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To Err on the Side of Caution: Ethical Dimensions of the National Weather Service Warning ProcessHenderson, Jennifer J. 05 January 2017 (has links)
This dissertation traces three ethical dimensions, or values, of weather warnings in the National Weather Service (NWS): an ethic of accuracy, and ethic of care, and an ethic of resilience. Each appear in forecaster work but are not equally visible in the identity of a forecaster as scientific expert. Thus, I propose that the NWS should consider rethinking its science through its relationship to multiple publics, creating what Sandra Harding calls "strong objectivity." To this end, I offer the concept of empathic accuracy as an ethic that reflects the interrelatedness of precision and care that already attend to forecasting work. First, I offer a genealogy of the ethic of accuracy as forecasters see it. Beginning in the 1960s, operational meteorologists mounted an ethic of accuracy through the "man-machine mix," a concept that pointed to an identity of the forecasting scientist that required a demarcation between humans and technologies. It is continually troubled by the growing power of computer models to make predictions. Second, I provide an ethnographic account of the concern expressed by forecasters for their publics. I do so to demonstrate how an ethic of care exists alongside accuracy in their forecasting science, especially during times of crisis. I recreate the concern for others that their labor performs. It is an account that values emotion and is sensitive to context, showing what Virginia Held calls "the self-and-other together" that partially constitutes a forecaster identity. Third, I critique the NWS Weather Ready Nation Roadmap and its emphasis on developing in the public an ethic of resilience. I argue that, as currently framed, this ethic and its instantiation in the initiative Impact Based Decision Support Services narrowly defines community to such an extent that it disappears the public. However, it also reveals other valences of resilience that have the potential to open up a space for an empathetic accuracy. Finally, I close with a co-authored article that explores my own commitment to an ethic of relationality in disaster work and the compromises that create tension in me as a scholar and critical participant in the weather community. / Ph. D.
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Comparaison de systèmes de traduction automatique pour la post édition des alertes météorologique d'Environnement Canadavan Beurden, Louis 08 1900 (has links)
Ce mémoire a pour but de déterminer la stratégie de traduction automatique des alertes
météorologiques produites par Environnement Canada, qui nécessite le moins d’efforts de
postédition de la part des correcteurs du bureau de la traduction. Nous commencerons
par constituer un corpus bilingue d’alertes météorologiques représentatives de la tâche de
traduction. Ensuite, ces données nous serviront à comparer les performances de différentes
approches de traduction automatique, de configurations de mémoires de traduction et de
systèmes hybrides. Nous comparerons les résultats de ces différents modèles avec le système
WATT, développé par le RALI pour Environnement Canada, ainsi qu’avec les systèmes de
l’industrie GoogleTranslate et DeepL. Nous étudierons enfin une approche de postédition
automatique. / The purpose of this paper is to determine the strategy for the automatic translation of
weather warnings produced by Environment Canada, which requires the least post-editing
effort by the proofreaders of the Translation Bureau. We will begin by developing a bilingual
corpus of weather warnings representative of this task. Then, this data will be used to
compare the performance of different approaches of machine translation, translation memory
configurations and hybrid systems. We will compare the results of these models with the
system WATT, the latest system provided by RALI for Environment Canada, as well as
with the industry systems GoogleTranslate and DeepL. Finaly, we will study an automatic
post-edition system.
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