Le retournement temporel (RT) est une méthode qui permet de faire revivre à une onde sa vie passée et de la faire ainsi reconverger sur la source qui lui a donné naissance. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié – expérimentalement et numériquement – le RT des ondes ultrasonores dans des milieux granulaires. En se propageant de grains en grains, les ondes ultrasonores fournissent une sonde unique du réseau hétérogène 3D des contacts. Pour des ondes se propageant en régime de diffusion multiple, nous montrons que la focalisation est globalement robuste mais toutefois sensible à des mouvements des grains à des échelles spatiales bien plus fines que la longueur d’onde. À cet égard, la propagation d’une onde ultrasonore à travers le réseau discret et métastable des contacts entre grains apparaît comme une situation intermédiaire entre l’instabilité du mouvement d’une particule dans un gaz de Lorentz et la propagation d’une onde ultrasonore dans une matrice homogène remplie d’obstacles diffusants. Lorsque l’amplitude de la source augmente, nous entrons dans un régime nonlinéaire où l’onde elle-même provoque des réarrangements du milieu, ce qui conduit à la dégradation de la focalisation obtenue par retournement temporel de ladite onde. Celle-ci n’agit alors plus seulement comme une sonde, mais aussi comme une « pompe ». Enfin, nous montrons que le RT d’une onde de faible amplitude, mais allongée dans le temps par la diffusion multiple, peut être utilisé pour focaliser une onde de grande amplitude en un point du milieu et y déclencher ainsi de façon contrôlée des réarrangements irréversibles du réseau des contacts. L’ensemble de ces résultats est supporté par un modèle numérique vectoriel fondé sur un système masses-ressorts percolé bidimensionnel. / : Time reversal (TR) is a technique which gives the possibility to make a wave relive its life in reverse chronology, and to focus back to its source. In this thesis, TR of ultrasound in granular media has been investigated experimentally and numerically. By propagating from grain to grain, ultrasounds provide a unique probe of the heterogeneous 3D contact network. We show that for multiply scattered waves, the focusing is essentially robust but sensitive to displacements of grains on a scale much smaller than the wavelength. In this respect, the ultrasound propagation through the discrete and metastable contact network between the grains appears to represent an intermediary situation between the instability in the propagation of a particle in a Lorentz gas and the propagation of ultrasounds in an homogeneous medium filled with scatterers. When the source amplitude is increased, a non-linear regime is reached where the wave itself triggers rearrangements in the medium, thus degrading the quality of the TR focusing. In this regime, the wave acts not only as a probe, but also as a « pump ». Finally, we show that the TR of a small-amplitude multiply-scattered wave can be used to focus a high-amplitude wave in the medium and trigger in a controlled way irreversible rearrangements of the contact network. These results are supported by a vectorial numerical model based on a 2D percolated masses-springs network.

Generating, miniaturizing and controlling spin waves on the nanometer scale is of great interest for magnonics. For instance, this holds the prospect of exploring wave-based logic concepts and reduced Joule heating, by avoiding charge transport, in spin-wave circuitry. In this work, a novel approach is for the first time confirmed experimentally, which allows confining spin-wave transport to nanometre-wide channels defined by magnetic domain walls. This is investigated for different domain wall types( 90deg and180deg Néel walls) in two material systems of polycrystalline Ni81Fe19 and epitaxial Fe. The study covers the thermal, linear and non-linear regime utilizing micro- focused Brillouin light scattering microscopy complemented by micromagnetic simulations. An initially linear dispersion dominated by dipolar interactions is found for the guided spin waves. These are transversally confined to sub-wavelength wide beams with a well-defined wave vector along the domain wall channel. In the non-linear regime, higher harmonic generation of additional spin-wave beams at the sides of the domain wall channel is observed. Furthermore, the possibility to shift the position of the domain wall over several microns by small magnetic fields is demonstrated, while maintaining its spin-wave channeling functionality. Additionally, spin-wave transmittance along domain walls, which change direction at the edges of the structure as well as between interconnected walls of identical and different type is studied. Characterization of spin-wave transmission through interconnected domain walls is an important step towards the development of magnonic circuitry based on domain wall(-networks). With respect to developing flexible and scalable spin-wave sources, the second part of this thesis addresses auto-oscillations in spin Hall oscillators (based on a Pt / Ni81Fe19 bilayer) of tapered nanowire geometry. In these systems, a simultaneous formation of two separate spin-wave bullets of distinct localization and frequency has been indicated. This spin-wave bullet formation is con- firmed experimentally and investigated for different driving currents. Subsequently, control over these bullets by injecting external microwave signals of varying frequency and power is demon- strated, switching the oscillator into single-mode operation. Three synchronized auto-oscillatory states are observed, which can be selected by the frequency of the externally imprinted signal. This synchronization results in linewidth reduction and frequency-locking of the individual bullet modes. Simultaneously the bullet-amplitude is amplified and is found to scale as P2/3 with the injected microwave power P. This amplification and control over position and frequency of the spin-wave bullets is promising for the development of microwave amplifiers/detectors and spin- wave sources on the nanoscale based on spin Hall oscillators.:1 Introduction 1 2 Theoretical background 4 2.1 Energy density of thin film ferromagnets and domain(wall) formation 2.2 Magnetizationdynamicsinthinfilmferromagnets 11 2.2.1 Spin-wavedispersioninthelinearregime 13 2.2.2 Magnetizationdynamicsinthenon-linearregime 17 2.3 SpinHallOscillators 21 2.3.1 Spin Hall effect and spin transfer torque in a ferromagnet/heavy-metal bi- layersystem 21 2.3.2 Characteristics of magnetization auto-oscillations 25 2.3.3 Improvement of monochromaticity, coherence and output power by injec- tionlocking 28 3 Materials and Methods 31 3.1 ElectronBeamLithography,EBL 31 3.2 Ni81Fe19 microstructures 32 3.3 Femicrostructures 34 3.4 TaperedspinHalloscillators 35 3.5 Micro-focused Brillouin Light Scattering Spectroscopy, μBLS 36 3.5.1 μBLSspatialresolution 40 4 Experimental results 43 4.1 Spin-wave dynamics in multi-domain magnetic configurations 43 4.1.1 Spin-wave dynamics of 180◦ Néel walls in rectangular elements 44 4.1.2 Spin-wave dynamics of 90◦ Néel walls in square elements 63 4.1.3 Spin-wave dynamics of interconnected Néel walls in Fe wires 76 4.2 Auto-oscillationintaperedwiregeometries 88 4.2.1 Initial static magnetic configuration and effective field 89 4.2.2 Thermally excited dynamics and spectral properties 91 4.2.3 Direct microwave excitation of spin-wave dynamics 93 4.2.4 Auto-oscillatoryresponse 96 4.2.5 Microwaveamplificationandinjectionlocking 104 5 Summary and outlook 114 Own publications 118 Bibliography 120 Acknowledgement 141 A Appendix 143 A.1 Splitting process in magnetic domains confined by domain walls 143 A.2 reconfigurable remanent states in square structures stabilized by local ion irradiation 144 A.3 Domain wall displacements induced by a scanning laser beam 145 A.4 Magnetic Force Microscopy investigation of the domain wall type and width 147 A.5 Micromagnetic simulations: problem definition and analysis 149 A.6 Current dependence of auto-oscillations in the tapered SHO 152 A.7 Fabrication of Ni81Fe19 microstructures for spin waves in domain walls 153