A utilização desta abordagem no ciclo de desenvolvimento de uma aplicação web traz algumas vantagens, como ser necessário gerar manualmente apenas o modelo de comportamento de cada funcionalidade da aplicação, (pois os demais artefatos são gerados automaticamente), consumindo menos tempo e estando menos sujeitos a erros, além de prevenir diferentes interpretações dos requisitos pelos stakeholders, desenvolvedores e testadores. O tempo despendido na especificação dos modelos é compensado pelo tempo economizado com a geração dos cenários e do código de testes. / The testing activity throughout software development is fundamental to the pursuit of software quality and reliability, finding faults to be removed. However, despite its importance, software testing is often an underutilized phase in software development. Moreover, tests are proved to be expensive, difficult and problematic when not done in the appropriate way. A new paradigm for software testing is model-driven testing (MDT), which can be defined as software testing where test cases are derived from a model that describes some aspects of the system being tested, such as behavior, for example. This description, often using UML diagrams and/or its profiles, can be processed to produce a set of test cases. Software specifications based on usage scenarios expressed by appropriate UML diagrams are considered significant and effective, because they describe the system’s requirements from an intuitive and visual perspective. Thus, they can be used for the description of acceptance tests, which validate that the system meets user requirements. These specifications also facilitate the automation of this kind of test. Test automation can decrease time spent on testing, thereby reducing the cost of this activity. Thus, this work proposes an approach for automated generation of acceptance tests from U2TP (the UML 2.0 test profile) diagrams for web applications, based on behavior driven development (BDD) paradigm, obtaining acceptance scenarios and executable test code supported by an acceptance testing automation framework. This approach was applied on an actual development environment, by means of an experiment. Using this approach in an web application development cycle has some advantages, such as being required only to manually generate the model of behavior of each application functionality (because other artifacts are generated automatically), thus being less time consuming and less prone to errors, and preventing different interpretations of requirements by stakeholders, developers and testers. The time spent at the models’ specification is compensated by the time saved with the generation of scenarios and test code.

A utilização desta abordagem no ciclo de desenvolvimento de uma aplicação web traz algumas vantagens, como ser necessário gerar manualmente apenas o modelo de comportamento de cada funcionalidade da aplicação, (pois os demais artefatos são gerados automaticamente), consumindo menos tempo e estando menos sujeitos a erros, além de prevenir diferentes interpretações dos requisitos pelos stakeholders, desenvolvedores e testadores. O tempo despendido na especificação dos modelos é compensado pelo tempo economizado com a geração dos cenários e do código de testes. / The testing activity throughout software development is fundamental to the pursuit of software quality and reliability, finding faults to be removed. However, despite its importance, software testing is often an underutilized phase in software development. Moreover, tests are proved to be expensive, difficult and problematic when not done in the appropriate way. A new paradigm for software testing is model-driven testing (MDT), which can be defined as software testing where test cases are derived from a model that describes some aspects of the system being tested, such as behavior, for example. This description, often using UML diagrams and/or its profiles, can be processed to produce a set of test cases. Software specifications based on usage scenarios expressed by appropriate UML diagrams are considered significant and effective, because they describe the system’s requirements from an intuitive and visual perspective. Thus, they can be used for the description of acceptance tests, which validate that the system meets user requirements. These specifications also facilitate the automation of this kind of test. Test automation can decrease time spent on testing, thereby reducing the cost of this activity. Thus, this work proposes an approach for automated generation of acceptance tests from U2TP (the UML 2.0 test profile) diagrams for web applications, based on behavior driven development (BDD) paradigm, obtaining acceptance scenarios and executable test code supported by an acceptance testing automation framework. This approach was applied on an actual development environment, by means of an experiment. Using this approach in an web application development cycle has some advantages, such as being required only to manually generate the model of behavior of each application functionality (because other artifacts are generated automatically), thus being less time consuming and less prone to errors, and preventing different interpretations of requirements by stakeholders, developers and testers. The time spent at the models’ specification is compensated by the time saved with the generation of scenarios and test code.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / AplicaÃÃes Web que possuem grande nÃmero de pÃginas, cujos conteÃdos sÃo dinamicamente extraÃdos de banco de dados, e que requerem intenso acesso e atualizaÃÃo dos dados, sÃo conhecidas como âdata-intensive Web applicationsâ (aplicaÃÃes DIWA). Neste trabalho, os requisitos de conteÃdo de cada pÃgina da aplicaÃÃo sÃo especificados atravÃs de uma visÃo XML, a qual denominamos VisÃo de NavegaÃÃo (VN). Consideramos que os dados das VNs estÃo armazenados em um banco de dados relacional ou XML. Nesse trabalho, propomos um enfoque para especificaÃÃo e geraÃÃo de VNs para aplicaÃÃes Web cujo conteÃdo à extraÃdo de uma ou mais fontes de dados. No enfoque proposto, uma VN à especificada conceitualmente com a ajuda de um conjunto de Assertivas de CorrespondÃncia, de forma que a definiÃÃo da VN pode ser gerada automaticamente a partir das assertivas da visÃo. / Web applications that have large number of pages, whose contents are dynamically extracted from one or more databases, and that requires data intensive access and update, are known as "data-intensive Web applications" (DIWA applications) [7]. In this work, the requirements for the content of each page of the application are specified by an XML view, which is called Navigation View (NV). We believe that the data of NVs are stored in a relational or XML database. In this work, we propose an approach to specify and generate NVs for Web applications whose content is extracted from one or more data sources. In the proposed approach, a NV is specified conceptually with the help of a set of Correspondence Assertions [44], so that the definition of NV can be generated automatically based on assertions of view.

The number of internet users is growing by the second and with an increase of internet users, there is also an increase of User-generated content. Web application that bases their buisness on User-generated content is often called by the name Collaborative Web Applications. There is a challenge for those types of applications to maintain high quality of content, since the amount of content that flows in is massive. Previous studies in the area propose that this challenge might be answered by a Web Reputation System. Previous studies has also proposed to divide Web Reputation System into various simple models. One of these models is karma, which is the focus in this report. Karma as a model aims to reward users who contribute content that is considered by other users as rewarding or entertaining. Through literature studies, guidelines on karmabased systems could not be found, which suggets that its has not previously been investigated. This made it a relevant problem for this report. The work has been carried out as a case study and used documents and a questionnaire to answer the research questions. Through data acquisition from both users of existing karma-based systems and a comparison of these existing system, it has resulted in a number of guidlines which are presented in this report. / Antalet internetanvändare ökar hela tiden och med en ökning av användare, tillkommer även en ökning av användargenererat innehåll. Webbapplikationer som baserar sig på användargenererat innehåll benämns som en ’Collaborative Web Application’ och det är en utmaning för dessa att bibehålla bra informationskvalité med tanke på mängden information som strömmar in. Tidigare studier inom området föreslår att ett ’Web Reputation System’ kan vara lösningen för att hantera detta. Tidigare studier har även valt att dela upp ’Web Reputation System’ i olika enkla modeller, där fokuset i denna studie har varit på karma. Karma syftar till att belöna användare som bidrar med innehåll som anses av användare som givande. Via litteraturstudier så kunde inte riktlinjer gällande karmabaserade system hittas, vilket föreslår att det inte tidigare har efterforskats. Detta gjorde att det blir ett relevant problem för detta arbete. Arbetet har genomförts som en fallstudie och använt sig av dokument och en enkätundersökning för att svara på frågeställningarna. Genom datainsamling både från användare av befintliga karma-baserade system och en jämförelse av befintliga karma-baserade system, så har det resulterat i ett antal riktlinjer som presenteras i detta arbete.

Software Testing plays a key role in Software Development. There are two approaches to software testing i.e. Manual Testing and Automated Testing which are used to detect the faults. There are numbers of automated software testing tools with different purposes but it is always a problem to select a software testing tool according to the needs. In this research, the author compares two software testing tools i.e. Apache JMeter and HP LoadRunner to determine their usability and efficiency. To compare the tools, different parameters were selected which guide the tool evaluation process. To complete the objective of the research, a scenario-based survey is conducted and two different web applications were tested. From this research, it is found that Apache JMeter got an edge over HP Loadrunner in different aspects which include installation, interface and learning.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Information and Communications Technology Degree, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The research reported in this dissertation focuses on the development of a web-based frugal information system (frugal IS) which supports financial management of very small enterprises (VSEs), with a special focus on their business transactions. In most developing countries, VSEs have some significant contributions at various socioeconomic objectives, such as fostering entrepreneurship and improving growth of employment. They represent an income opportunity to retrenched and retired entrepreneurs which is recognised to be crucial to the livelihood of many poor local households and local citizens. In addition, these enterprises have a remarkable role to play in the areas of employment and poverty alleviation. Despite this, the majority of VSEs in developing countries, especially those in rural regions are faced with miscellaneous issues and challenges, which could be ascribed to their resource scarcity. In particular, most VSEs are resource-constrained in terms of knowledge and information resources, financial resources and human resources. What also exacerbates their situation is the fact that the majority of VSEs are still ingrained in their traditional ways of running the business and they are unready to adopt new and innovative working methods. In particular, VSEs are still accustomed to manual paper-based systems which are monotonous, error-prone, highly fragmented and severely inefficient. Unfortunately, all this gravely challenges the growth and development of VSEs. In this dissertation, a concept of frugal innovation, precisely frugal IS, is applied to distinctively address specific and unique business needs of VEs in developing countries. A methodology that is employed in this research is called design science research methodology (DSRM). The DSRM helped to address the problem of VSEs through design, construction, utilization and evaluation of a web-based frugal IS prototype system. A novel system life cycle model that favours the notion of frugality was employed for the design and development of a web-based frugal IS. The evaluation of the prototype system and its design revealed quite interesting results. The design of a web-based frugal IS prototype system was characterized with low complexity which promoted reusability, maintainability and reliability. The evaluation of usability indicated that the system was fairly simple to use, reliable and effective in terms of managing financial information of VSEs. Based on the general findings of this research, the design and development of a web-based frugal IS for VSEs in developing countries promises to assist VSE owners to assess their profitability, improve their financial management, promote sound economic decisions and help them to avoid business failure. / M

Context. Testing of web applications is an important task, as it ensures the functionality and quality of web applications. The quality of web application comes under non-functional testing. There are many quality attributes such as performance, scalability, reliability, usability, accessibility and security. Among these attributes, PSR is the most important and commonly used attributes considered in practice. However, there are very few empirical studies conducted on these three attributes. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to identify metrics and tools that are available for testing these three attributes. And also to identify the challenges faced while testing these attributes both from literature and practice. Methods. In this research, a systematic mapping study was conducted in order to collect information regarding the metrics, tools, challenges and mitigations related to PSR attributes. The required information is gathered by searching in five scientific databases. We also conducted a case study to identify the metrics, tools and challenges of the PSR attributes in practice. The case study is conducted at Ericsson, India where eight subjects were interviewed. And four subjects working in other companies (in India) were also interviewed in order to validate the results obtained from the case company. In addition to this, few documents of previous projects from the case company are collected for data triangulation. Results. A total of 69 metrics, 54 tools and 18 challenges are identified from systematic mapping study. And 30 metrics, 18 tools and 13 challenges are identified from interviews. Data is also collected through documents and a total of 16 metrics, 4 tools and 3 challenges were identified from these documents. We formed a list based on the analysis of data that is related to tools, metrics and challenges. Conclusions. We found that metrics available from literature are overlapping with metrics that are used in practice. However, tools found in literature are overlapping only to some extent with practice. The main reason for this deviation is because of the limitations that are identified for the tools, which lead to the development of their own in-house tool by the case company. We also found that challenges are partially overlapped between state of art and practice. We are unable to collect mitigations for all these challenges from literature and hence there is a need for further research to be done. Among the PSR attributes, most of the literature is available on performance attribute and most of the interviewees are comfortable to answer the questions related to performance attribute. Thus, we conclude there is a lack of empirical research related to scalability and reliability attributes. As of now, our research is dealing with PSR attributes in particular and there is a scope for further research in this area. It can be implemented on the other quality attributes and the research can be done in a larger scale (considering more number of companies).

Web applications are getting more and more complicated with the extensive growth of the Internet. In order to cope with user demands, that are constantly increasing, a specialattention should be paid to performance optimizations. While a lot of attention is devoted to back-end optimization, front-end is often overlooked and therefore is a fertileground for performance bottlenecks. This thesis is destined to investigate a set of well-established front-end optimization techniques in order to find out those, that are the most efficient. The thesis primarily focuses on an examination of a limited set of techniques, that can be applied to static web resources. Some of the techniques are: resources consolidation, minification, compression and caching. The measurements used during the examination are based on four metrics, such as the Page Size, the Page Load Time, the Page Start Render Time and the Number of Requests the page made. The results show which methods impact performance most. In particular, the results revealed, that the resource compression technique alone brings significant performance improvements, the page size was reduced by 79% and the page load time by 72%, respectively. Despite that, it is evident that the best results can be achieved by a combination of different techniques. All optimization techniques combined made a serious difference, helping us reduce the page load time from 24 seconds down to just one second.

This thesis is addressing the issue that we are not able to fully utilize the potential of all the data that the contemporary world around us is constantly producing. The goal of this thesis is to implement a Linked Data driven web application generator that allows lay users to generate web applications from multiple RDF data sources. The application generator automatically analyzes the data sources to help the user with the generation process. Each generated application can be configured and published. The generator contains a list of different types of applications that can be generated depending on the type of input data. This list can be extended and the generator works as a framework which simplifies the process of adding support for new types of applications and new types of data. The generator is also a platform. It allows users to create accounts to manage their published applications and it also features a catalog of published applications and a repository of publicly available data sources that any user can use to generate a new application. The generator is integrated into LinkedPipes Visualization tool. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Development of web applications with JavaScript language has been moving forward really fast recently. Methodic for software development, on the other hand, not so much. Those methodic were often created way before JavaScript was so popular and so they might not reflect needs, which development of modern web applications using JavaScript brings. This thesis focus on opportunities, needs or threats of modern web applications development and its combination with Methodic for small software projects. Thesis define what is considered as a modern web application, identify practices and tools needed for development and how they relate to the existing version of MMSP. Based on this comparison thesis offers extension of this methodic for development of modern web applications.