The distances did not influence the quality of zucchini (courgette) fruit / A densidade de plantio é uma ferramenta de grande importância para os agricultores, visto que, em função da demanda do mercado consumidor, pode-se manejá-la, visando maior retorno econômico e maximizando a produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de abobrinha italiana sob diferentes espaçamentos de plantio. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, pertencente a Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) em Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação de duas cultivares de abobrinha (Alice e Caserta) e quatro espaçamentos entre plantas (0,40 m; 0,50 m; 0,60 m e 0,70 m). As características avaliadas foram número de frutos comercial por planta, número de frutos total por planta, produção comercial por planta, produção total por planta, produtividade comercial, produtividade total, número de frutos não comercial por planta, produção não comercial por planta, massa de frutos comerciais, massa de fruto não comercial, produtividade não comercial, massa seca da planta, sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável e relação solido solúveis acidez total titulável. As cultivares responderam diferentemente aos espaçamentos entre plantas, sendo os espaçamentos de 0,7 e 0,4 m, os que proporcionaram as maiores produtividades comerciais respectivamente, para a Alice e Caserta. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram a qualidade dos frutos de abobrinha / 2016-11-18

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T17:59:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) guilherme_mendes_soares.pdf: 1467495 bytes, checksum: a12842857f82af37f5532c481c2dbbfc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-05-16T19:03:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) guilherme_mendes_soares.pdf: 1467495 bytes, checksum: a12842857f82af37f5532c481c2dbbfc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T19:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) guilherme_mendes_soares.pdf: 1467495 bytes, checksum: a12842857f82af37f5532c481c2dbbfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O aumento significativo das concentra??es de CO2 atmosf?rico ap?s a Revolu??o Industrial tem agravado o efeito estufa natural do planeta, levando a eleva??o das temperaturas m?dias e ?s mudan?as clim?ticas globais. O tema tem preocupado cientistas, governo e sociedade, resultando em medidas para redu??o das emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs) e mitiga??o de seus efeitos nocivos. Em 1997, o Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu metas de redu??o de emiss?es de GEEs, sobretudo o CO2. Como esp?cies de r?pido crescimento s?o consideradas eficientes na fixa??o de carbono, nesta pesquisa foram utilizados tr?s clones de esp?cies de Eucalyptus e Corymbia, haja vista seu r?pido crescimento e sua alta produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar pelo m?todo destrutivo, aos 12 meses de idade, a produ??o da massa de carbono da parte a?rea de tr?s clones: um h?brido espont?neo de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake, um h?brido tri-cross de E. urophylla x (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), e um h?brido de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson x Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S implantados em diferentes espa?amentos de plantio: 3x3 m; 3x1,5 m; e 3x1 m. O estudo foi conduzido em uma ?rea experimental da empresa Aperam Bioenergia S/A, localizada no munic?pio de Itamarandiba, MG. Foram abatidas 36 ?rvores amostras, que foram cubadas, desgalhadas e desfolhadas, foram coletadas amostras de folhas, galhos, casca e madeira para determina??o de massa seca e teor de carbono dos componentes da parte a?rea. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que o espa?amento que registrou a maior fixa??o de carbono por unidade de ?rea foi o 3x1 m, e os clones mais produtivos foram os h?bridos de E. urophylla e o tri-cross de E. urophylla x (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis). Al?m disso, o espa?amento 3x3 m apresentou os valores mais elevados de massa seca e de carbono por ?rvore. Os clones utilizados neste experimento se apresentaram como alternativa potencial para projetos de sequestro de carbono e mitiga??o dos gases de efeito estufa. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Industrial Revolution has exacerbated the natural greenhouse effect on the planet, resulting in rising average temperatures and global climates changes. The issue has worried scientists, government and society, leading them to take action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and mitigating its harmful effects. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established GHG emissions reduction targets, especially CO2. As a fast-growing species are considered efficient in carbon sequestration, this research were used three clones of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia, given its rapid growth and high productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate by the destructive method, at 12 months of age, the production of dry mass and carbon of the aerial part of three clones: a spontaneous hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake, an hybrid tri-cross E. urophylla x (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), and a hybrid of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) KD Hill & LAS Johnson x Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D Hill & L. A. S deployed in different planting spacings: 3x3 m; 3x1.5 m; and 3x1 m. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the company Aperam Bioenergia S/A, located in the county of Itamarandiba, MG. Thirty six trees were felled , this were cubed, delimbed and leafless, samples of leafs, twigs, bark and wood were collected to determine the dry mass and shoot carbon of the aerial part components. According to the results, it is concluded that the spacing which recorded the largest allocation of carbon per unit area was 3x1 m, and the most productives clones were hybrids E. urophylla and of tri-cross E. urophylla x (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis). Furthermore, the spacing 3x3 m showed the highest values of dry mass and carbon per tree. The clones used in this experiment were presented as potential alternative for projects of carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gases.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rezende_bla_dr_jabo.pdf: 838612 bytes, checksum: 6bbd1a4cc21f9f39b0f4f306d9a47d92 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e rentabilidade dos consórcios de pepino, em duas densidades populacionais, com dois grupos de alface (crespa e americana), em ambiente protegido, realizados em duas épocas de cultivo, agosto a novembro de 2005 e fevereiro a maio de 2006, foram realizados oito experimentos na Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. Cada experimento constou de nove tratamentos, resultante de quatro cultivos consorciados (estabelecidos em quatro épocas de transplante da alface em relação ao pepino: O, 10, 20 e 30 dias) e cinco monoculturas, sendo quatro com alface estabelecida nestas mesmas épocas de transplante e um com o pepino, instalado sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As cultivares utilizadas nos experimentos foram o híbrido de pepino japonês 'Hokushin', e 'Lucy Brown' e 'Verônica', respectivamente, para alface americana e crespa. A determinação do custo de produção do cultivo consorciado foi realizada com base na metodologia do custo operacional de produção, no mês de agosto de 2006. A produtividade e a classificação dos frutos de pepino em cultivo consorciado, independente da cultivar de alface, não diferem das obtidas em monocultura. As maiores produtividades comerciais e totais de pepino são obtidas nos cultivos consorciados de alface crespa, sendo indiferente a densidade populacional, e de americana com 1,11 planta m-2 de pepino, todos em cultivos na segunda época. A produtividade das plantas de alface é afetada pela época de estabelecimento do consórcio, definido pelo transplante da alface em relação ao transplante do pepino. As plantas de alface crespa e americana cultivadas em consórcio, na segunda época de cultivo, não apresentam qualidade comercial. O índice de eficiência... / In order to analyze the yield and profitability of cucumber intercropping, in two plant population densities, with two groups of lettuce (crisp and crisphead), in a protected environment, for two cultivation periods, from August to November 2005, and from February to May 2006, eight experiments were conducted at the Unesp Campus in Jaboticabal, SP. Each experiment consisted of nine treatments, resultant of four intercropping cropping (established in four times of transplant of lettuce in relation to the cucumber: O, 10, 20 and 30 days) and five monocultures, being four with established lettuce in these same transplant times and one with the cucumber, and was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. 'Hokushin', a hybrid of Japanese cucumber, 'Lucy Brown' and 'Veronica', for crisphead and crisp lettuce, respectively, were the cultivars used in the experiments. The operating cost of production method was used for calculating the production cost of the intercropping cultivation in August 2006. The yield and grade of cucumber fruits under intercropping cultivation, regardless of the lettuce cultivar, do not differ from those obtained through single cropping cultivation. The highest total market yields of cucumber are obtained through the intercropping cultivation with crisphead lettuce, regardless of the population density, and with crisphead lettuCe at 1.11 plant m-2 of cucumber, ali in the second cultivation period. The yield of lettuce plants is affected by the date the intercropping is established, establishment which is determined by the transplanting of lettuce in relation to the transplanting of cucumber. Crisp and crisphead lettuce plants, under intercropping and grown in the second cultivation period, do not have any market quality. The land equivalent ratio is... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 schiavonjunior_aa_me_jabo.pdf: 600947 bytes, checksum: daf2098fc9f78d3c0a4a240beccdf1d3 (MD5) / Funep / No município de Itatiba-SP, no período de março a julho de 2007, foi realizado um experimento,com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio e potássioe espaçamento entre plantas na produtividade de brócolos. O experimento foi instalado sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, e três repetições, sendo avaliadas as doses de nitrogênio-potássio: 105- 105; 157,5-157,5;210-210; 262,5-262,5 e 315-315 kg ha-1N-K20 e os espaçamentos entreplantas: 0,20; 0,30; 0,40 e 0,50 m. O espaçamento entre linhas foi de 0,80 m. As variáveis avaliadas foram: teor de nitrogênio e de potássio na folha diagnóstica do estado nutricional, massa seca do caule, massa seca da folha, área foliar, diâmetro do caulena inserção da inflorescência, comprimento do caule, distúrbios fisiológicos (caule oco, brotação lateral, folhas na cabeça e olho de gato), ciclo, massa fresca da inflorescência, produtividadede inflorescência, diâmetro da inflorescência, classificação da inflorescência (classe 10 (C1O):S 10 cm; classe 13 (C1013): > 10 e S 13 cm; classe 16 (C1316):> 13 e S 16cm; classe 19 (C1619):> 16 e S 19 cm; classe 22 (C1922): > 19 e s 22 cm e classe 25 (C2225):> 22 e S 25 cm), produtividadede floretes, classificaçãodos floretes (PF5 (S 5 cm); PF57 (> 5 e S 7 cm); PF79 (> 7 e S 9 cm) e PF9(> 9 cm)) e rendimento industrial. A menor densidade de plantio proporcionou o maior teor de nitrogênio, massa seca do caule, massa seca da folha, área foliar, diâmetrodo caule na inserção da inflorescência, os distúrbios fisiológicos caule oco e folhasna cabeça, massa fresca da inflorescência, número de inflorescência na classe 19. Enquanto que, o comprimento do caule, ciclo, produtividade de inflorescências, númerode inflorescência nas classes 10 e 13, produtividade de floretes, percentagem de floretes na classe PF5 foram obtidos no menor espaçamento entre plantas. / In Itatiba eity, SP state, during the period between Mareh and July of 2007,a study was carried out aiming to appraise the effeet of doses of nitrogen and potassium and spacing between plants on the productivity of broccoli. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with the treatments in a 5 x 4 factorial seheme and three repliections. The following treatments were studied: doses of nitrogen-potassium of 105-105, 157.5-157.5,210-210, 262.5-262.5 and 315-315 kg ha-1 N-K20;the spacing between plants were 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 m. Rows of plants were 0.80 m apart. The characteristics evaluated were: levels of nitrogen and potassium in leaves, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, stem diameter at the height of infloreseenee,stem length, physiologieal disturbanees (hollow stem, lateral budding, leaveson head and eat's eye), eycle, fresh weight of infloreseenee, head produetivity, diameterof infloreseenee,elassifieationof infloreseeneebased on diameter (S 10 em; > 10and S 13 em; > 13 and S 16em; > 16 and S 19 em; > 19 and S 22 em; and > 22 and S 25 em), produetivity of florets based on length (S5 em; > 5 and S 7 em; > 7 and S 9 em; and > 9 em) and eommercial yield. The largest spaeing between plants provided the highest nitrogen level, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, stem diameter at the height of inflorescence, the physiological disturbances hollow stem and leaves in head, fresh weight of inflorescence and inflorescences with diameter> 16 and <= 19 cm. On the other hand, stem length, cycle, head productivity, number of inflorescences<= 13 cm, productivity of florets and percentage of florets in class < 5 cm were obtained with smaller spacing between plants. The maximalhead productivity was 22,082 kg ha-1, obtained with 0.20 m between plants and 150% N-K20 dose (315 kg ha-1 of N and K20).

Submitted by RAFAELLE FAZZI GOMES null (rafinha_fazzi@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-25T10:44:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_RAFAELLE_FAZZI_GOMES.pdf: 2414449 bytes, checksum: ad3a2f7ef98287e20fdaa457e4f83c41 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-25T18:56:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_rf_dr_jabo.pdf: 2414449 bytes, checksum: ad3a2f7ef98287e20fdaa457e4f83c41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T18:56:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_rf_dr_jabo.pdf: 2414449 bytes, checksum: ad3a2f7ef98287e20fdaa457e4f83c41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nos últimos anos, tem-se destacado o grupo de melancias de menor tamanho, de um a três quilos, denominadas de minimelancias. Essas melancias quando conduzidas em ambiente protegido, requerem sistema de condução na vertical e manejo de plantas para garantir elevada produtividade por área e frutos de qualidade. Com base nisso, esse trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o desempenho de híbridos comerciais de minimelancia em diferentes espaçamentos, orientação do crescimento, e número de plantas. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, cultivados sob ambiente protegido em substrato de fibra da casca de coco, com fertirrigação. A primeira etapa foi instalada utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram: cinco híbridos de minimelancia (‘Beni Kodama’; ‘Ki Kodama’; ‘Smile’; ‘New Kodama’; e ‘Beni Makura’) e três espaçamentos entre plantas (E1= 0,35; E2= 0,50; E3=0,65). A segunda etapa foi conduzida utilizando o híbrido ‘Smile’ no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com oito repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído de número de hastes por planta (1 e 2 duas hastes), e o segundo fator foi composto de número de plantas por vaso (1 e 2 plantas). Em ambas as etapas avaliaram-se características de produção, qualidade, assim como, parâmetros fisiológicos da planta. Na etapa 1 não houve interação significativa entre os fatores avaliados (híbridos e espaçamentos). Para híbridos é possível observar que houve diferença significativa apenas para massa fresca de frutos, onde ‘Smile’ apresentou melhor desempenho. Enquanto que para o fator espaçamento houveram diferenças, sendo que, espaçamentos maiores (0,50 m e 0,65 m) proporcionaram maior massa fresca dos frutos, área foliar, firmeza de frutos, diâmetros e percentual de frutos extragrandes. Já as maiores densidades (0,35 m) aumentaram a produtividade total e o índice de área foliar. Para a etapa 2 foi possível observar interação entre o manejo de hastes e o número de plantas/vaso, nas características de área foliar, índice de área foliar, massa seca da haste, massa de frutos, produtividade total, sólidos solúveis e percentual de frutos grandes. Os tratamentos conduzidos com duas hastes e uma planta/vaso proporcionaram altas produtividades sem prejudicar a qualidade dos frutos, tornando-se viável ao produtor. Dessa forma, recomendase o cultivo dos híbridos avaliados, no espaçamento de 0,50 m entre plantas, em fibra da casca de coco, aliado ao manejo de uma planta/vaso conduzida com duas hastes. / In recent years, it has highlighted the group of smaller watermelons, one to three kilos, called minimelancias. These watermelons when conducted in a protected cultivation, require training system vertically and management plans to ensure high productivity per area and fruit quality. Based on this, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of commercial hybrid minimelancia in different spacings, growth orientation, and number of plants. For this, two experiments were conducted, cultivated under protected environment in fiber substrate of coconut shell, with fertigation. The first stage was installed using the experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial 5 x 3, with four replications. The factors evaluated were: five hybrids of minimelancia (‘Beni Kodama’, ‘Ki Kodama’, ‘Smile’, ‘New Kodama’, and ‘Beni Makura’) and three spacings between plants (E1 = 0.35; E2 = 0.50; E3 = 0.65). The second stage was conducted using the hybrid ‘Smile’ in the experimental design of randomized, factorial 2 x 2 with eight repetitions. The first factor is constituted by the number of stems per plant (stems 1 and 2) and the second factor consisting of the number of plants per pot (plants 1 and 2). In both stages were evaluated production characteristics, quality, as well as physiological parameters of the plant. In step 1, there was no significant interaction between the factors evaluated (hybrid and spacings). For hybrids is observed that there was a significant difference only for fresh fruit mass where ‘Smile’ performed better. While for spacings there were differences, and that greater spacing (0.50 m and 0.65 m) provided higher fresh fruit weight, leaf area, fruit firmness, diameter and percentage of oversized fruit. Already the highest densities (0.35 m) increased total productivity and the leaf area index. For step 2 was observed interaction between the management stems and the number of plants/pot, the leaf area characteristics, leaf area index, dry mass of the stem, fruit mass, total soluble solids and fruit percentage big ones. The treatments conducted with two stems and a plant/pot provided high yields without harming the quality of the fruit, making it viable for the producer. Thus, it is recommended the cultivation of hybrids, spaced 0.50 m between plants in coconut fiber shell, together with the management of a plant/vessel conducted with two stems. / FAPESP: 2013/05587-0

Resumo: - Com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e rentabilidade dos consórcios de pepino, em duas densidades populacionais, com dois grupos de alface (crespa e americana), em ambiente protegido, realizados em duas épocas de cultivo, agosto a novembro de 2005 e fevereiro a maio de 2006, foram realizados oito experimentos na Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. Cada experimento constou de nove tratamentos, resultante de quatro cultivos consorciados (estabelecidos em quatro épocas de transplante da alface em relação ao pepino: O, 10, 20 e 30 dias) e cinco monoculturas, sendo quatro com alface estabelecida nestas mesmas épocas de transplante e um com o pepino, instalado sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As cultivares utilizadas nos experimentos foram o híbrido de pepino japonês 'Hokushin', e 'Lucy Brown' e 'Verônica', respectivamente, para alface americana e crespa. A determinação do custo de produção do cultivo consorciado foi realizada com base na metodologia do custo operacional de produção, no mês de agosto de 2006. A produtividade e a classificação dos frutos de pepino em cultivo consorciado, independente da cultivar de alface, não diferem das obtidas em monocultura. As maiores produtividades comerciais e totais de pepino são obtidas nos cultivos consorciados de alface crespa, sendo indiferente a densidade populacional, e de americana com 1,11 planta m-2 de pepino, todos em cultivos na segunda época. A produtividade das plantas de alface é afetada pela época de estabelecimento do consórcio, definido pelo transplante da alface em relação ao transplante do pepino. As plantas de alface crespa e americana cultivadas em consórcio, na segunda época de cultivo, não apresentam qualidade comercial. O índice de eficiência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to analyze the yield and profitability of cucumber intercropping, in two plant population densities, with two groups of lettuce (crisp and crisphead), in a protected environment, for two cultivation periods, from August to November 2005, and from February to May 2006, eight experiments were conducted at the Unesp Campus in Jaboticabal, SP. Each experiment consisted of nine treatments, resultant of four intercropping cropping (established in four times of transplant of lettuce in relation to the cucumber: O, 10, 20 and 30 days) and five monocultures, being four with established lettuce in these same transplant times and one with the cucumber, and was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. 'Hokushin', a hybrid of Japanese cucumber, 'Lucy Brown' and 'Veronica', for crisphead and crisp lettuce, respectively, were the cultivars used in the experiments. The operating cost of production method was used for calculating the production cost of the intercropping cultivation in August 2006. The yield and grade of cucumber fruits under intercropping cultivation, regardless of the lettuce cultivar, do not differ from those obtained through single cropping cultivation. The highest total market yields of cucumber are obtained through the intercropping cultivation with crisphead lettuce, regardless of the population density, and with crisphead lettuCe at 1.11 plant m-2 of cucumber, ali in the second cultivation period. The yield of lettuce plants is affected by the date the intercropping is established, establishment which is determined by the transplanting of lettuce in relation to the transplanting of cucumber. Crisp and crisphead lettuce plants, under intercropping and grown in the second cultivation period, do not have any market quality. The land equivalent ratio is... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Coorientador: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins / Coorientador: José Carlos Barbosa / Banca: Francisco Bezerra Neto / Banca: Leilson Costa Grangeiro / Banca: Maria Madalena Zocoller Borba / Banca: Izabel Cristina Leite / Doutor

Thesis (M. Sc. Agric.(Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) is among the most important indigenous leafy vegetables in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, due to its high values of beta-carotene, vitamin E, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, iron and protein. Vhembe District occurs in the tropical regions of Limpopo Province and the production of vegetables is dependent upon the availability of irrigation water. An Integrated Drip Irrigation System (IDIS) and a 3S planter were developed to save water by planting several plants/hole of drip irrigation system. The subsystems in IDIS allow for the production of different crops with different water requirements, whereas the 3S planter can be used for planting from one to nine plants/hole of drip irrigation system. Also, the subsystems could be used in assessing irrigation interval for crops under various planting densities. The interaction of irrigation interval and planting density of S. retroflexum had not been documented. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the interactive effects of irrigation interval and planting density on biomass yield and chemical nutrient elements (summer harvest only) of S. retroflexum under field conditions. The irrigation interval and planting density/hole were arranged in a split-plot experimental design, with eight replications. The main plot was irrigation interval and the subplot was the planting densities. Harvesting was done twice for both summer and winter experiments. The first harvest (H1) was done at 6 weeks after transplanting, with the second harvest (H2) being done at six weeks after the first harvest. Fresh shoots were oven-dried at 60°C for 72 h for the determination of dry matter. Mature leaves were powdered and analysed for mineral content (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) using the ICPE-9000. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. In the summer experiment, the interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for dry shoot mass at H1 and H2. However, the contribution of xv the interaction in the total treatment variation (TTV) of the variable was negligent and therefore, only single factors were reported. Irrigation interval and planting density had highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effects on plant variables during H1 and H2 in summer and winter. However, irrigation interval effects for dry shoot mass were not significant for summer H2. Interaction effects were significant for Ca, P, K, Mg, Mn and Cu in leaf tissues during summer H1, but were not significant for Na, Fe and Zn. Also, irrigation interval was significant for Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu during summer H1, whereas planting density had no significant effects for all chemical nutrients except for Ca, P and K during summer H1. Dry shoot mass of S. retroflexum increased linearly with increasing irrigation interval and planting density. Results suggested that most nutrient elements increased with deficit irrigation water and higher planting density, whilst P decreased under high planting density. The study showed that there is a high potential for saving water through longer irrigation intervals and produce good high yields at a higher planting density. In conclusion, the use of IDIS and 3S planter to promote growth and accumulation of essential nutrient elements on S. retroflexum demonstrated that longer irrigation interval and higher plant density per drip irrigation hole could be suitable for cultivation of this indigenous vegetable. The recommendation of this study is that higher planting density and longer irrigation intervals are key determinants of higher biomass yield and water saving strategies for large-scale production of the crop. Further, the mineral composition of the crop was under the influence of higher planting density and irrigation intervals.