Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82).

The day-of-the-week effect is a market anomaly that manifests as the cyclical behaviour of traders in the market. This market anomaly was first observed by M.F.M. Osborne (1959). The literature distinguishes between two types of cyclical effects in the market: the cyclical pattern of mean returns and the cyclical pattern of volatility in returns. This dissertation studies and reports on cyclical patterns in the South African market, seeking evidence of the existence of the day-of-the-week effect. In addition, the dissertation aims to investigate the implications of such an effect on hedge fund managers in South Africa. The phenomenon of cyclical volatility and mean returns patterns (day-of-the-week effect) in the South African All-share index returns are investigated by making use of four generalised heteroskedastic conditional autoregressive (GARCH) models. These were based on Nelson's (1991) Exponential GARCH (EGARCH) models. In order to account for the risk taken by investors in the market Engle et al's, (1987) 'in-Mean' (risk factor) effects were also incorporated into the model. To avoid the dummy variable trap, two different approaches were tested for viability in testing for the day-of- the-week effect. In the first approach, one day is omitted from the equation so as to avoid multi-colinearity in the model. The second approach allows for the restriction of the daily dummy variables where all the parameters of the daily dummy variables adds up to zero. This dissertation found evidence of a mean returns effect and a volatility effect (day-of-the- week effect) in South Africa's All-share index returns data (where Wednesdays have been omitted from the GARCH equations). This holds significant implications for hedge fund managers. as hedge funds are very sensitive to volatility patterns in the market, because of their leveraged trading activities. As a result of adverse price movements, hedge fund managers employ strict risk management processes and constantly rebalance their portfolios according to a mandate, to avoid incurring losses. This rebalancing typically involves the simultaneous opening of new positions and closing out of existing positions. Hedge fund managers run the risk of incurring losses should they rebalance their portfolios on days on which the volatility in market returns is high. This study proves the existence of the day-of-the-week effect in the South African market. These results are further confirmed by the evidence of the trading volumes of the JSE's All-share index data for the period of the study. The mean returns effect (high mean returns) and low volatility found on Thursdays, coincide with the evidence that trading volumes on the JSE on Thursdays are the highest of all the days of the week. The volatility effect on Fridays, (high volatility in returns) is similarly correlated with the evidence of the trading volumes found in the JSE's All-share index data for the period of the study. Accordingly. hedge fund managers would be advised to avoid rebalancing their portfolios on Fridays, which show evidence of high volatility patterns. Hedge fund managers are advised to rather rebalance their portfolios on Thursdays, which show evidence of high mean returns patterns, low volatility patterns and high liquidity. / Thesis (M.Com. (Risk Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The day-of-the-week effect is a market anomaly that manifests as the cyclical behaviour of traders in the market. This market anomaly was first observed by M.F.M. Osborne (1959). The literature distinguishes between two types of cyclical effects in the market: the cyclical pattern of mean returns and the cyclical pattern of volatility in returns. This dissertation studies and reports on cyclical patterns in the South African market, seeking evidence of the existence of the day-of-the-week effect. In addition, the dissertation aims to investigate the implications of such an effect on hedge fund managers in South Africa. The phenomenon of cyclical volatility and mean returns patterns (day-of-the-week effect) in the South African All-share index returns are investigated by making use of four generalised heteroskedastic conditional autoregressive (GARCH) models. These were based on Nelson's (1991) Exponential GARCH (EGARCH) models. In order to account for the risk taken by investors in the market Engle et al's, (1987) 'in-Mean' (risk factor) effects were also incorporated into the model. To avoid the dummy variable trap, two different approaches were tested for viability in testing for the day-of- the-week effect. In the first approach, one day is omitted from the equation so as to avoid multi-colinearity in the model. The second approach allows for the restriction of the daily dummy variables where all the parameters of the daily dummy variables adds up to zero. This dissertation found evidence of a mean returns effect and a volatility effect (day-of-the- week effect) in South Africa's All-share index returns data (where Wednesdays have been omitted from the GARCH equations). This holds significant implications for hedge fund managers. as hedge funds are very sensitive to volatility patterns in the market, because of their leveraged trading activities. As a result of adverse price movements, hedge fund managers employ strict risk management processes and constantly rebalance their portfolios according to a mandate, to avoid incurring losses. This rebalancing typically involves the simultaneous opening of new positions and closing out of existing positions. Hedge fund managers run the risk of incurring losses should they rebalance their portfolios on days on which the volatility in market returns is high. This study proves the existence of the day-of-the-week effect in the South African market. These results are further confirmed by the evidence of the trading volumes of the JSE's All-share index data for the period of the study. The mean returns effect (high mean returns) and low volatility found on Thursdays, coincide with the evidence that trading volumes on the JSE on Thursdays are the highest of all the days of the week. The volatility effect on Fridays, (high volatility in returns) is similarly correlated with the evidence of the trading volumes found in the JSE's All-share index data for the period of the study. Accordingly. hedge fund managers would be advised to avoid rebalancing their portfolios on Fridays, which show evidence of high volatility patterns. Hedge fund managers are advised to rather rebalance their portfolios on Thursdays, which show evidence of high mean returns patterns, low volatility patterns and high liquidity. / Thesis (M.Com. (Risk Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

With Stockholm fashion week being the largest fashion event in Sweden each fall, there are many expectations on how the event is being handled, from individuals within the industry and non-industry individuals as well. However, with the various societal and global issues that are connected to the fashion industry, such as negative environmental consequences, poor labor conditions in the manufacturing stage and the somewhat dubious natures that models have to endure. This, in turn, begs the question of whether a fashion event such as Stockholm fashion week can be sustainable. Even more important, How is Stockholm fashion week depicted by news articles from the fashion industry and Swedish news outlets? In addition to this broader research question, there also has to be an emphasis on how the different fields (Friedland, 2009) participating in the fashion event emerge with each other and how an individual's habitus (Bourdieu,1957) can be changed with fashion and fashion events.  This research, therefore, had as its aim, via qualitative content analysis as the method, to get a greater understanding of how Stockholm fashion week is being depicted by three fashion industry articles and three Swedish news outlets, in addition to getting a greater understanding of the fashion industry as a whole. By analyzing these articles, and the content within there would emerge patterns of which journalist behind the articles, elected to depict Stockholm fashion week in various manners. This resulted in depictions from journalists suggesting notions such as that Stockholm could be the new fashion capital of Scandinavia to journalists encouraging the readers to be more aware of the negative impacts of clothing and fashion.  These types of results could imply that a large part of the way that the fashion event was depicted was due to two notions. The first is that the journalist behind the article has somewhat free reins when it comes to the manner of content in the article, which can encourage non-individuals in both positive and negative ways. Secondly, is the notion that many journalists have to keep in consideration their profession as journalists (International Federation of Journalists (IFJ),(2019) when they mix up their journalistic field with the fashion field (Friedland,2009). Conclusively, the research gives a greater understanding of the Swedish fashion industry and the importance of the journalist and news, which could be even further researched in future projects. / Med Stockholms modevecka som det största mode-eventet i Sverige varje höst, finns det många förväntningar på hur eventet hanteras, även från privatpersoner inom branschen och privatpersoner utanför branschen. Dock med de olika samhälleliga och globala frågor som är kopplade till modebranschen, som negativa miljökonsekvenser, dåliga arbetsvillkor i tillverkningsledet och de lite tveksamma naturer som modeller får utstå. Det väcker i sin tur frågan om ett mode event som Stockholms modevecka kan vara hållbart. Ännu viktigare, Hur skildras Stockholms modevecka av nyhetsartiklar från modebranschen och svenska nyhetskanaler? Utöver denna bredare forskningsfråga måste det också finnas en betoning på hur de olika fälten (Friedland,  2009) som deltar i modeevenemanget växer fram med varandra och hur en individs habitus (Bourdieu, 1957) kan förändras med modet. och modeevenemang. Denna forskning hade därför som mål att, via kvalitativ innehållsanalys som metod, syfta till att få en större förståelse för hur Stockholms modevecka skildras av tre modebransch artiklar och tre svenska nyhetskanaler, förutom att få en större förståelse. av modebranschen som helhet. Genom att analysera dessa artiklar, och innehållet däri, skulle det framkomma mönster av vilken journalist bakom artiklarna, som valt att skildra Stockholms modevecka på olika sätt. Detta resulterade i skildringar från journalister som antydde föreställningar som att Stockholm skulle kunna bli Skandinaviens nya modehuvudstad till journalister som uppmuntrar läsarna att bli mer medvetna om de negativa effekterna av kläder och mode. Den här typen av resultat kan antyda att en stor del av sättet som modeevenemanget skildrades berodde på två föreställningar. Det första är att journalisten bakom artikeln har lite fria tyglar när det kommer till innehållssättet i artikeln, vilket kan uppmuntra icke-individer på både positiva och negativa sätt. För det andra är uppfattningen att många journalister måste ta hänsyn till sitt yrke som journalister (International Federation of Journalists (IFJ),(2019) när de blandar ihop sitt journalistiska område med modeområdet (Friedland, 2009). Sammanfattningsvis ger forskningen en större förståelse för den svenska modebranschen och vikten av journalist och nyheter, vilket skulle kunna forskas ytterligare i framtida projekt.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper discusses the successful passage past the Year 2000 (Y2K) Rollover and GPS 1999 (Week Number Roll Over) WNRO. The reasons the glitches seen at those events were relatively minor and the lessons learned to help enter the Third Millennium with careful optimism are reviewed.

This thesis is concerned with the econometric modelling of gasoline prices in US. The intention is to characterize the market process in this crucial and significant industry. Overall we have been seeking to identify a mechanism to signal and measure market failure and consequently improve market performance. Firstly we examine the time series properties of gasoline prices using the criteria for perfect arbitrage to test market efficiency from the stationarity of price proportions. This is done by considering market efficiency across in different regions of the US, by applying a range of different stationary tests. In this analysis we collected a comprehensive data set of gasoline prices for all regions of the US mainland for the longest period available. Forni (2004), outlined reasons why the analysis of price proportions may be advantageous; especially when the sample is limited. Stationarity corresponds to a broad market, it is found here that the US gasoline market is on average broad. Except for the Gulf Coast and Lower Atlantic, which may be seen as economically and/or geographically separated, market structure in the rest of the US would not appear to be a problem Next we investigate possible long-run price leadership in the US gasoline market and the inter-relatedness of price behaviour relevant to a competitive market. Following Hunter & Burke (2007) and Kurita (2008) market definition is tested. This is done on an extended regional data set to Kurita and following the analysis in Hunter and Burke on a set of company data for the US.We analysed long-run price leadership through the cointegrated vector auto-regression (VAR) to identify key characteristics of long-run structure in the gasoline market. The analysis of the system of regional prices confirms problems with the Gulf Coast and Lower Atlantic, but also based on the finding that the cointegrating rank is less than N-1 using both types of data ( regional price data and company price data) and the findings on weak exogenity it is suggested that competition across the whole of the US is further limited. We applied further tests to company data on prices and quantity data to investigate further the need to regulate for potential anomalies and to capture more directly consumer harm. The variance screening method applied to recent weekly data indicates that there is too little variation in gasoline prices and this would seem to support the cointegration study. Furthermore we applied a dynamic disequilibrium analysis to attempt to identify long-run demand and supply in the gasoline market. Finding significant variables using the Phillips-Hansen fully modified estimation of the switching regression is necessary to distinguish two long-run equations (S&D). Moreover a comparison is made with a Markov Switching Model (MSM) of prices and this suggests a similar pattern of regime to the quantity information analysed in by our disequilibrium model.

Introduction: The issue of working time reduction has continued to be discussed in various contexts and has become a current social debate. Because of this, it was of interest to carry out research in the area by analyzing what effects a shortening of working time has on an activity from an economic perspective and also concerning productivity goals and result orientation. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze how shortening of working hours affects the organizations' finances, productivity goals and results in the private sector. Method: This research is focused on a phenomenografic method with its base in qualitative interviews. Result: The result section is presented in the following main themes: Arguments for the introduction of shortened working day; Organizational effects and disadvantages of the introduction of shorter working days. Conclusion: The difference between the private and public sector is in focus and the motivation for why an abbreviated working day has been introduced differs between them. While the private sector focuses on efficiency and increased profitability, the public sector focuses on well-being and thus productivity. One of the most important findings identified in this study is that the primary argument for introducing six hours working day, which also reflected the new organization after the change work, was to create a better balance between work and leisure.

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Over the past few years Swedish fashion has expanded and gained attention, both in Sweden and abroad. Every year fashion weeks take place around the world with the purpose of showcasing fashion designers new collections for the up-coming season.</p><p>Fashion week in Sweden is arranged in Stockholm four times a year in the end of January, in February, in the turn of June and July and in August. The different occasions have different activities and focus. The main focus of January and June/July are fashion shows and the main focus of February and August are trade fairs for buyers and wholesalers. The fashion shows and trade fairs are closed to the public, but other fashion events directed to the public takes place during these weeks. Seeing as many stakeholders are involved in fashion week they all have some kind of relationship to one another. This makes fashion week in Stockholm an interesting case to study and analyze from a sociological theoretical approach.</p>

Background: Over the past few years Swedish fashion has expanded and gained attention, both in Sweden and abroad. Every year fashion weeks take place around the world with the purpose of showcasing fashion designers new collections for the up-coming season. Fashion week in Sweden is arranged in Stockholm four times a year in the end of January, in February, in the turn of June and July and in August. The different occasions have different activities and focus. The main focus of January and June/July are fashion shows and the main focus of February and August are trade fairs for buyers and wholesalers. The fashion shows and trade fairs are closed to the public, but other fashion events directed to the public takes place during these weeks. Seeing as many stakeholders are involved in fashion week they all have some kind of relationship to one another. This makes fashion week in Stockholm an interesting case to study and analyze from a sociological theoretical approach.

Despite rapidly rising productivity, the amount of time spent in formal work across most of the developed world remains fairly constant. Employment is maintained through a continual increase in consumption. As global limits are approached or surpassed, growth in consumption in the first world is no longer sustainable, putting future jobs at risk. This thesis evaluates the importance of working time policy in relation to sustainable development, and more specifically, looks at the advantages and disadvantages of a shorter working week in New Zealand. Finding that there is a strong argument in favour of a shorter working week (primarily for environmental and social reasons), as well as justification for state intervention, an investigation is made into the reasons why it is not being implemented. Using theories from political science, a conflict is found between the goals of sustainable development and the deeper held goals of economic growth. On top of this, there is a near complete absence of a ‘policy image’ in the public domain. External socio-economic changes – such as a rise in unemployment, or major energy shortages – are most likely to bring about support for the policy.