Wood crossarms provide an efficient economical, structural, and sustainable solution to the distribution and transmission of electric utilities. The majority of these crossarms are made from two species of wood, Douglasir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and southern pine (Pinus spp.). In this study 210 solid-sawn wood crossarms (120 pieces of Douglasir/ 90 pieces of southern pine) were evaluated with non-destructive (NDTs) and destructive testing to determine if NDT could be used to predict crossarm performance. Three NDTs were conducted. Subsequently, destructive testing in which each specimen was broken in accordance to ASTM D-198 for modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) was performed. After testing each specimen the non-destructive data was compared to the destructive testing results by mean comparisons and correlations. In this study it was found that the E-computer (NDT) produced the strongest correlation in both species to destructive values, especially MOE.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / In response to the need to analyze and report upon Electronic Warfare (EW) test data results in a comprehensive and uniform manner, the Mission Analysis and Reporting System (MARS) has been developed. MARS is a government owned PC based Windows application designed for rapid analysis and reporting upon EW test mission data. MARS currently performs Jammer Effectiveness ( Reduction In Lethality, Increase In Survivability, Reduction In Shot, and Reduction In Hit), Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) System performance (Threat ID, Response Time/Ageout, and Direction Finding (DF) Accuracy), and Tracking Error Statistics. Additionally, MARS produces several graphical outputs including polar plotting, dynamic strip charting, Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF), and RWR Simulated Scope. Continual development and maintenance of MARS at the Air Force Development Test Center, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, has provided a proven product used by numerous DT&E and OT&E test projects over the last four years.

Many twentieth-century American composers have written works for chorus with brass accompaniment. This study focuses on the compositional techniques Daniel Moe applies to his brass and choral works and the musical and religious influences that aided in the development of Moe's composition language. Eight of Daniel Moe's works for brass and chorus are analyzed to determine the influences and techniques employed in his style of composition. The analysis reveals: the choir and brass remain independent and never dominate each other, the brass consistently play at their loudest dynamic levels while the choir is not singing, the heights of the choral phrases are unaccompanied, and final cadences are voiced with the highest pitches in the choral writing which allows an equality of forces. As a conductor, Moe has encountered many Venetian and contemporary works for brass and chorus that had a direct result on the techniques he applied to his brass and choral works. The evidence suggests that Daniel Moe's choral works with brass accompaniment involve a combination of twentieth-century harmonies and rhythms, Biblical and liturgical texts influenced by his strong Lutheran heritage, and a style of transparent scoring which carefully integrates the brass instruments into the overall texture of his compositions.

The effects of cultural intensity (operational and intensive) and planting densities (741, 1483, 2224, and 2965 ha-1) on modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and specific gravity (SG) of small clear samples obtained from 15 and 16 year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) from the Lower Coastal Plain and Piedmont region of the southeastern United State were examined. Planting density and distance from pith showed a significant (p < 0.0001) and strong main effect on stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR) for the samples. Regardless of planting density, MOE, MOR and SG of samples increased significantly from pith toward bark. A significant culture × density interaction (p < 0.0001) was observed for the samples obtained from the Lower Coastal Plain. The project also determined the feasibility of measuring microfibril angle (MFA) on solid wood loblolly pine samples using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with the angle analyzed using image analysis. Measurements of MFA revealed minor differences (5⁰) between juvenile wood and mature wood.

Dissertation--Bochum Universität, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 221-232.

In Phase I of this study, the purpose was to compare mechanical and physical wood properties from current wood supplies to those from previous studies (Newlin and Wilson 1917, Markwardt and Wilson 1935, wood handbook 2010). The results indicate that minor changes have occurred in the hardwood species values from the previous two studies with a few exceptions. Differences, where they occurred, could be explained by the growth locations of each sample. Differences between pine values occurred for MOE and MOR, an increase in MOE and a decrease in MOR. The objective of Phase II was to correlate the non-destructive and destructive testing methods. The non-destructive test by longitudinal vibration wave can be used to predict the static modulus of elasticity since it is strongly correlated with the destructive static bending test for all the three methods used (A-Grader, FFT and Smart-Thumper).

Abstract In New Zealand's compulsory education sector quality assurance is undertaken by the Education Review Office (ERO). When a school is found to be less effective than is acceptable through the triennial review process, ERO may return to review that school within six or twelve months. This Supplementary Review is identified to the Ministry of Education (MOE) which has several levels of intervention at its disposal which can be employed singularly or in concert to improve the school. Despite the support and interventions funded and/or managed by MOE, some schools have consecutive Supplementary Reviews and some remain under Statutory Intervention for several years. Commonalities among these schools that repeatedly or consistently present as 'at risk' may indicate a need for greater or different support or intervention. Self managing schools, while effective for many schools, may not be a workable and sustainable proposition for others. This may well be particularly true for those schools identified as 'at risk'. This paper considers ERO's process to identify schools 'at risk' and subsequent interventions employed by MOE to support the Principal and Board of Trustees in addressing improvements required within the school. Statistics and document analysis were used to extract data from documents with findings presented as a series of tables. It seeks a match between what is identified by ERO and the Statutory Intervention engaged by MOE. It explores the commonalities of schools under Statutory Intervention and on Supplementary Review. Practice in other countries is also considered in an effort to understand and contextualise the ideas and beliefs that support these approaches. While there is evidence ERO identifies teacher and Principal performance as major areas of concern, lead issues for Statutory Interventions in the same schools focus on the performance of the Board of Trustees as those with the responsibility of governing the school. The focus on governance to improve school performance is not working for some schools, more or different support may be necessary to effect positive change. The balance between capacity building, incentives and accountability for all involved in schools with Statutory Interventions, appears necessary for those with the capacity to improve.

En este trabajo se estudian los parámetros de obtención de tableros sin aporte de adhesivos, a partir de materiales lignocelulósicoscomo son la caña común (Arundodonax L.) y el bagazo de SaccharumofficinarumL. Los tableros propuestos aportan como ventaja el estar libres de emisiones de formaldehído y el no consumir recursos fósiles. Ambas propiedades son importantes en un mercado cada vez más exigente en aspectos medioambientales. En el caso del “ArundodonaxL” se ha partido de cañas silvestres de Tarragona. El bagazo de Saccharumofficinarum utilizado es el subproducto industrial de una destilería de la Isla de la Palma (Canarias). El material crudo ha sido pretratado realizando una “explosión de vapor” en un reactor “batch” a distintas condiciones de severidad. Este material explosionado se ha triturado y prensado en frío de dos formas (en seco y en húmedo). Posteriormente, los tableros prensados en frío y acondicionados a temperatura y HR constantes se han prensado en caliente a diferentes niveles de presión, temperatura y tiempo de prensado. En el proceso de producción a escala de laboratorio de los tableros, se han mejorado algunas de las fases seguidas como el prensado, introduciendo mallas de evacuación de vapor; y se han innovado otros, como la incorporación del prensado en frío y el tratamiento térmico final después de la conformación en caliente. Todo ello para mejorar la homogeneidad y obtener tableros de altas prestaciones mecánicas con estosmateriales. Se ha podido estudiar el efecto de los distintos factores que intervienen en la producción de tableros (Severidad del pretratamiento, temperatura de prensado, presión de prensado y tiempo de prensado), sobre las características físicas y mecánicas de estos tableros(Densidad, MOE, MOR, IB, TS y WA). Con ello se han obtenido las relaciones matemáticas que vinculan a estos factores de producción con las características físicas y mecánicas de los tableros. Puede ser muy importante para la industria el hecho de que los modelos ajustados definidos nos pueden permitir obtener tableros con características prefijadas. También se ha valorado la utilización de material integro explosionado y no lavado y, por tanto, sin ningún lixiviado ni residuo. Los tableros cumplen sobradamente los requerimientos de las norma EN para uso estructural, en todas las características físico-mecánicas estudiadas. Abreviaturas: HR Humedad relativa MOE Módulo de elasticidad en flexión o Módulo de Young MOR Módulo de rotura o Resistencia a la flexión IB Resistencia a la tracción perpendicular a las caras (Internal Bond) TS Hinchamiento WA Absorción de agua / This work studies the parameters for obtaining binderless fiberboards from lignocelullosic materials such as giant reed (Arundodonax L.) and sugar cane bagasse (Saccharumofficinarum L.) The suggested boards havethe advantage of being free from formaldehyde emissions and of not consuming fossil resources. Both properties are important in a market that is increasingly sensitivetowards environmental issues. Wild reeds from Tarragona were used as the base material to make Arundodonax Lfiberboards. The Saccharumoffinarumsugar cane bagasse was anindustrial byproduct obtained from a plantation on the island ofLa Palma in the Canary Islands (DestileríasAldea SL). The raw material was pre-treated by performing a “steam explosion” in a “batch” reactor. The exploded material was ground and cold-pressed in two ways (wet and dry). Subsequently, the cold-pressed boards, which had beenconditioned at a constant temperature and RH, were hot-pressed at different levels of pressure, temperature and press time. Some of the processes for producing boards on a laboratory-scale,such as pressing withsteam evacuation meshes, have been improved. Others processes were specifically developed in the laboratory, including the incorporation of cold-pressing and the final heat treatment after hot-forming. The aim of all this was to achieve high mechanical performance in boards made from these materials. Different factors involved in the production of the boards were studied (severity of pretreatment, pressing temperature, pressing pressure and pressing time) to determine how they affectthe physical and mechanical properties of these boards (density, MOE, MOR, IB, TS and WA). As a result, the mathematical relationships that link these production factors to the physical and mechanical properties of the boards were obtained. It is very significant for the industry that these adjusted models can produce boards with preset characteristics. The use of material that wascompletely exploded and unwashed and, therefore, without residue has also been studied. In terms of all the physical-mechanical characteristics studied,the boards fully comply with the requirements of the EN standards for structural use. Abbreviations RHRelativehumidity MOE Modulus of elasticity MOR Modulus of rupture IB Internal bond TS Thicknessswelling WA Water absorption

This thesis evaluates the possibility to detect natural defects, such as knots, in timber boards using dynamic excitation test and ABAQUS software. In the study the edgewise bending direction were compared with axial direction. Dynamic excitation and modal analysis were used to extract the natural frequencies of several sound and artificially defected boards with the help of Signalcalc. Mobylizer software. By using the first edgewise natural frequency, modulus of elasticity (MOE) was calculated. An ABAQUS 2D Finite Element model was utilized to model the board and to extract the frequencies for the six first mode shapes in both axial and edgewise directions. The extracted frequencies from the model were compared with the frequencies from the tests. The analytical and experimental results, from the homogeneous boards, in edgewise direction has similar frequency variations. The defects in the timber boards decreased the natural frequencies. The bending modes with more curvature at the location of the artificial defect displayed more frequency deviation in that mode. The variation in response frequencies for uniform and defected boards was more noticeable in edgewise bending modes than in longitudinal modes.

<p>This thesis evaluates the possibility to detect natural defects, such as knots, in timber boards using dynamic excitation test and ABAQUS software. In the study the edgewise bending direction were compared with axial direction. Dynamic excitation and modal analysis were used to extract the natural frequencies of several sound and artificially defected boards with the help of Signalcalc. Mobylizer software. By using the first edgewise natural frequency, modulus of elasticity (MOE) was calculated. An ABAQUS 2D Finite Element model was utilized to model the board and to extract the frequencies for the six first mode shapes in both axial and edgewise directions. The extracted frequencies from the model were compared with the frequencies from the tests. The analytical and experimental results, from the homogeneous boards, in edgewise direction has similar frequency variations. The defects in the timber boards decreased the natural frequencies. The bending modes with more curvature at the location of the artificial defect displayed more frequency deviation in that mode. The variation in response frequencies for uniform and defected boards was more noticeable in edgewise bending modes than in longitudinal modes.</p>