Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-07-09T14:19:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marelis Margarita Ruiz.pdf: 48193021 bytes, checksum: 4e7e0fa3715216dbc1c8be5df2d8a197 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-09T14:27:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marelis Margarita Ruiz.pdf: 48193021 bytes, checksum: 4e7e0fa3715216dbc1c8be5df2d8a197 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-09T14:30:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marelis Margarita Ruiz.pdf: 48193021 bytes, checksum: 4e7e0fa3715216dbc1c8be5df2d8a197 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-09T14:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marelis Margarita Ruiz.pdf: 48193021 bytes, checksum: 4e7e0fa3715216dbc1c8be5df2d8a197 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-02 / Não Informada / In the Amazon region, the Urucu Oil Province (Petrobras) has been disposing of hydrocarbon effluents into the surrounding aquatic environments since the beginning of its operations. The goal of this work was to analyze the bacterial biodiversity present in the dike of the effluents and in the stream before and after the disposal of hydrocarbon effluents. A study was conducted in two stages were carried out with the use of culture independent molecular techniques. The full genomic DNA of the sediment and water samples were extracted and used as templates in a PCR reaction with the use of specific oligonucleotides of the 16S rRNA gene bacteria domain. The PCR product was amplified and pyrosequenced, and the generated sequences were analyzed by the free software Mothur. The measurements of the physical-chemical and chromatographical parameters are within the measures established for these types of analyzed water bodies. In the first stage of the study, the taxonomic profiles of the samples have shown that the Proteobacteria phylum proved to be the most abundant together with the Deltaproteobacteria class and the gen known as Candidatus Solibacter. Similarly, in the second stage of the study, the Proteobacteria phylum proved to be the most abundant together with the Alphaproteobacteria class and the Geobacter gen predominant. Both genes are catalogued as bioremediators in contaminated environments, as well as 14% of the total genes. A large proportion of microorganisms were considered “Unclassified” (up to 30%). In first stage of the study the richness and the diversity of species in the Onça stream is greater following the disposal of hydrocarbon effluents, in second stage of the study the abundance and diversity of species in the natural stream (without a name in the region), is greater as compared to the same stream after the mixing of effluents. There is no significant statistical difference between the sample of the community in the natural stream and this effluent-mixed stream; and there is no difference in genetic structure among samples of each community analyzed, suggesting that the discharge of effluents in this body of water has no significant impact on the microbial biodiversity in this aquatic environment. This work, a pioneer in the taxonomic analysis of samples in dikes of effluents and streams with the disposal of effluents in the Urucu oil area, represents a challenge for understanding the relationship between the composition, abundance and diversity of microorganisms in this environment, and a rich source for the discovery of new taxonomic groups, as well as the huge potential for biotechnological exploration of such diversity. / Na região Amazônica, a Província Petrolífera de Urucu (Petrobras) realiza o despejo de efluentes de hidrocarbonetos em ambientes aquáticos ao redor, desde o início de suas operações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a biodiversidade bacteriana presente no dique de efluentes e no igarapé antes e depois do despejo de efluentes. Foi realizado um estudo em duas etapas, aplicando técnicas moleculares independentes de cultivo. O DNA genômico total das amostras de sedimento e água foi extraído e usado como molde em uma reação de PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos do gene 16S rRNA para o domínio Bactéria. O produto de PCR foi amplificado e pirosequenciado, e as sequências geradas foram analisadas pelo programa livre Mothur. As medidas dos parâmetros físico-químicos e cromatográficos estão dentro dos valores estabelecidos para os tipos de corpos de água analisados. Na primeira etapa do estudo, os perfis taxonômicos das amostras mostraram que o filo Proteobacteria foi o mais abundante com a classe Deltaproteobacteria e gênero conhecido o Candidatus Solibacter. Assim mesmo, na segunda etapa do estudo, o filo Proteobacteria foi o mais abundante; porém, com a classe Alphaproteobacteria e o gênero Geobacter como predominante. Ambos gêneros são catalogados como biorremediadores de ambientes contaminados, assim como 14% dos gêneros totais. Uma grande parte de microrganismos foram considerados “Não Classificados” (até 30%). Na primeira etapa do estudo a riqueza e diversidade de espécies no Igarapé da Onça, é maior depois do despejo de efluentes de hidrocarboneto, e na segunda etapa do estudo a riqueza e diversidade de espécies no igarapé natural (sem nome na região), é maior com relação a este mesmo igarapé depois da mistura com efluentes. Não existe diferença estatística significativa entre a comunidade do igarapé natural e entre este igarapé misturado com efluentes; e não existe diferença na estrutura genética entre as amostras de cada comunidade analisada, indicando que a descarga de efluentes neste corpo de água não tem impacto significativo na biodiversidade microbiana deste ambiente aquático. Este trabalho, pioneiro em análise taxonômica de amostras de um dique de efluentes e os igarapés com despejo de efluentes na área petrolífera de Urucu, representa uma oportunidade para a compreensão da relação entre a composição, abundância e diversidade dos microrganismos neste ambiente, e uma fonte rica para descoberta de novos grupos taxonômicos, assim como um enorme potencial para exploração biotecnológica desta diversidade.

McMaster University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2019) Hamilton, Ontario (Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact) TITLE: Measuring International Health Inequalities and Socioeconomic Status Using Household Survey Data AUTHOR: Mathieu J.P. Poirier, B.Sc., M.P.H. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Michel Grignon NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 231 / The methods underlying the quantification of health inequalities have profound consequences for measuring progress in achieving health for all. In Chapter two, associations between household wealth indices, income, and consumption were systematically compiled and different methods of wealth index calculation were evaluated for appropriateness of use in a variety of settings. Researchers are presented with a synthesis of existing evidence about the appropriateness of use of wealth indices in urban and rural areas, their robustness to changes in the asset mix, future applications, and advantages and disadvantages of primary competing methods of quantifying SES using household survey data. In Chapter three, international microdata were analyzed to evaluate how magnitudes of health inequality are affected by different methods of quantifying household socioeconomic status (SES), including income, consumption, and asset wealth. In Chapter four, the need for a transnational approach to measuring health inequalities was justified and the new method was developed using an empirical example. Substantively, these chapters develop the most complete evaluation of the association between the asset wealth, consumption, and income using both critical interpretive synthesis and microdata analysis, as well as the first meta-analysis evaluating changes in health inequality magnitudes according to the SES measure used over time and across country-income levels. The transnational analysis of health inequalities uncovered previously hidden health disparities in the island of Hispaniola, and detailed instructions for all methodological aspects of the new method were presented. The distribution of disease between nations, subnational regions, and urban-rural areas in Hispaniola were analyzed from 1994 to 2013, and the first relative geospatial wealth ranking between Haiti and the Dominican Republic was presented. Global health researchers should strive to measure the equity of health between people, and this sometimes requires analyzing populations that are not neatly contained by national boundaries. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis investigates social inequalities in health and how to measure socioeconomic status (SES) using household surveys in a way that is robust across jurisdictions. It examines how wealth indices compare to income and consumption, and develops a new method to calculate transnational health inequalities. Chapter two conducts a comprehensive evaluation of evidence surrounding the use of wealth indices in urban and rural areas, robustness to changes in assets, future applications, and the advantages and disadvantages of the primary competing methods for quantifying household SES. The third chapter systematically evaluates how health inequality magnitudes evolve over time and across country-incomes according to SES measure. Finally, a transnational measurement of health inequalities was calculated for the island of Hispaniola in chapter four, uncovering the distribution of disease between nations, subnational regions, and urban-rural areas. Detailed instructions for all methodological aspects of the new transnational method are presented.