Ce travail a pour but de proposer une technique de mesure permettant d’identifier les bas nombres d’onde de pressions pariétales dues à des écoulements turbulents à faible nombre de Mach. En effet, les caractéristiques de ces excitations vibroacoustiques dans ces nombres d’onde sont mal connues alors qu’ils peuvent être des sources principales de vibration et de rayonnement acoustique dans des problèmes d’ingénierie qui concernent essentiellement le secteur industriel des transports. Cette méconnaissance vient du fait que la composante acoustique de l’excitation qui est située dans les bas nombre d’onde,a une amplitude très petite devant celle de la composante aérodynamique et que l’énergie d’origine acoustique se trouve noyée dans le bruit de mesure lorsqu’on utilise des capteurs de pression.L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier comment la méthode inverse vibratoire de Résolution Inverse (RI) et ses variantes RIFF (Filtrée Fenêtrée) ou RIC (Corrigée)permettent d’identifier ces bas nombres d’onde. L’intérêt d’utiliser de telles méthodes inverses vibratoires est que la structure est utilisée comme capteur. Ainsi, les composantes responsables des vibrations, se situant dans les bas nombres d’onde, peuvent être mieux identifiées ou extraites puisqu’elles sont naturellement filtrées par la dynamique de la structure.Dans un premier temps, la méthode RIFF est testée dans le cas de simulations d’une couche limite turbulente. Les résultats obtenus permettent de comprendre comment cette méthode identifie l’excitation dans les bas nombres d’onde. La méthode peut ainsi paraître particulièrement intéressante, puisqu’elle permet d’extraire une composante très faible, mais fortement responsable des vibrations et du bruit rayonné par la plaque et pratiquement impossible à observer en utilisant des microphones affleurants.Dans un deuxième temps, la mise en oeuvre de ces techniques est étudiée en appliquant la méthode RIC. Cette approche permet de diminuer drastiquement le nombre de capteurs et de rendre la méthode inverse utilisable avec les moyens actuels. La méthode est ainsi testée sur la simulation d’une couche limite turbulente et sur une expérimentation en soufflerie où l’écoulement turbulent est généré par une marche montante. La proposition d’un indicateur permet alors d’identifier si les composantes acoustiques et aérodynamiques sont fortement séparées et si les résultats obtenus par la méthode RIC correspondent uniquement à la composante acoustique ou non. / The aim of this work is to propose a measurement technique for the identification of the low wavenumbers of wall pressures due to turbulent flows with low Mach number. Indeed, the characteristics of these vibroacoustic excitations in these wavenumbers are not well known whereas they can be the principal sources of vibration and acoustic radiation in a lot of engineering problems in the transport industries. This lack of knowledge is due to the low amplitude of the acoustic component of the excitation that is localized in the low wavenumbers and the acoustic energy is below the level of measurement noise when pressure sensors are used.This thesis aims to study how the inverse methods of vibration called the Force AnalysisTechnique (FAT) and its Corrected version CFAT identify these low wavenumbers.The advantage of using these inverse methods of vibration is that the structure is used as a sensor. Thus, the components responsible for the vibrations, and localized in the low wavenumbers, can be identified and extracted as they are naturally filtered by the dynamics of the structure.At first, the FAT method is tested in a simulation of a turbulent boundary layer.The results are used to demonstrate how this method identifies the excitation in the low wavenumbers. The method can appear particularly interesting, since it allows to extract a very small component that is highly responsible for vibration and noise radiated by the plate and that is impossible to measure using flush-mounted sensors like microphones.In a second study, the implementation of these techniques is studied by applying the CFAT method. This approach allows to drastically reduce the number of sensors and make the inverse method usable with existing techniques of measurement. The method is tested on the simulation of a turbulent boundary layer and on an experimentation in a wind tunnel where a turbulent flow is generated by a forward-facing step. A new indicator is introduced and identifies if the acoustic and aerodynamic components arestrongly separated and if the results obtained by the CFAT method correspond only to the acoustic component or not.

Wavelike spiral asymmetries are an intriguing aspect of Tropical Cyclone dynamics. Previous work hypothesized that some of them are Vortex Rossby Waves propagating on the radial gradient of mean–flow relative vorticity. In the Intermittently Forced Vortex Rossby Wave theory, intermittent convection near the eyewall wind maximum excites them so that they propagate wave energy outward and converge angular momentum inward. The waves’ energy is absorbed as the perturbation vorticity becomes filamented near the outer critical radii where their Doppler–shifted frequencies and radial group velocities approaches zero. This process may initiate outer wind maxima by weakening the mean–flow just inward from the critical radius. The waves are confined to a relatively narrow annular waveguide because of their slow tangential phase velocity and the narrow interval between the Rossby wave cut–off frequency, where the radial wavenumber is locally zero, and the zero frequency, where it is locally infinite.

Light-matter interaction in particles of subwavelength size mostly depends on the size, shape, composition of the particles and relies on the properties of incident light. Henceforth, resonant behavior of light can be effectively controlled by changing the aforesaid geometrical parameters. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of size, shape, and material property dependency on the optimal bounds of scattering and absorption cross-section of nanoparticles. Mie theory is used here to solve Maxwell’s equations of light scattering from nanoparticles of different shape to calculate both scattering and absorption cross-sections of silicon and gold nanoparticles. In this work, numerical analysis based on Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is performed to study the optical properties of different size and shapes of silicon and gold nanoparticles such as sphere, pyramid, ring, and cubical structures. In particular, this study reveals how the resonant behaviour (magnitude and peak position) of light varies in accordance with the change in size, shape and material of a specific particle structured in nanoscale. In conclusion, we can quantify the efficiency of a small absorbing or scattering medium and propose structures suitable for implementation in inverse design applications.

La combustion pré mélangée a été depuis longtemps un domaine vaste d’étude au niveau appliqué et fondamental. Bien que la plupart des applications industrielles en combustion aient lieu dans des régimes turbulents, le passage par l’étude laminaire est indispensable pour comprendre les mécanismes fondamentaux des flammes turbulentes. Ce travail de thèse porte essentiellement sur l’étude des différentes instabilités agissant sur un front de flamme laminaire de pré mélange pour des mélanges de propane-air et méthane-air, enrichis ou non en azote. L’étude consiste à mesurer les taux de croissance des perturbations dans un brûleur d’Hele-Shaw formé par deux plaques de verre ($150\times50cm$) très rapprochées (brûleur 2D). Grâce à un système de forçage constitué par des plaques modulées spatialement avec différentes longueurs d’onde, le taux de croissance peut être mesuré même en présence du développement spontané de l’instabilité avec la longueur d’onde la plus instable. A richesse constante et pour des valeurs croissantes de la dilution en oxygène le vecteur d'onde de coupure augmente avec la vitesse de flamme qui devient plus instable. Pour des mélanges de propane ce nombre d’onde augmente également lorsqu'on augmente la richesse à vitesse constante et il diminue dans le cas des mélanges de méthane, cela est en relation avec l'évolution des effets thermodiffusifs dans chacun des cas. Une augmentation de l’épaisseur de la cellule d’Hele-Shaw, aboutit à une augmentation du taux de croissance pour les petits nombres d’onde ainsi que du nombre de Markstein, et à une diminution du taux de croissance pour les grands nombres, du fait des effets des pertes thermiques. / Premixed combustion has been the subject of extensive work, concerning both applications and fundamental aspects. Although in most practical applications combustion occurs in a turbulent environment, the study of laminar flames is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation. The objective of this work is to study the various instabilities acting on a laminar premixed flame for mixtures of propane-air and methane-air, enriched or not with nitrogen. it consists in measuring the linear growth rates of disturbances in a Hele-Shaw burner formed by two glass plates ($150\times50cm$) separated by a thin gap width (2D burner). Using spatially modulated plates with different wavelengths, the linear growth rate of perturbations can be measured even in the presence of the most unstable wavelength. The experimental values of the linear growth rate as a function of wavenumber are fitted by a linear dispersion relation to estimate the Markstein number and the cutoff wavenumber. For a constant equivalence ratio with increasing values of the dilution in oxygen, the cutoff wavenumber grows with the flame velocity and it is becoming more unstable. The cutoff wave number rises also when the equivalence ratio increases for propane-air mixture and decreases for methane-air mixture, in relation to the evolution of thermal diffusive effects. An enlargement in the thickness of the Hele-Shaw cell results in an increase of the growth rate for small wavenumbers thus in the Markstein number, and in a decline in the growth rate for the large wavenumbers, in relation with the effects of heat losses.

Surface wave methods have been used to determine dynamic properties of near-surface soils in geotechnical engineering for the past 50 years. Although the capabilities of engineering surface wave methods have improved in recent years due to several advances, several issues including (1) near-field effects, (2) combined active and passive measurements, and (3) accurate measurements of surface wave attenuation still require study to further improve the capabilities of modern surface wave methods. Near-field effects have been studied for traditional surface wave methods with two receivers and several filtering criteria to mitigate the effects have been recommended. However, these filtering criteria are not applicable to surface wave methods with multiple receivers. Moreover, the criteria are not quantitatively based and do not account for different types of soil profiles, which strongly influence near-field effects. A new study of near-field effects on surface wave methods with multiple receivers was conducted with numerical and experimental methods. Two normalized parameters were developed to capture near-field effects. Quantitatively based near-field effect criteria for an ideal homogeneous half-space and three typical soil profiles are presented. Combining active and passive surface wave measurements allows developing a shear wave velocity profile to greater depth without sacrificing the near-surface resolution offered by active measurements. Generally, active and passive measurements overlap in the frequency range from approximately 4 to 10 Hz, and there are often systematic differences between the two measurements. The systematic errors in active and passive surface wave methods were explored to explain and resolve the differences, allowing for a more accurate composite dispersion curve. The accuracy of measured surface wave attenuation is improved by properly accounting for (1) geometric spreading, (2) near-field effects, and (3) ambient noise. In this study, a traditional estimation method and a frequency-wavenumber method utilizing sub-arrays were investigated using displacement data from numerical simulations, focusing on near-field and ambient noise effects. Detailed procedures for the frequency-wavenumber estimation method are developed based on a study of the primary factors affecting attenuation estimates. The two methods are also evaluated using experimental displacement data obtained from surface wave field measurements with three different arrays.

The objective of this research is to develop a method to evaluate important weld dimensions in thin plates by using laser generated ultrasounds and EMAT receiver. The superimposed laser sources (SLS) technique is developed to generate narrowband Lamb waves with fixed wavelengths in thin plates. The method permits the flexibility of selecting desired wavelength. The signal processing procedure that combines wavenumber-frequency (k-w) domain filtering and synthetic phase tuning (SPT) is used to further reduce the complexity of Lamb waves. The k-w domain filtering technique helps to filter out the unwanted wave components traveling at the direction that is not of interest to us and the SPT technique is applied to amplify and isolate a particular Lamb wave mode. The signal processing procedure facilitates the calculation of reflection coefficients of Lamb waves that result from the presence of weld joints. The SLS and signal processing procedure are then applied to measure reflection coefficients in butt welds and lap welds. Two methods, the direct method and indirect method, are used to develop models that use reflection coefficients as predictors to predict these weld dimensions. The models developed in this research are shown to accurately predict weld dimensions in thin plates.

This thesis deals with tropical intraseasonal variation (TISV) having time scales in 20-80 day range. Variations on this time scale have been observed to have profound influence on the weather and climate of the entire globe, and hence its study forms an important area of current research. A large number of studies have been carried out on this topic since the pioneering work of Madden and Julian in 1971. However, the observational studies are biased towards using the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) as the variable of interest, and other variables, pressure in particular, have received less attention. The present thesis explores features of intraseasonal variations in sea level pressure (SLP) with the following main objectives. 1. Compare and contrast wavenumber – frequency spectra of OLR, zonal winds and SLP. 2. Quantify temporal and spatial variations of different tropical modes observed in the above variables. 3. Investigate intraseasonal variations in sea level pressure in the tropics and its meridional connections. 4. Document the movement of cloud bands during the periods of high and low TISV activity during different seasons. 5. Explore the relations between intraseasonal variations in SLP and monsoon rainfall over India. The study considered global data for a time period of 25 years from 1979 to 2003. Spectral analysis and correlations are the main tools of analysis. A combined FFT-wavelet spectral method, which uses FFT in longitude and wavelet transform in time, was developed for this purpose. This method provided an effective way of obtaining wavenumber - frequency spectra as well as in quantifying temporal variations of different modes. The transform gives spectral intensity as a function of wavenumber, frequency and time. The analysis is applied to OLR, zonal wind and SLP to understand spectral characteristics of different modes and their temporal variations. The thesis shows that the nature of spectra for OLR, SLP and wind is different although these variables are physically connected. OLR spectrum shows many of the equatorial modes observed from the previous studies for an equivalent depth of 40 m. Spectra of zonal winds at three vertical levels (850 mb, 500 mb and 200 mb) shows peaks corresponding to MJO, Kelvin modes at an equivalent depth of 75 m and Rossby Haurwitz modes. SLP spectrum is different from others. It has peaks at wavenumber zero and at MJO and Rossby Haurwitz modes. Another important new result of the thesis is the spatial and temporal behavior of SLP on intraseasonal time scales. It is shown that the the global atmosphere exhibits quasi-periodic oscillations in SLP with variations in the tropics and high latitudes strongly correlated but in opposite phases. Importantly, the strength of TISV is correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. This may have some predictive value for predicting the active and weak TISV activity.

La mer des Salomon est une mer semi-fermée située dans le Pacifique subtropical. Elle connecte les masses d'eau des subtropiques à l'équateur via les courants de bord ouest de faibles latitudes (LLWBCs) et pourrait de ce fait moduler à l'échelle décennale le climat du Pacifique tropical. Très peu d'observations sont disponibles pour l'étude de cette région. Un des objectifs principaux de cette étude est la mise en place d'un modèle réaliste d'océan à haute résolution (1/36°) de la mer des Salomon permettant la résolution d'une large gamme d'échelles, particulièrement la mésoéchelle et marginalement la sous-mésoéchelle. La circulation générale est étudiée ainsi que la variabilité à mésoéchelle et à sous-mésoéchelle. La représentation de la circulation simulée par le modèle 1/36° est non seulement validée par les observations disponibles mais aussi améliorée par rapport à celle simulée par les modèles antérieurs. La variabilité mésoéchelle simulée dans le modèle à haute résolution est fortement augmentée par rapport à celle issue des modèles antérieurs et est en bon accord avec les observations. Des études spectrales en nombre d'onde de la température de surface, de la dénivellation de la surface libre et de l'énergie cinétique ont été réalisées dans la mer des Salomon et suggèrent que les pentes spectrales obtenues sont proches de la théorie classique de la quasi-géostrophie de surface (SQG). / The Solomon Sea is a semi-closed sea located in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. It connects subtropical water masses to the equatorial one through the low latitude western boundary currents (LLWBCs) and could potentially modulate the tropical Pacific climate at decadal time-scales. This region is not well documented because of few available observations. One of the main objective of this study is to set up a high resolution realistic ocean model of the Solomon at 1/36° that will allow to resolve a broad range of scales, especially the mesoscale and partially the sub-mesoscale processes. The general circulation and the mesoscale and sub-mesoscale variabilities are studied. The representation of the high resolution circulation is consistent with the available observations and is better resolved than in previous coarser resolution models. The mesoscale variability in the high resolution model is strongly increased compared to that of previous models and is in a good agreement with the observations. SST, SSH and kinetic energy wavenumber spectra in the Solomon Sea show spectral slopes closed to the surface quasi-geostrophy SQG theory.

В данной работе представлены исследования характеристик металлического круглого волновода с неоднородным диэлектрическим заполнением и одномодового оптического волокна. Были построены и проанализированы частотные зависимости постоянной распространения для следующих диэлектрических структур круглого волновода: стержень, втулка, цилиндр, цилиндр с зазором, стержень с параболическим профилем изменения относительной диэлектрической проницаемости. Были рассмотрены одномодовые оптические волокна с разным профилем преломления и изучены материальная и хроматическая дисперсия одномодового волокна. / This work contains researches of characteristics of inhomogeniously filled metal circular waveguide and single-mode optical fiber. Frequency dependences of propagation constant of following dialectic structures in circular waveguide were calculated and analyzed: rod, plug, cylinder, cylinders with air gap, rod with parabolic permittivity profile. Characteristics of single-mode optical fiber with different refractive index profiles were considered, alsomaterial and chromatic dispersions were explored.

NaHCOO(aq) and NaDCOO(aq) solutions were measured using Raman spectroscopy from dilute to concentrated solutions at 23 °C in water and heavy water from 50 to 4300 cm−1. A concentrated NaHCOO solution in heavy water was also measured. The Raman band parameters of HCOO−(aq) and DCOO−(aq) such as peak position, full width at half maximum (fwhm), integrated intensities, and depolarization values were determined. From the Raman spectroscopic data, it was concluded that the HCOO−(aq) and DCOO−(aq) symmetry is lower than C2v and probably as low as C1. In contrast to the solution state, (HCO2−(DCO2−) possess C2v symmetry in the gas phase and the DFT frequencies are given. DFT frequencies on a cluster of HCOO−/DCOO− with five implicit water molecules in the first sphere and placed in a polarizable continuum deviate not more than 1–2% from the measured ones. In the Raman spectrum in NaHCOO(aq), a band doublet at 2730 cm−1 and 2820 cm−1 occurs instead of a single band. The band doublet is due to Fermi resonance and results from the interaction of the overtone of the bending C–H mode, 2ν6 at 1382 cm−1 and ν1. The undisturbed C–H stretching mode, ν1 amounts to 2785 cm−1. In DCOO−(aq), a Fermi doublet was also observed at 2030.5 and 2116.5 cm−1, and the undisturbed wavenumber position amounts to 2101 cm−1. Furthermore, a solution of HCOO− in D2O showed slightly changed frequencies compared with the ones in water caused by the solvent isotope effect. Ion pairing between Na+ and HCOO− characterizes the Raman spectrum at high solute concentrations which are melt-like enabling direct contact between the ions. A NaHCOO solution with high amounts of LiCl added showed large perturbations of the HCOO− bands especially νsCOO− and δ COO− of HCOO−and revealed a stronger affinity of Li+ toward HCOO−. The ion pairs formed are most likely contact ion pairs between Li+ and HCOO− which have different stoichiometry of Li+: HCOO− such as 1:1 and 2:1.