Södra DuraPulp is a relatively new eco-composite, made from natural wood fibers and polylactic acid (PLA), which comes from corn starch. Until now, there are only few applications for DuraPulp, mainly in the area of design. To find new fields of application, more knowledge about its mechanical material properties are of great interest.This study deals with characterizing the mechanical properties of DuraPulp in an analytical way by means of micromechanical modelling and evaluation with help of Matlab. The mechanical properties for PLA were taken from scientific literature. Not all properties of the wood fibers could be found in literature (particularly Poisson’s ratios were unavailable). Therefore, they partly had to be assumed within reasonable boundaries. These assumptions are later validated regarding their influence on the final product.Figures and tables were used to present and compare the in- and out-of-plane E-Moduli, shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios of DuraPulp. The calculated in-plane E-Moduli were then compared to those obtained from an earlier study, where DuraPulp was tested in tension. The results showed that experimental and analytical values are very similar to each other. / Södra DuraPulp är en relativt ny eco-komposit, tillverkat av naturliga trä fibrer och polylactic syra som kommer från majsstärkelser. I dagsläget finns det få användningsområden för DuraPulp, huvudsakligen används det inom design. För att expandera användningsområdet behövs det mer kunskaper angående de mekaniska egenskaperna för materialet. Studien handlar om att karakterisera de mekaniska egenskaperna för DuraPulp på ett analytiskt sätt i form av mikro-mekanisk modellering och evaluering med hjälp av Matlab. De huvudsakliga mekaniska egenskaperna för PLA kunde hämtas från flera vetenskapliga källor, men de motsvarande mekaniska egenskaperna för fibrer kunde inte alla valideras. Delvis antogs dem i rimliga gränser och deras inverkan validerades med hjälp av en parameter studie.Figurer och tabeller användes för att presentera och jämföra in- och ut-plan E-Moduler, skjuvmoduler och tvärkontraktionstalen av DuraPulp. De beräknade in-plan E-modulerna för DuraPulp jämfördes med motsvarande E-moduler från en tidigare studie där DuraPulp genomgick dragtest. Resultatet visade att analytiska och experimentella värden överensstämmer bra med varandra.

This thesis studied the influence of moisture content on the dynamic estimation of stiffness in wood of Pinus radiata D. Don. This is an important non-destructive measure for estimation of stiffness in standing trees, logs and lumber. Moisture content affects both acoustic velocity and density in the fundamental equation of dynamic MOE (DMOE = V²ρ, where V = acoustic velocity and ρ = density). Investigation included measurements with boards in the laboratory considering moisture contents below and above FSP as well as temperatures below and above 0°C. This also included field measurements of trees in contrasting climate sites and over different seasons including a long drought. Methods for measuring green density and moisture content and the patterns of variation of these parameters were also investigated. A secondary component of this thesis explored the wood quality and some mechanisms of tree response to water stress in two contrasting sites in terms or rainfall and water deficits in a region of Australia. The large increases in DMOE for frozen wood above the FSP (4.5 to 6 GPa) will limit the use of DMOE for grading logs in regions with freezing winters. Results from the experiment remeasuring young trees and the upper range of moisture content and temperatures above 0°C from the experiment with boards showed small to moderate variation in DMOE (0.1 to 1 GPa) which calls for further investigation on analytical procedures for adjustment of DMOE. Such procedures should consider that variations in acoustic velocity and density with changes in moisture content are not proportional and that there are counteracting effects between the two parameters. It remains to be investigated whether the typical variation (under normal climate conditions) in sapwood green density observed in our experiments has some implications for the use of DMOE. On the other hand, it is anticipated that the large differences along the stem and among stands in whole-section green density may bias DMOE measurements in logs for resource assessment. This also needs to be investigated. A comparison between acoustic velocity alone and DMOE for resource assessment under different scenarios is recommended. The study in two contrasting climate sites (high-altitude vs. warm-dry) in the Hume region of Forests NSW, Australia, including young (10-11 years) and mature trees (34 36 years) of radiata pine showed distinctive short and long-term responses of trees to cope with the water-limiting environment. In response to long-term water deficits the warm-dry site developed heartwood and thus reduced sapwood earlier and at faster rates than the high-altitude site. The onset of heartwood formation seemed to be triggered by some site threshold for water use as broadly indicated by the sapwood area/ha. The latter was consistently lower for the warm-dry site across the different stands. The warm-dry site also showed increased short-term responses to water stress and these were interpreted as seasonal mechanisms of the trees to cope with the limiting environment. The trees compensated for the lower available moisture and higher transpiration rates by lowering their saturation and disrupting water conduction at some points (cavitation). The inverse trends of cavitation spots and cavitation bands with height in the stem suggested the trees have different strategies to sacrifice conducting xylem depending on the position on the stem. Finally, it is suggested that saturation tended to fall to critical 'safe' levels as a result of water stress and this varied depending on age, site, and position in the stem. Significant decreases in DMOE and basic density were observed for the warm-dry site and were attributed to lower proportions of latewood due to lower rainfall for that site during the period of latewood formation. These showed no obvious association with any of the long-term water-stress traits (sapwood percentage and number of heartwood rings).

His Inaug.-Diss., Ruhr-Universität Bochum. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-08T18:36:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 06-10-2015-Tese(FINAL) Beate.pdf: 6575678 bytes, checksum: cdc2b377e45a971cafecf1f7f6a889b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-08T18:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 06-10-2015-Tese(FINAL) Beate.pdf: 6575678 bytes, checksum: cdc2b377e45a971cafecf1f7f6a889b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-19 / CNPQ E CAPES / Na elaboração de sínteses para estrutura metal-orgânica (Cu3BTC2), conhecido como MOE-199, ou HKUST-1, uma rota e dois métodos foram desenvolvidos: Eletroquímica em temperatura ambiente (TA) e moderada (TM), sonoeletroquímica e ablação de laser em líquido, a qual proporcionou um material desejado com moderado rendimento. Muitas técnicas de caracterização (XRD, FT–IR, SEM, e TGA) mostraram que o HKUST-1 foi obtido em muitos métodos. No entanto, foram encontradas diferenças interessantes em funcionalização, dependendo das condições de síntese que produziram a mesma estrutura de [Cu3(BTC)2] com hospedeiros, mas com diferentes espécies hóspedes coordenada em geral. Por análise de padrão de DRX foi possível identificar os picos característicos de CuO no método EQ do material obtido com fase secundária, mostrando que esta metodologia é bastante versátil dando lugar a este produto, embora o complexo [Cu3(BTC)2] tenha obtido bons rendimentos. Indepen- dentemente da fonte de energia aplicada, em todos os processos, a desejada MOE [Cu3(BTC)2] foi obtida. A fim de determinar se o método de síntese teve impacto diretamente sobre o comportamento eletroquímico do material, foi aplicada a voltametria cíclica (CV), para investigação. Os resultados eletroquímicos demonstraram que a resistência à contribuição farádica, aumenta na seguinte ordem: Cu-MOFSEQ < Cu-MOFEQ(TA) < Cu-MOFEQ(TM) e Cu-MOFLAL. Este comportamento pode ser associado com a presença de CuO em Cu-MOFEQ(TM) e de cobre em Cu-MOFLAL. No entanto, a MOE sintetizada à temperatura ambiente mostrou um teor menor de cobre, o que pode ser eletroquimicamente transformada, bem como a pureza, em comparação com os obtidos por método eletroquímico em temperatura moderada (TM) e a ablação a laser no estado líquido (LAL). Igual procedimento foi usado para os derivados de Cu-MOFEQ(RT): Cu(TFP)-MOF, and Cu(TPP).DMF-MOF. Eles apresentaram a seguinte ordem de crescimento: Cu(TFP)-MOF < Cu(TFP)DMF-MOF < Cu-MOF < Cu(DMF)-MOF. Este comportamento pode ser associado à presença da tetrafenilporfirina em Cu(TPP)-MOFEQ e Cu(TPP).DMF–MOFEQ. Seus comportamentos eletroquímicos apresentaram uma grande resistência faradáica mostrando o porquê dos seus efeitos de métodos. / In the elaboration of syntheses for metal-organic framework [Cu3(BTC)2] (commonly known as MOF-199 or HKUST-1), one route and two methods were developed: Electrochemical in room temperature (RT) and upper (HT), sonoelectrochemical and Laser ablation in Liquid (LAL); which afforded the desired material in moderate yields. Several characterization techniques (XRD, FT–IR, SEM and TGA) showed that HKUST-1 was obtained in every method. However, were found interesting differences in functionalization depending on the electrochemical synthesis conditions which produced the same [Cu3(BTC)2] host network but with different coordinative and bulk molecular guests. By XRD pattern analysis, it was possible to identify characteristic peaks of CuO and DMF in the EQ, obtained material as secondary phase, showing that this methodology is quite harsh giving place to this product, although the [Cu3(BTC)2] complex was obtained in good yield. Regardless the energy source applied, in all three cases the desired [Cu3(BTC)2] MOF was obtained. In order to determine if the method of synthesis had impacts directly on the electrochemical behavior of the material was applied cyclic voltammetry (CV), for investigation. The electrochemical results have shown that the resistance to the faradic contribution, increase in the following order: Cu–MOFSEQ < Cu–MOFEQ(RT) < Cu-MOFEQ(HT) < Cu–MOFLAL. This behavior can be associated to the presence of CuO in Cu-MOFEQ(HT) and Copper in Cu–MOFLAL. However, the synthesized MOF at room temperature showed a smaller content of copper, which could be electrochemically transformed, as well as purity, in comparison with those obtained by electrochemical (HT) and Laser ablation in Liquid (LAL) methods. The same procedure was used for derived of Cu-MOFEQ(RT): Cu(TFP)-MOF, and Cu(TPP).DMF-MOF. They presented the following growing order: Cu(TFP)-MOFEQ < Cu(TFP)DMF-MOFEQ < Cu-MOFEQ <Cu(DMF)-MOFEQ. This behavior can be associated to the presence of tetraphenylporphiryn in Cu(TPP)-MOFEQ and Cu(TPP).DMF–MOFEQ. Their behaviors electrochemical presented a larger resistance faradáica showing the reason of the effects of methods be different.

This work conducted market research on the use of smartphones and smartphone applications in the forest products industry and academia. This research also attempted to project how likely the industry would be to use an app that measures stiffness of wood. After the review of scholarly literature and existing apps, data was collected via an online survey. Participants were individuals who work with wood or wood-based products. Out of 1,221 invitations, 311 were returned at the response rate of 27.2 percent. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistics. Nearly all of the respondents (95.7%) had smartphones, and over half of them were iOS users (52.3%). More respondents had paid apps experiences (45.2%) than in-app purchases (28.5%). Regarding responses’ perceptions toward the app, the respondents expressed that the app could be useful, and were interested in the app. Millennials showed a higher interest level in the app than other generations.

Although it is common to model modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of graded lumber as normal, lognormal, or Weibull distributions, recent theories and empirical practices have cast doubt on these models. Mathematical proofs have been used to shown how the MOR distributions of graded lumber can be derived from the MOR distributions of mill-run populations. The MOR distribution of a graded lumber subpopulation is "pseudo- truncated" and does not exhibit the same theoretical form as the mill-run population from which it was drawn. Therefore, it is essential to explore the properties of mill-run lumber populations and properly characterize their MOE and MOR distributions. To investigate this topic, this dissertation has three objectives: 1) to determine if the within-mill means and standard deviations of MOE and MOR in mill-run southern pine (Pinus spp.) lumber differ over time, 2) to determine the correlations among hand-held grain angle meter readings, MOE, and MOR in mill- run southern pine lumber, and 3) to model statistical distributions of MOE and MOR in mill-run red pine (Pinus resinosa) and spruce (Picea spp.) lumber. This research features four main sections: 1) an introduction summarizing the conclusions of each chapter, 2) a chapter investigating if there are statistically significant differences between the means and variances of MOE and MOR in mill-run southern pine lumber populations at the same mill over time, 3) a chapter evaluating the bivariate correlations among handheld grain angle meter readings, MOR, and three measures of MOE in mill-run southern pine lumber, and 4) a chapter modeling the distributions of MOE and MOR in mill-run red pine and spruce lumber populations and comparing those to previous work on mill-run southern pine lumber populations.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OFJennifer N. Helms, for the Master of Fine Arts degree in Theater Design, presented on March 26, 2024, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: SEEING WITH NEW EYES: A COSTUME DESIGN THESIS ON WEDDING BAND: A LOVE/HATE STORY IN BLACK AND WHITEMAJOR PROFESSOR: Wendi R. Zea This thesis document is a presentation and exploration of the process involving the costume design for Wedding Band: A Love/Hate Story in Black and White by Alice Childress. The play was produced in the Christian H. Moe Laboratory Theatre at Southern Illinois University Carbondale and ran from November 30 – December 10, 2023. This dramatic play explores the complexities of racism, prejudice, alienation, love in all forms, and the value of female kinship. It reminds us that fear brings out the very real ugliness of hate; while leading with love gives us strength to stand up with dignity, courage to face the ugly, and motivation to push through the bitterness of heartache to take care of the ones we love. Chapter 1 contains the research, background information, and script analysis that was conducted to prepare and inform the design of the costumes. This chapter also highlights the goals I wanted to achieve within my design and on a personal level. Chapter 2 focuses on the design process and how the costume design evolved through collaboration, continued research, and discussion. Chapter 3 documents the production process of the design and how it progressed to realization, including an examination of the dress rehearsals and the production’s performances. Chapter 4 records an analysis of the entire design and its evolution through outside critiques, commentary, and self-reflection.

本研究主要是對教育部公費留學返國人員進行調查研究，以探討教育部公費留學制度四個基本目標達成的程度、公費留學經驗與公費留學生個人發展的關係並歸納公費留學生對教育部公費留學制度的看法與建議。研究目的有六：(一)從教育部公費留學返國人員的角度來分析教育部公費留學制度四個基本目標達成的程度。(二)瞭解教育部公費留學返國人員不同的「背景變項」在「留學經驗」上的差異情形。(三)瞭解教育部公費留學返國人員同的「背景變項」在「個人發展」上的差異情形。(四)瞭解教育部公費留學返國人員的「留學經驗」與「個人發展」的關係。(五)瞭解「背景變項」對「個人發展」的預測能力。(六)瞭解教育部公費留學返國個人員對教育部公費留學制度的看法及建議。最後，本研究再根據研究結果提出建議，以作為興革教育部公費留學制度的參考。 本研究以自編之「教育部公費留學調查問卷」及 Treiman(1977)的「國際職業聲望量表」為研究工具，針對已返國並可得知其服務機關的公費留學生進行問卷調查，共發出有效問卷 789 份，回收 380 份，回收率 47.6%。統計方法係採用描述性統計分析、單因子變異數分析、薛費法事後比較、積差相關以及多元逐步迴歸分析。 研究結果如下： 一、在留學國別的限定及留學學門的規劃上，公費留學生轉換國別及學門的比例極低，公費留學生返國服務的比例上也明顯的高於自費留學生，且公費留學制度的確提供給清寒且優秀的青年學子更大向上的發展機會。所以，教育部公費留學制度可以說已達成其應有的目標。 二、26-30 歲出國的公費留學生，在語言能力的進步、個人能力、態度、觀點的改變及職業發展上顯著的高於 36 以後才出國者；而 21-35 歲間出國的留學生，在學業經驗上也顯著的優於 36 歲以後才出國的留學生。 三、取得博士學位的公費留學生在學業經驗、文化的學習經驗、回國後的留學生國語言能力、語言能力的進步上、個人能力、態度、觀點的改變及職業的發展上都顯著的高於博士後研究人員。 四、留學 3 年以上的公費留學生，其留學經驗都顯著的優於只留學 1 或 2 年的留學生。國外留學時間 5 年以上的留學生，個人能力、態度、觀點的改變及職業發展也顯著的大於只留學 1 或 2 年者。 五、在職業的取得上，「性別」及「考上的年代」造成了顯著的差異。男性及較早期出國的公費留學生認為公費留學經驗有助於在回國後取得第一份且令人滿意的職業。 六、公費留學生出國前的留學國語言能力，以讀的能力最佳，說的能力最差，且其平均數的分布偏向中低的程度，顯示出國前的語言能力待加強。 七、出國前的留學國語言能力在諸變項中最為重要，因為它是在出國時就已決定，且可以利用許多方法來加以增進，若留學生能在出國前具有較佳的語言能力，則愈容易擁有良好的留學經驗及個人發展。 八、若出國前具有良好的留學國語言能力，則回國後會有較佳的留學國語言能力。 九、公費留學生若在國外有較好的文化的學習經驗、學業經驗及語言能力的發展，則其在個人能力、態度、觀點的改變上會愈顯著。 十、公費留學生在留學其間若具有較好的文化學習經驗及學業經驗，則其回國後的職業發展會愈好。 十一、本研究回收的樣本中，有 86% 的公費留學生任教於大專院校。 根據研究結果，本研究提出以下建議： 一、改革教育部公費留學制度的建議 (一)維持提供全額補助，以取得博士學位為主的公費留學型態。 (二)公費留學年限至少三年。 (三)加強出國前的語文能力及學校教育中第二外國語的訓練。 (四)將短期進修的對象，擴及到國內博士班研究生。 (五)學門規劃透明化。 (六)可與企業界合作辦理，由雙方共同負責人才培育的工作及費用。 (七)教育部駐外單位應主動與公費留學生聯繫。 (八)設置導師制。 (九)建立公費留學生人才資料庫。 二、對未來相關研究的建議 (一)在研究樣本上：取得完整的返國公費留學生樣本，以再進行深入研究。 (二)在研究方法上：增加質的研究，以分析產生留學結果的過程及因素。 (三)在研究內容上：將取得學位的公費留學型態與短期進修性質的留學型態做一區分，釐清各自的目標和功能，並探討現有得教育部公費留學制度是否能有效的達成各自特有的目標和功能。

Most strength grading machines on the European market use an averagemodulus of elasticity (MOE), estimated on a relatively large distance along awood member, as the indicating property (IP) to bending strength. Theaccuracy of such grading machines in terms of coefficient of determination israther low at R2 ≈ 0.5. This research is motivated by a desire to increase theaccuracy of the strength grading in the industry today. The aim of the presentstudy is to contribute knowledge of local variation in bending stiffness/MOEwith high resolution and thus locate weak sections due to stiffness reducingfeatures (the most important is knots) for structural timber.The present study introduces three methods that involve structural dynamics,classical beam theory and optical measurement to assess local wood stiffness.Specifically: The dynamic method, in which a wood member is treated as an ordinaryphysical structure and the local stiffness is studied by exploring itsdynamic properties. In Method II, a bending MOE profile is established based on local fibre angle information. The local fibre orientation is detected through highresolution laser scanning based on the tracheid effect.  For Method III, a bending MOE profile is established using surfacestrain information under four-point bending. A high resolution strainfield is obtained using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. From the present study, the two latter methods are more favourable inevaluating the local stiffness within a piece of structural timber. Moreover, thestudy reveals that the established bending MOE profiles using the two lattermethods, i.e. based on information of the local fibre angle and surface strain,agree reasonably well. However, for some patterns of knot clusters, the localbending MOE, calculated on the basis of fibre angles, is significantly higherthan the local bending MOE estimated on the basis of surface strain. / De flesta av de utrustningar för hållfasthetssortering som utnyttjas på deneuropeiska marknaden använder ett medelvärde på elasticitetsmodulen(MOE), beräknat på en relativt stor längd av en sågad planka, som indikativparameter (IP). Sådan hållfasthetssortering ger en noggrannhet i termer avförklaringsgrad på R2 ≈ 0.5, vilket är ganska lågt. Arbetet i denna studiemotiveras av en önskan att öka noggrannheten i hållfasthetssorteringen. Syftetmed denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om lokala variationer iböjstyvhet/MOE med hög upplösning och att lokalisera veka snitt (där kvistarär den viktigaste försvagande faktorn) för konstruktionsvirke.Den aktuella studien introducerar tre metoder som omfattar strukturdynamik,klassisk balkteori och optisk mätning vid bedömningen av lokal styvhet imaterialet. Specifikt:  Metod I, där den lokala böjstyvheten studerades genom de dynamiskaegenskaperna såsom egenfrekvens och modform.  Metod II, där en MOE profil beräknas på basis av information om lokalafibervinklar på ett virkesstyckes ytor. Den lokala fiberorienteringen mätsmed högupplöst laserskanning baserad på den så kallade trakeideffekten.  Metod III, där en MOE-profil fastställdes med hjälp avtöjningsinformation för en hel flatsida av en planka belastad med konstantböjmoment. Det högupplösta töjningsfältet erhölls med hjälp av teknikför Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Studien visar att de två sistnämnda metoderna är mycket lämpade för attutvärdera den lokala styvheten i ett virkesstycke. Dessutom visar studien att deMOE-profiler som togs fram med hjälp av de två sistnämnda metoderna,vilka baseras på information om lokala fibervinklar och töjningsfältet på ytan,stämde överens för större delen av virkesstycket. För visa kvistgrupper kan dock den lokala böjstyvheten högre med metoden baserad på fibervinklar.

Mit den immensen Aufgaben und Problematiken der Transformation konfrontiert, wechselten die Mehrparteien-Regierungen in Estland vergleichsweise häufig. Im Jahr 2002 war die insgesamt achte Regierung seit 1992 im Amt. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Regierungsstabilität am Beispiel von Estlands bis dato sieben Regierungen erscheint daher angebracht, da das Land trotz der häufigen Regierungswechsel im osteuropäischen Vergleich als erfolgreichstes Transformationsland angesehen wird.<br> Kann Regierungsstabilität auch dann vorliegen, wenn die Regierungen selbst sehr häufig wechseln? Dies ist die eigentliche Fragestellung der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich Regierungsstabilität aus mehreren Variablen zusammensetzt, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Angaben über die durchschnittliche Verweildauer einer Regierung im Amt besitzen wenig Aussagekraft, vielmehr müssen die eigentlichen Hintergründe für einen Wechsel beleuchtet werden. / Confronted with the immense tasks and problems of the democratic transition, the multiparty governments of Estonia change comparatively often. Following the elections of March 2003, a new government is being formed: the ninth since 1992. A detailed examination of government stability and the example of Estonia is accordingly warranted, given that the country is seen as the most successful Eastern European transition country in spite of its frequent changes of government.<br> This article asks whether government stability can exist in a case that exhibits frequent changes of government. It is presumed that government stability is composed of various variables influencing one another. Data about the average tenure of a government is not very conclusive. Rather, the deeper political causes for changes of governments need to be examined.