Neste trabalho foi realizada a avaliação do desempenho do revestimento primário de um trecho experimental de via não pavimentada implantado em Santana do Livramento - RS, Brasil, e a partir dos resultados obtidos, procurou-se estabelecer metodologias e critérios de previsão de desempenho que permitam estimar adequadamente, de maneira prévia, o comportamento esperado da via, quando submetida às ações do tráfego e do clima. A região na qual foi implantado o trecho experimental está inserida dentro da unidade geomorfológica denominada de Depressão Central, numa formação geológica composta de arenito médio a fino, cujo subleito é composto de solo sedimentar arenoso. Duas seções experimentais A e B foram estudadas. A primeira foi composta de uma mistura de dois solos e a segunda composta de uma mistura de solo com agregado natural de arenito. Foram efetuadas medições das deflexões do subleito e da pista pronta com utilização de viga Benkelman. Amostras dos materiais empregados nas misturas e do subleito foram coletadas para a realização de ensaios de laboratório. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização dos materiais (difratometria de raio-X, granulometria, peso específico dos grãos, limites de Atteberg e classificação MCT), ensaios para a avaliação da resistência ao desgaste e durabilidade do agregado de arenito (abrasão Los Angeles, sanidade e alteração de rochas água-estufa), ensaios de compactação, Índice de Suporte Califórnia – ISC, ensaios de cisalhamento direto e triaxiais de carga repetida para a obtenção de módulos de resiliência. Na avaliação do desempenho do trecho experimental foi monitorada a evolução de alguns defeitos típicos de vias não pavimentadas (afundamento de trilha de roda, ondulações, buracos e atoleiros, perda de abaulamento, perda de espessura de revestimento e sulcos de erosão). Os estudos para previsão de desempenho consistiram na aplicação de prescrições e modelos matemáticos e estatísticos encontrados na literatura e na avaliação sobre a correlação e compatibilidade dos mesmos com o desempenho real de campo para o caso. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a seção A apresentou baixíssima durabilidade, não sendo recomendada sua aplicação futura. A seção B apresentou desempenho razoável, sendo que sua eventual aplicação futura deverá ser precedida de uma avaliação prévia de custo-benefício em comparação a outras possíveis alternativas. A utilização de dados de deflexão para cálculos estruturais voltados à previsão de desempenho de vias não pavimentadas pode ser uma alternativa interessante, desde que os mesmos sejam confiáveis e consistentes. A interpretação adequada dos resultados de ensaios de granulometria por peneiramento, de classificação MCT e de alteração de rochas água-estufa se mostrou eficaz na qualificação inicial dos materiais, uma vez que se observou coerência entre os defeitos previstos e aqueles que de fato ocorreram. Os modelos para a previsão estrutural do desempenho da via propostos por Vésic, Heukelon e Klomp e Chevron se mostraram aplicáveis para o caso estudado. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa permitiu estabelecer procedimentos mínimos que conduzirão a um melhor desempenho de revestimento primário em vias de baixo volume de tráfego. / In this work, the evaluation of the wearing course performance of an experimental unpaved road stretch deployed in Santana do Livramento - RS, Brazil was maked, and from results, we tried to establish methodologies and criteria of performance prediction to estimate properly, in advance, the expected behavior of the way, when subjected to the actions of traffic and weather. The region which was implanted the experimental way is inserted into the geomorphological unit called of the Central Depression, in a geological formation composed of medium to fine sandstone, whose subgrade soil is composed of sandy sediment. Two experimental sections A and B were studied. The first was composed of a mixture of two soils and the second composed of a mixture of soil and aggregate natural sandstone. The deflections of the subgrade were measured and the runway ready with use of Benkelman beam. Samples of the materials used in mixtures and the subgrade soil were collected for laboratory testing. Tests of characterization (X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, specific gravity of solids, Atteberg limits and MCT classification), tests for to evaluate the wear resistance and durability of the sandstone aggregate (Los Angeles abrasion , soundness of agregatte and wet/dry cycles), compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio - CBR, direct shear tests and repeated loading triaxial tests for resilients modulus determinations were performed. In the evaluation of the performance of the experimental way was monitored the evolution of some typical distress of unpaved roads (rutting, ripples and corrugatings, potholes and puddles, loss of bulging, loss of wearing course thickness and erosion grooves). Studies for performance prediction consisted in the application of requirements and mathematical and statistical models found in the literature and in the evaluation of the compatibility and correlation of these with actual field performance for this case. The results showed that the section A had very poor durability and is not recommended its future application. Section B showed reasonable performance, and its eventual future application must be preceded by a preliminary assessment of cost-effective compared to other possible alternatives. The use of deflection data for structural calculations aimed at predicting performance of unpaved roads can be an interesting alternative, since that they are reliable and consistent. The proper interpretation of tests results of the particle size distribution by sieving, classification MCT and wet/dry cycles proved effective for the initial qualification of materials, because was observed the consistency between the predicted and actually occurred distress. The models for predicting of the way structural performance proposed by Vesic, Heukelon and Klomp and Chevron proved applicable to the case study. The development of the research allowed to establish minimum procedures that will lead to better performance coating primary of low traffic volume way.

Neste trabalho foi realizada a avaliação do desempenho do revestimento primário de um trecho experimental de via não pavimentada implantado em Santana do Livramento - RS, Brasil, e a partir dos resultados obtidos, procurou-se estabelecer metodologias e critérios de previsão de desempenho que permitam estimar adequadamente, de maneira prévia, o comportamento esperado da via, quando submetida às ações do tráfego e do clima. A região na qual foi implantado o trecho experimental está inserida dentro da unidade geomorfológica denominada de Depressão Central, numa formação geológica composta de arenito médio a fino, cujo subleito é composto de solo sedimentar arenoso. Duas seções experimentais A e B foram estudadas. A primeira foi composta de uma mistura de dois solos e a segunda composta de uma mistura de solo com agregado natural de arenito. Foram efetuadas medições das deflexões do subleito e da pista pronta com utilização de viga Benkelman. Amostras dos materiais empregados nas misturas e do subleito foram coletadas para a realização de ensaios de laboratório. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização dos materiais (difratometria de raio-X, granulometria, peso específico dos grãos, limites de Atteberg e classificação MCT), ensaios para a avaliação da resistência ao desgaste e durabilidade do agregado de arenito (abrasão Los Angeles, sanidade e alteração de rochas água-estufa), ensaios de compactação, Índice de Suporte Califórnia – ISC, ensaios de cisalhamento direto e triaxiais de carga repetida para a obtenção de módulos de resiliência. Na avaliação do desempenho do trecho experimental foi monitorada a evolução de alguns defeitos típicos de vias não pavimentadas (afundamento de trilha de roda, ondulações, buracos e atoleiros, perda de abaulamento, perda de espessura de revestimento e sulcos de erosão). Os estudos para previsão de desempenho consistiram na aplicação de prescrições e modelos matemáticos e estatísticos encontrados na literatura e na avaliação sobre a correlação e compatibilidade dos mesmos com o desempenho real de campo para o caso. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a seção A apresentou baixíssima durabilidade, não sendo recomendada sua aplicação futura. A seção B apresentou desempenho razoável, sendo que sua eventual aplicação futura deverá ser precedida de uma avaliação prévia de custo-benefício em comparação a outras possíveis alternativas. A utilização de dados de deflexão para cálculos estruturais voltados à previsão de desempenho de vias não pavimentadas pode ser uma alternativa interessante, desde que os mesmos sejam confiáveis e consistentes. A interpretação adequada dos resultados de ensaios de granulometria por peneiramento, de classificação MCT e de alteração de rochas água-estufa se mostrou eficaz na qualificação inicial dos materiais, uma vez que se observou coerência entre os defeitos previstos e aqueles que de fato ocorreram. Os modelos para a previsão estrutural do desempenho da via propostos por Vésic, Heukelon e Klomp e Chevron se mostraram aplicáveis para o caso estudado. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa permitiu estabelecer procedimentos mínimos que conduzirão a um melhor desempenho de revestimento primário em vias de baixo volume de tráfego. / In this work, the evaluation of the wearing course performance of an experimental unpaved road stretch deployed in Santana do Livramento - RS, Brazil was maked, and from results, we tried to establish methodologies and criteria of performance prediction to estimate properly, in advance, the expected behavior of the way, when subjected to the actions of traffic and weather. The region which was implanted the experimental way is inserted into the geomorphological unit called of the Central Depression, in a geological formation composed of medium to fine sandstone, whose subgrade soil is composed of sandy sediment. Two experimental sections A and B were studied. The first was composed of a mixture of two soils and the second composed of a mixture of soil and aggregate natural sandstone. The deflections of the subgrade were measured and the runway ready with use of Benkelman beam. Samples of the materials used in mixtures and the subgrade soil were collected for laboratory testing. Tests of characterization (X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, specific gravity of solids, Atteberg limits and MCT classification), tests for to evaluate the wear resistance and durability of the sandstone aggregate (Los Angeles abrasion , soundness of agregatte and wet/dry cycles), compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio - CBR, direct shear tests and repeated loading triaxial tests for resilients modulus determinations were performed. In the evaluation of the performance of the experimental way was monitored the evolution of some typical distress of unpaved roads (rutting, ripples and corrugatings, potholes and puddles, loss of bulging, loss of wearing course thickness and erosion grooves). Studies for performance prediction consisted in the application of requirements and mathematical and statistical models found in the literature and in the evaluation of the compatibility and correlation of these with actual field performance for this case. The results showed that the section A had very poor durability and is not recommended its future application. Section B showed reasonable performance, and its eventual future application must be preceded by a preliminary assessment of cost-effective compared to other possible alternatives. The use of deflection data for structural calculations aimed at predicting performance of unpaved roads can be an interesting alternative, since that they are reliable and consistent. The proper interpretation of tests results of the particle size distribution by sieving, classification MCT and wet/dry cycles proved effective for the initial qualification of materials, because was observed the consistency between the predicted and actually occurred distress. The models for predicting of the way structural performance proposed by Vesic, Heukelon and Klomp and Chevron proved applicable to the case study. The development of the research allowed to establish minimum procedures that will lead to better performance coating primary of low traffic volume way.

Unpaved mine haul roads provide the principal means of material transport on surface strip coal mines. With the expansion of surface mining in South Africa and in particular coal strip mining, the use of ultra-heavy off-highway trucks, currently capable of hauling payloads in excess of 160t, has become commonplace. Design and management of these roads was based primarily on local experience and adopted empirical guidelines. This design method served its purpose in an era when off-highway trucks were lighter and less financial outlay was required, both in terms of initial pavement construction costs, ongoing road maintenance costs and vehicle maintenance costs. As the trend in increasing truck size continues, these current pavement design and management systems proved inadequate. Not only would the maintenance costs of existing roads increase, vehicle operating and maintenance costs would also increase prohibitively. The primary objective of this research was the development of a portable and practical total haul road design and management methodology that encompasses both pavement strength, wearing course functionality and road maintenance management components. The structural design concerns the ability of a haul road to carry the imposed loads without the need for excessive maintenance. A revised mechanistically derived structural design is presented together with the associated limiting design criteria and recommended target effective elastic modulus values for the construction materials available. The placement of those materials as pavement layers, such as to optimise their performance both as individual layers and over the entire structure is analysed. Functional design aspects refer to the ability of the haul road to perform its function, i.e to provide an economic, safe and vehicle friendly ride. This is dictated to a large degree through the choice, application and maintenance of wearing course materials. The development and analysis of suitable material selection guidelines for use in haul road functional design was allied to the development of a qualitative defect assessment and ranking methodology in order to assess the utility of established performance related selection guidelines and as a basis for revised functional performance parameter specification. A revised range of parameters was derived based on road-user acceptability criteria. By "analysing the trends evident in the individual defect rankings, the predictive capability of the specification was enhanced by depicting the typical functional defects arising when departures are made from the recommended material property limits. Maintenance design concerns the optimal frequency of wearing course maintenance commensurate with minimum vehicle operating and road maintenance costs. A qualitative road roughness evaluation technique was developed as a precursor to the development of a model for roughness progression. Expressions were developed to enable direct comparison to be made between the qualitative roughness defect score and International Roughness Index (IRI). The second element of a maintenance management system was based on models of the variation of vehicle operating and road maintenance costs with a road roughness model. The combination of these models enabled the optimal maintenance strategy to be sought based on the minimisation of these costs. Sub-optimal maintenance strategies were seen to be associated with unwarranted expenditure on total road-user costs. This thesis makes a contribution to the state of knowledge through the development and synthesis of structural, functional and maintenance management aspects of haul road design. The adoption of these revised and improved haul road design methodologies are associated with potentially significant cost savings and operational improvements. AFRIKAANS: Ongeplaveide mynvervoerpaaie voorsien die primêre vervoer metode van materiaal in steenkoolstrookdagmyne. Met die uitbreiding van dagmynbou in Suid-Afrika en in besonder in die steenkoolstrookmynbou, het die gebruik van swaar vervoertrokke alledaags geword. Ontwerp en bestuur van hierdie paaie was hoofsaaldik gebaseer op plaaslike ondervinding en empiriese riglyne. Hierdie ontwerp metode het sy doel gedien in 'n tydperk waarin die trokke ligter en 'n kleiner finansiele uitleg nodig was, beide in tenne van inisiele plaveisel konstruksie kostes en voortdurende padonderhoudskostes en voertuig instanthoudingkostes. Soos wat die tendens van toename in trokgrootte voortduur, sal die huidige plaveisel ontwerp en bestuursstelsels onvoldoende wees. Nie aIleen sal die ondershoudskostes van bestaande paaie verhoog nie, maar voertuigbedryf en -instandhoudingkostes sal buitensporig word. Die primêre doel van die navorsing was die ontwikkeling van 'n oordraagbare en praktiese totale vervoerpadontwerp en bestuursmetodiek wat die plaveiselsterkte, slytlaag funksionele werkverrigting en padonderhoudbestuur komponente insluit. Die strukturele ontwerp behels die vermoe van 'n vervoerpad om die toegepaste las te kan dra sonder die noodsaaklikheid van buitensporige onderhoud. 'n Hersiene meganisties strukturele ontwerp word aangebied tesame met die geassosieerde ontwerpkriterium en aanbevole effektiewe elastisiteitsmoduluswaardes vir die beskikbare konstruksie materiaa1. Die plasing van daardie materiale as plaveisellae, om sodanig hulle werkverrigting te optimeer is, as beide individuele lae en oor die hele struktuur, geanaliseer. verrig, naamlik om 'n ekonomiese, veilige en voertuigvriendelike rit te voorsien. Die ontwikkeling en analise van geskikte materiaal seleksie is gekoppel aan die ontwikkeling van 'n kwalitatiewe defek waardebepaling en ranglys metodiek om die bruikbaarheid van vasgestelde prestasie-verwante seleksie riglyne te kan bepaal en as basis vir hersiene funksionele prestasie parameter spesiftkasies. 'n Hersiene reeks parameters is afgelei, gebaseer op padverbruiker aanvaarbaarheids kriterium. Deur analise van die tendens in die individuele defek ranglys, is die voorspelbaarheids vennoe van die spesifIkasies verhoog deur die uitwysing van tipiese funksionele defekte wat voorkom wanneer afgewyk word van aanbevole materiaal parameter beperkings. Die onderhoud aspek van vervoerpad ontwerp kan nie afsonderlik van die strukturele en funksionele ontwerp aspekte oorweeg word nie. Onderhoudontwerp behels die optimale frekwensie van slytlaag onderhoud eweredig aan die minimum. voertuigbedryf en padonderhoudskostes. 'n Kwalitatiewe pad ongelykheid evaluasie tegniek is ontwikkel as 'n voorloper tot die ontwikkeling van 'n ongelykheid progressie model. Uitdrukkings is ontwikkel om direkte vergelyking tussen ongelykheid defektelling en Internasionale ongelykbeids indeks (IRI) moontlik te maak. Die tweede element van 'n onderhouds bestuurstelsel is gebaseer op modele van die variasie van die voertuigbedryf en instandhoudingkoste en padongelykbeid. Die kombinasie van hierdie modelle stel die verbruiker in staat om die optimale onderhoudstrategie te soek. 'n Sub-optimale padonderhouds strategie was geassosieer met buitensporige besteding op totale padverbruikers koste. Hierdie proefskrif lewer 'n bydrae tot die staat van kennis deur die ontwikkeling en samevoeging van die strukturele, funksionele en onderhoud bestuurs aspekte van mynvervoerpadontwerp. Die ingebruikneming van die hersiene en verbeterde vervaerpad antwerp en bestuur metodiek het die potensiaal am beduidende koste besparings te verwesenlik. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

Road safety is a complex problem. It is influenced mainly by the driver, the vehicle and the road surface. This thesis is focused on the road surface properties and especially skid resistance that directly affect the braking distance and keeping the vehicle in the horizontal curves and thus traffic accidents. The thesis deals with the durability of pavement surface skid resistance, the type of pavement layers and aggregate polishing used in wearing course. The aim of this thesis was to develop the methodology for improvement of road surfaces skid resistance durability and implementation of functional test for their assessment.

The diploma thesis deals with the problems of pavement surface skid resistence of wearing course of asphalt mixtures with R-material. Specifically, it is a mixture of type ACO 11 (asphalt concrete for wearing layers). In the theoretical part of the thesis there are dismantled the problems of Antiskid properties of the road surface and recycling of R-material. The practical part is dedicated to the design and laboratory production of the asphalt mixture ACO 11 without admixture of R-material and with content of 38 % R-material. In addition, the results of the measurement of friction coefficient after smoothed for these bitumen mixtures are shown in the work. The aim of the thesis was to determine the influence of the increased content of R-material on the anti-skid properties of the road surface as it is planned to update the standard ČSN EN 13108-1, which will allow the use of up to 40 % R-material into the mixtures of type ACO 11.

The task of the master's thesis is introduction with the problems of traffic noise, focusing on noise from road traffic. There is a description what is the noise, how it is formed, its resources and what are the methods of measuring. The following are the various noise reduction measures such as noise barriers and low noise pavements. The main attention is devoted to the noise generated at the tire / road that is reduced by these pavements. The practical part describes the implemented measurements on individual sections at various locations in our country. The measurement was carried by slightly modified method CPX with reference tire directly at the vehicle. The main aim was to evaluate the measurement data, make comparison of different low-noise surfaces with each other and with the commonly used surfaces. Then quantification of the rate reduction of the noise emission for a given section and verification of input data for noise modeling. In conclusion, the obtained results are summarized and based on them were confirmed very good acoustic properties with the recommendation to continue with measurements in the future.

Diploma thesis deals with the topic of using recycled material in the production of asphalt mixtures. In the theoretical part the methods of recycling flexible pavement are described and as well as ways in which recycled material is added to asphalt mixtures produced by the stationary hot mix plant. The thesis also deals with the current state of recycled material use in the Czech Republic and the reasons for its possible greater use. The practical part of the thesis studies the effect of using the amount of 20% recycled material to asphalt mixtures of asphalt concrete for wearing course ACO11+, on selected functional properties of these mixtures. It is also investigates the influence of bitumen binder contained in the recycled material, on the final properties in manufactured asphalt mixtures. An integral part of this thesis is a description of all methods that were used during the processing of the practical part. In the end of this thesis there are some results of findings about adding recycled material into asphalt mixtures.

Diploma thesis deals with adding R - material to the wearing asphalt courses, specifically to the SMA 11S. It has two parts – theoretical and practical. The theoretical part describes using R - material in the recycling of roads, different types of recycling and how is this problem handled in the Czech Republic, the practical part deals with the design of three kinds of asphalt mixtures with different added ratios of R – material, describing empirical and functional tests on the bitumen binder and the designed asphalt mixtures and the results of those tests.

My work deals with monitoring communications sections, which were renovated zrecyklováním existing surface. I documented these communications and to assess their condition after the time of use. Subscribed sections I put into the database PMS.