FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O cafà à uma bebida bastante apreciada e consumida em todo o mundo, destacando-se tambÃm por sua relevÃncia econÃmica que gera renda e empregabilidade. No Brasil, o cultivo e o processamento de cafà sÃo realizados predominantemente na regiÃo Sudeste. Existem muitas Ãreas produtivas no estado do Cearà que estÃo ociosas devido à falta de estÃmulo dos produtores e incentivo do governo. Apesar disso, ainda hà alguns produtores no MaciÃo de BaturitÃ, CearÃ, Brasil, que mantÃm sua produÃÃo em cooperativismo. Diante disso, esta pesquisa objetivou elaborar e otimizar uma bebida de cafà utilizando grÃos de cafà 100% arÃbica, produzidos no MaciÃo de BaturitÃ, adicionada de um extrato hidrossolÃvel da amÃndoa de castanha de caju (EHACC), de forma a diversificar o mercado de bebidas e agregar valor Ãs matÃrias-primas produzidas no CearÃ. Inicialmente, realizaram-se anÃlise de perfil do consumidor e os testes sensoriais com a bebida de cafà elaborada com grÃos produzidos no CearÃ, a fim de selecionar a matÃria-prima deste estudo. A partir de um planejamento experimental, desenvolveram-se 12 formulaÃÃes de bebida de cafà adicionada de EHACC. No estudo de otimizaÃÃo da bebida considerou-se os fatores quantidade de aÃÃcar (g) e proporÃÃo de cafà (%) atravÃs do desenvolvimento de um delineamento experimental composto central que proporcionou a aplicaÃÃo da metodologia de superfÃcie de resposta (MSR). Esta metodologia foi aplicada Ãs variÃveis fÃsico-quÃmicas cor, pH, ÂBrix e viscosidade e Ãs variÃveis sensoriais impressÃo global, aroma, cor, sabor, amargor e corpo. Para todas as variÃveis foi realizada anÃlise descritiva por meio de tabela de frequÃncia e anÃlise grÃfica. De acordo com os dados do perfil do consumidor, o cafà coado e adicionado de leite foi preferido em relaÃÃo Ãs outras bebidas de cafà e mais de 50% dos consumidores responderam que comprariam uma bebida de cafà pronta para o consumo. A bebida produzida com grÃos de cafà do MaciÃo de Baturità foi classificada como dura atravÃs da âprova de xÃcaraâ. Os limites de restriÃÃo de cafà e aÃÃcar estabelecidos no planejamento definiram os nÃveis que levaram aos pontos Ãtimos das variÃveis fÃsico-quÃmicas cor (coordenadas L* e b*) e pH e das variÃveis sensoriais impressÃo global, aroma e cor da bebida de cafà adicionada de EHACC. Todas as variÃveis sensoriais avaliadas apresentaram boa aceitaÃÃo nas 12 formulaÃÃes testadas. / Coffee is a drink very much appreciated and consumed worldwide, especially also for its economic relevance that generates income and employability. In Brazil, the cultivation and processing of coffee are made predominantly in the Southeast. There are many productive areas in the state of Cearà who are idle due to lack of stimulation of producers and government incentive. Nevertheless, there are still some producers in the Massif BaturitÃ, CearÃ, Brazil to maintain its production cooperatives. Thus, this study aimed to develop and optimize a coffee beverage using coffee beans 100% Arabica, produced in Baturità Massif, added a water soluble extract of almond cashew (EHACC), in order to diversify the beverage market and add value to raw materials produced in CearÃ. Initially, there were consumer profile analysis and sensory tests with a coffee drink made with grain produced in CearÃ, in order to select the raw material of this study. From an experimental design, developed 12 formulations coffee drink with added EHACC. In the optimization study the beverage was considered factors quantity of sugar (g), and proportion of coffee (%) by developing an experimental compound central provided the application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This methodology was applied to the physico-chemical color, pH, ÂBrix and viscosity and sensory variables overall impression, aroma, color, flavor, bitterness and body. For all variables were analyzed descriptively by frequency table and graphical analysis. According to the data of the consumer profile, the brewed coffee and milk added was preferred over other coffee beverages and more than 50% of consumers who responded buy a coffee beverage ready for consumption. A drink made with coffee beans of the Massif Baturità was classified as hard through the "cup test". The constraint limits established coffee and sugar defined in planning levels that led to the optimal points of the physico-chemical color (L *, b *) variables, pH and sensory overall impression, color and aroma of the coffee beverage of added EHACC. All variables evaluated showed good sensory acceptance in the 12 formulations tested.

Les fromages d’«Appellation d’Origine Protégée» (AOP) présentant un cahier des charges précis sont garants d’un savoir-faire, d’une tradition et d’un lien avec le terroir et sont également reconnus pour leurs qualités organoleptiques. Malgré une bonne implantation au niveau du marché et une consommation non négligeable, certains fromages AOP voient leurs ventes baisser. Pour dynamiser certains de ces fromages, notamment les fromages à pâte persillée, leur utilisation comme « fromages ingrédients » s’avérerait pertinente. Ce nouveau segment, très porteur pour les fromagesindustriels, consiste à les utiliser dans des préparations culinaires aussi bien à chaud qu’à froid. L’objectif des travaux de cette thèse est de réaliser d’une part un focus sur les propriétés sensorielles des fromages à pâte persillée AOP du Massif central, induites par le chauffage et plus particulièrement de la Fourme d’Ambert, en étudiant les fractions solubles de ces fromages, d’un point de vue biochimique et sensoriel, et d’autre part de connaître les préférences des consommateurs vis-à-vis des fromages à chaud. Dans un premier temps, un screening sur le comportement à chaud de différentes catégories de fromages à pâte persillée a conduit à identifier des différences texturales et gustatives et de ce fait, à catégoriser les fromages selon leurs aptitudes culinaires. Ce positionnement sensoriel a ainsi permis de sélectionner un « fromage modèle » : la Fourme d’Ambert. Dans une seconde phase, l’étude des fractions solubles a confirmé sa contribution relative dans la perception gustative des fromages à pâte persillée. Toutefois, aucune différence sensorielle n’est observée sur les fractions suite au traitement thermique malgré quelques différences sur la teneur de certains composés sapides. Enfin, la dernière phase a consisté à identifier les préférences des consommateurs vis-à-vis de la Fourme d’Ambert à froid et à chaud. Quelle que soit la température, le fromage est bien apprécié par les consommateurs. La segmentation des consommateurs révèle des perceptions différentes selon trois groupes : un groupe avec des préférences pour des fromages très typés, à l’inverse, un groupe ayant une attirance pour les fromages ayant des flaveurs moins prononcées et un dernier, axé sur les préférences des fromages à chaud. Corrélées aux profils sensoriels, aux commentaires libres des consommateurs et à leurs attentes, certaines variables sensorielles ou comportementales ont pu expliquer ces différences de préférences. Ces résultats montrent l’intérêt de l’usage de certains fromages à pâte persillée AOP en tant que « fromages ingrédients » présentant de bonnes aptitudes culinaires, par leurs propriétés fonctionnelles et gustatives. L’acceptation des fromages à chaud par les consommateurs renforce le fait que les fromages AOP peuvent être utilisés aussi bien à froid qu’à chaud, permettant ainsi l’innovation dans la filière. / PDO cheeses through their specifications are recognized for a quality in relation to a geographical origin, technical know-how, and a typical gustative quality. Despite a good consumption of PDO cheeses, the marketed volumes decreased for most of them. In order to make them more attractive, some cheeses as Blue cheeses could be used as “cheeses ingredient”. Cheeses are usually consumed at the end of a meal but a new trend is emerging: cheeses are more and more used in culinary preparations, both hot (pizza, gratin, sauce) and cold (sandwiches, salads). The main objective of this study was to firstly highlight the impact of heating on sensory properties of French PDO Blue cheeses and more particularly Fourme d’Ambert. The water-soluble fraction which plays an important role in the favour of cheeses was secondly studied in order to evaluate the impact of heating on this extract. The last objective consisted in measuring the consumers liking towards cold and heated cheeses. Therefore, sensory and biochemical methods were performed to describe crude cheeses and liking. The first study highlighted the impact of heating on both textural properties and flavour of four PDO blue-type cheeses. The main results showed that PDO cheeses present different culinary properties and thus are compatible with a use into hot preparations. The first step allowed to select a model cheese: Fourme d’Ambert. The second step consisted in studying the impact of heating on the crude cheeses and on the water-soluble fraction. In parallel, the gross composition was performed on soluble fractions and cheeses according to heating treatment. Although no treatment difference was observed on the water-soluble fraction gustatory profile, a slight difference was showed on certain chemical constituents between the water-soluble extracts. The last step was focused on the consumers liking towards cold and heated cheeses. The results showed that cheeses were much appreciated whatever heating treatments highlighting a slightly preference towards heated cheeses. Moreover, 3 groups of consumers were formed based on different preferences. One group preferred heated cheeses while two others groups preferred cold cheeses. Consumers’ group preferences were explained by means of sensory profiles and open-ended questions responses.Finally, this study shows the opportunities of new culinary uses for Blue cheeses. Sensory methods application had allowed to provide detailed information on heating properties of blue cheeses. In addition, consumers’ acceptance reinforce that PDO cheeses can be used in cold or heated preparations.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T10:15:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - André Luiz Borges Machado - 2017.pdf: 4018960 bytes, checksum: 0f752eee89eafe0cb8606742dc6901b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T10:15:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - André Luiz Borges Machado - 2017.pdf: 4018960 bytes, checksum: 0f752eee89eafe0cb8606742dc6901b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T10:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - André Luiz Borges Machado - 2017.pdf: 4018960 bytes, checksum: 0f752eee89eafe0cb8606742dc6901b7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) are rich feeds with excellent nutrients with higher quality. The main form of consumption of these nuts and almonds are in natura, but there are products which can be elaborated using these raw materials with high nutritional value and pleasant flavor. Water-soluble extracts are an alternative to consume them, which consist of fluid food of plant origin, that can be produced by nuts, oleaginous and even some grasses and they have great commercial appeal since they are free of animal’s fats, “lac free” (free of lactose) and have high rate of minerals. Thus, this research aimed to determine the best formulation, to accompany physical and microbiological stability, proximal composition, to estimate the shelf life and to determine the rheological behavior of a water-soluble extract made of Brazil nut and Macadamia. For the construction of mathematical models, with the purpose of knowing the effect of the variation of water, Brazil nut and Macadamia concentrations, basic components in the elaboration of the product on the proximal composition and physical aspects such as pH, titratable acidity and colorimetry, a simplex centroid design for mixtures was used and provided quadratic and cubic models showing excellent adjustment of experimental data. The Global Acceptance and Purchase Intention tests were performed for each experiment proposed by simplex centroid design and the Tukey test was used in order to determine the best proportion among the components of the ternary mixture. The formulation of water-soluble extract composed of 70% (w/w) water, 15% (w / w) Brazilian nut and 15% (w/w) Macadamia was considered to be the most preferred by tasters submitted to the sensory evaluations. In order to improve the product’s flavor, 10% (w/v) of sugar, expressed as sucrose, was added and the concentration of preservatives citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate was reduced. The product was processed technologically under hygienic conditions and filled in 220 ml transparent glass bottles, hermetically sealed with metal crown cork, pasteurized at 80 °C/25 min, stored under refrigeration at 4 ° C and had its stability evaluated during 28 days. Growth of Thermotolerant Coliforms, Positive Coagulase Staphylococci, Salmonella sp, Molds and Yeasts during the evaluation period was not detected. There was a significant variation (p < 0.05) in pH in the first two weeks of storage, and remained without significant variation (p > 0.05) for the other weeks analyzed. The acidity remained constant throughout the lifetime. The product showed a yellowish-white color throughout the study, determined by the coordinates of the colorimetry. Sensory analysis scores for odor, color, taste and global impression averaged around 6, thus, concluding that the product has a 28 days of shelf life. The rheological profile of the beverage was evaluated at three different temperatures, at 25 °C (room temperature), at 45 °C (temperature of the disintegration stage of Brazil nut and Macadamia with water in blender), and at 80 °C, (pasteurization temperature). The Ostwald-de-Waele model was considered the best to describe the beverage flow and since the calculated flow rate of the model, was less than 1 at the temperatures studied, it had concluded that the beverage behaved as a fluid Non-Newtonian pseudoplastic. The apparent viscosity curves of the mixed drink were plotted and showed that the apparent viscosity decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increasing of temperature. / A Castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) e a Macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia) são alimentos ricos em nutrientes de excelente qualidade. A principal forma de consumo de nozes e amêndoas é in natura, porém existem produtos que podem ser elaborados a partir destas matérias-primas com alto valor nutricional e também de sabor agradável. Uma alternativa ao consumo desses alimentos são os extratos hidrossolúveis, que consistem em alimentos fluidos de origem vegetal que podem ser produzidos a partir de castanhas, oleaginosas e até mesmo algumas gramíneas e possuem grande apelo comercial, uma vez que são isentos de gorduras animais, não possuem lactose e apresentam alto teor de minerais. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa objetivou determinar a melhor formulação, acompanhar a estabilidade física e microbiológica, composição proximal, estimar a vida útil e determinar o comportamento reológico de um extrato hidrossolúvel a base de Castanha-do-Brasil e Macadâmia. Para a construção de modelos matemáticos, com a finalidade de se conhecer o efeito da variação das concentrações de água, Castanha-do-Brasil e Macadâmia, dos componentes básicos na elaboração do produto sobre a composição proximal e aspectos físicos como pH, acidez titulável e colorimetria, utilizou-se o planejamento experimental para misturas tipo simplex centroide que forneceu modelos quadráticos e cúbicos com excelente ajuste frente aos dados experimentais. Os Testes de Aceitação Global e Intenção de Compra foram realizados para cada experimento proposto pelo planejamento simplex centroide e o teste de Tukey foi utilizado a fim de determinar a melhor proporção entre os componentes da mistura ternária. A formulação de extrato hidrossolúvel composta por 70% (p/p) de água, 15% (p/p) de Castanha-do-Brasil e 15% (p/p) de Macadâmia, foi considerada como a mais preferida pelos provadores submetidos as avaliações sensoriais. Com a finalidade de melhorar o sabor do produto, adicionou-se 10% (p/v) de açúcar, expressos em sacarose, e reduziu-se a concentração dos conservantes ácido cítrico, sorbato de potássio e benzoato de sódio. O produto foi processado tecnologicamente sob condições higiênicas, sendo envasado em garrafas de vidro transparente de 220 mL, fechado hermeticamente com tampas metálicas do tipo coroa, pasteurizado a 80 °C/25 min, armazenado sob refrigeração a 4 °C e teve sua estabilidade avaliada por 28 dias. Não foi detectado o crescimento de Coliformes Termotolerantes, Estafilococos Coagulase Positiva, Salmonella sp, Bolores e Leveduras durante o período de avaliação. Houve variação significativa (p < 0,05) do pH nas duas primeiras semanas de estocagem, estabilizando-se para as demais semanas analisadas. A acidez se manteve constante durante todo o período de vida útil. O produto apresentou coloração branco-amarelada durante todo o estudo, determinada pelas coordenadas da colorimetria. As notas das análises sensoriais para Odor, Cor, Sabor e Impressão Global tiveram média em torno de 6, concluindo assim que o produto tem vida útil de, pelo menos, 28 dias. Foi avaliado o perfil reológico da bebida em três temperaturas distintas, a 25 ºC (temperatura ambiente), a 45 ºC, (temperatura da etapa de desintegração da Castanha-do-Brasil e Macadâmia com a água em liquidificador), e a 80 ºC, (temperatura de pasteurização). O modelo de Ostwald-de-Waele foi considerado o melhor para descrever o escoamento da bebida e uma vez que o índice de escoamento calculado do modelo foi menor que 1, nas temperaturas estudadas, conclui-se que a bebida comportou-se como um fluido não newtoniano pseudoplástico. As curvas de viscosidade aparente da bebida mista foram plotadas e mostram que a viscosidade aparente diminuiu significativamente (p < 0,05) com o aumento da temperatura.