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The purpose of this study is to assess the role intersectoral linkages play in shaping the short-run size distribution of household income. Input-output models are constructed for four regions in Virginia using secondary data. Two distinguishing features of these models are that the household sector is disaggregated into 12 income classes and unemployment benefits are an endogenous component of household income. Using these models, it is concluded that: (a) As linkages increase, the effects on inequality of changes in different components of final demand converge. (b) Increasing the degree of linkage, with constant industry mix, will tend to increase inequality. (c) Although the degree and pattern of linkages among household groups varies from region to region, all income groups are more strongly linked to middle income households than to either high or low income households. / Ph. D.

Jones e Klenow (2016) propuseram um modelo para medir o bem-estar econômico usando os dados de consumo, lazer e expectativa de vida que suprisse as deficiências reconhecidas do PIB per capita. Esse modelo foi replicado para os estados brasileiros e os resultados demonstram, por um lado, que praticamente todas as regiões possuem bem-estar inferior ao representado pela renda por habitante. Por outro, os estados mais pobres cresceram a taxas significativamente maiores em termos de bem-estar do que em renda, devido, principalmente, ao aumento da expectativa de vida. Por esse motivo, é possível afirmar que houve uma convergência limitada do bem-estar. O indicador de bem-estar em nível é altamente correlacionado com o PIB per capita, porém, em termos de crescimento essa correlação não se verifica dada a forma desigual como esse crescimento ocorreu no país. / Jones e Klenow (2016) proposed a model to measure economic welfare using data on consumption, leisure and life expectancy in order to meet the well known deficiencies in GDP per capita. This model was replicated for the Brazilian states and, on one hand, the results show that almost all regions enjoy a lower welfare than that represented by per capita income. On the other hand, the poorer states grew at rates significantly higher in terms of welfare than in income, mainly due to an increase in life expectancy. One may assert that there was a limited welfare convergence process. Finally, the welfare level indicator is highly correlated with per capita GDP, but in terms of growth, this correlation does not occur due to the unequal growth rate between the states.

Lao Man-hoi. / Thesis submitted in: December 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives of the Thesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 3 --- A Model with Perfect Competition --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Model --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Income Distribution --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Changes in the Relative Price --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Income Distribution --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- WelfareAnalysis --- p.26 / Chapter 4 --- A Model with Imperfect Competition --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Model --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3 --- Outputs and Income Distribution --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Short-Run Capital Specificity --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Long-Run Capital Mobility --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4 --- Welfare Analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Short-Run Capital Specificity --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Long-Run Capital Mobility --- p.44 / Chapter 5 --- Summary and Concluding Remarks --- p.47 / Appendices --- p.50 / Bibliography --- p.52

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 19, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 243-258).

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This paper examines British Columbia's residency requirement on social assistance implemented by the NDP government on December 1, 1995. The policy created a three-month waiting period for newcomers to the province before they could apply for social assistance. Because it violated ;the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP), the residency requirement put the BC government at risk of losing, through federal penalty, many millions of dollars more than the intended savings. To explain the BC government's decision-making, I use a rational choice nested games approach. I argue that the residency requirement policy produced two sets of interactions in two separate policy arenas. In the principal arena, the British Columbia Social Services Ministry negotiated with the federal Department of Human Resources Development (HRD). The negotiations centred on the possibility of federal concessions in- exchange for BC withdrawing the residency requirement. In the secondary arena, the federal Department of Finance was consulting with its provincial counterparts regarding the' long-term funding formula for the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) set to replace CAP on April 1, 1996. Social Services interacted with the federal Department of Finance to influence the outcome of the funding decision. I propose that the BC government risked minimal resources in the primary arena to gain substantially higher payoffs from the CHST funding formula. The government linked these two arenas through a 'trade-off strategy that allowed them to apply the political pressure and communication generated by the residency requirement and negotiations with HRD to the Finance arena. This enabled them to. increase the possibility of a favourable payoff in that arena. I find that the rational, choice approach produces an explanation that reflected the government's actual decision-making more closely than other theoretical approaches.

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine to what extent Sen's freedom-centred view of development, with its existing theoretical foundations, offers sufficient theoretical insights for guiding development policies towards the enhancement of human freedoms. The theoretical part of the dissertation focuses on the three foundational building stones of Sen's freedom-centred view of development. First, the capability approach sets the evaluation space of development in the capabilities that people have reason to choose and value, but by doing so, it is argued that Sen's capability approach contains tensions between human freedom and human well-being that can be loosened by thickening this evaluation space with a substantial view of human well-being. Second, the capability approach views individual agency as central in development, but because of the socio-historical dimension of human freedom and agency, it is argued that concepts of collective capabilities and of socio-historical agency are more central in promoting human freedoms. Third, promoting human freedoms cannot be dissociated from democratic policy-making. But because the link between the two is not necessary, it is argued that the capability approach's consequentialist evaluation of human well-being will have to be thickened by a procedural evaluation which assesses the exercise of political freedom through certain normative principles of decision-making. The empirical part of the thesis illustrates these theoretical arguments through the analysis of two case studies, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic. The case studies particularly point to a country's socio-historical agency, or collective capability in promoting human well-being, through socio-historical narratives. These narratives assess a country's collective capability in promoting human freedoms by looking at the country's socio-historical reality, and how its members have appropriated that reality in the course of the country's history, opening up or closing down opportunities for realising policy decisions towards the removal of unfreedoms.

The present research attempts to assess the likely revenue, trade and welfare implications of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study adopts a partial equilibrium model based on the World Integrated Trade Solution 2010 database and the Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS-SMART) as the methodological approach. The findings of the research reveal that the COMESA FTA will be beneficial to the DRC in terms of an increase in exports of US$371.57 million and consumer welfare gain amounting to US$28.49 million. Moreover, The WITS-SMART simulation results indicate that around US$322.10 million of trade will be created in the DRC as a result of the COMESA FTA. Notwithstanding the fact that trade creation will have a positive effect on welfare, as the Congolese consumers would benefit from lower prices, some local industries in the DRC may be threaten of closure due to the lack of competitiveness. In addition, the simultation results show that the country will experience a huge fiscal revenue loss amounting to US$107.01 million due to the implementation of zero per cent tarrif rate on imports duty from the COMESA trading partners. Finally, the simultation results indicate that an equivalent value of US$49.47 million of trade will be diverted from more efficient and low cost non-member states to high cost suppliers from the COMESA region. In light of these results, the research recommends that the DRC’s government needs to come up with a strategic plan in order to protect the national industry that would be negatively affected by the trade-creation effect. In order to mitigate the expected revenue loss, the implementation of the COMESA FTA in the DRC should be accompanied by fiscal reforms to improve the tax-collection system from sales or value-added taxes (VAT) and domestic excise. Regarding the trade-diversion effect, the inefficient producers from the COMESA region could be displaced through building new capacities in short, medium and long term based on comparative advantage in order to address supply constraints in these sectors affected by trade diversion.