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Objetivo: Dar subsídios para a melhor compreensão do conhecimento técnico-científico que acompanha as discussões sobre risco como instrumento de gestão ambiental. Realizou-se um estudo detalhado da problemática conceitual e metodológica das avaliações de riscos e dos principais aspectos sociais, políticos e éticos a serem enfrentados na elaboração e implantação de uma política de gerenciamento social de riscos. Esta investigação caracterizou-se por uma reflexão teórica multidisciplinar, fundamentada na literatura disponível sobre o assunto, tomando como referências básicas as metodologias objetivas e subjetivas de avaliação de riscos, bem como as ferramentas de gerenciamento atualmente empregadas. O material de estudo compõe-se principalmente de reflexões realizadas por diversos autores que abordam a questão. Conclusões. (i) Não é possível escolher uma definição de risco que melhor se ajuste a todas as situações e represente todas as variáveis objetivas e subjetivas envolvidas. (ii) A abordagem dos problemas de risco deve ser contextualizada. (iii) A definição dos critérios fundamentais para as políticas de risco deve incluir uma abordagem ética e procedimentos democráticos, e não apenas considerações técnico-científicas. (iv) O gerenciamento de risco inclui todas as decisões e escolhas sociais, políticas e culturais que se relacionam direta e indiretamente com as questões de risco na nossa sociedade. (v) o uso de risco como instrumento de gestão ambiental necessita de decisões descentralizadas, instituições sólidas e confiáveis e da aquisição e atualização contínua de informações (vi) o sistema de gerenciamento de risco no Brasil desconsidera a complexidade das questões conceituais e metodológicas. (vii) o crescente aumento da importância das cidades na organização e gestão da sociedade, cria perspectivas para a elaboração e implantação de políticas de risco mais efetivas e com a participação de todos os atores sociais no processo de tomada de decisão. / Objective: Given subsidies for a better comprehension on technical and scientific knowledge which follows the discussions about risk as environmental management instrument. It was realized a detailed study on the conceptual and methodological problematic of the risk evaluations and the main social, political and ethical aspects that are about to be faced along the development and implantation of a risk social management policy. This research was characterized of a multidisciplinary theoretical reflection based on the available literature on the subject, haven as basic references the objective and subjective methodologies of risk assessement as well as the management tools employed nowadays. The study contents is composed mainly of reflection by authors who study this field. Conclusions (i) It is not possible to choose a risk definition which is better adjusted to all the situations and represent all the objective and subjective involved variables. (ii) the approach of the risk problems must be incontext. (iii) the definition of the fundamental criteria for the risk policies must inc1ude an ethical approach and democratic procedures, and not only technical and scientific considerations. (iv) the risk management inc1ude all the decisions and social, political and cultural choices which are direct or indirectly related to the risk questions in our society. (v) the use of risk as environmental management tools needs non-centralized decisions, solid and trustful institutions and the continuous acquisition of updated information. (vi) the risk management system in Brazil does not consider the complexity of the conceptual and methodological questions (vii) the increasing rise of importance of cities in the organization and management of the society, brings about perspectives for the development and implementation of more effective risk politicies and with the participation of all social actors in the decision-making.

L'objet du présent projet de thèse porte sur l'analyse critique des normes de contrôle du risque opérationnel. Il s'agit de mettre en lumière la manière dont le Risk Management mobilise les parties prenantes des organisations pour créer et animer une culture du risque opérationnel. L'approche retenue est la triangulation méthodologique combinant deux recherche-action réalisées au sein d'un établissement bancaire et d'une compagnie d'assurance ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs et une analyse de contenu sur un ensemble de documents internes à chacun des cas étudiés. Les résultats de la recherche font état de la nécessité de traduire les normes de contrôle prudentiel dans l'organisation et de structurer les nombreux contrôles pour mettre en œuvre une politique de risque effective.Les récentes évolutions règlementaires dans le domaine bancaire et en assurance (Bâle 2 et Bâle 2.5, Bâle 3, Solvabilité 2) tendent à renforcer les dispositifs de contrôle interne et de Risk Management ainsi que la communication d'informations sur ces dispositifs pour une meilleure maîtrise des risques. Ainsi, le règlement CRBF 97-02 parle de filière risque opérationnel, la directive à venir Solvabilité II évoque dans son pilier 2 la nécessité de développer un contrôle interne et un Risk Management tournés vers la prise en compte du risque dans l'organisation et non seulement comme un sujet de provisionnement de fonds propres.Cependant ces efforts n'empêchent pas la survenance et la médiatisation de scandales financiers dont l'ampleur est à la hauteur des montants financiers traités. Ainsi, de nombreux établissements financiers sont touchés par le risque opérationnel. Ce risque est avant tout un risque organisationnel, contingent du facteur humain et prenant de multiples formes (les catégories baloises du risque opérationnel en sont une illustration). Les exemples de survenance de risque opérationnel sont nombreux : les cas de JP Morgan, d'UBS, de Société Générale, de Barclays, de HSBC, de Goldman Sachs en attestent. Toutefois, le risque opérationnel n'est pas seulement le fait de banques de financement et d'investissement et n'est pas uniquement un risque extrême par ses conséquences. Il concerne également les banques de détails et les sociétés d'assurance et est le plus souvent un risque de fréquence et de faible impact (fraudes aux moyens de paiement et fraude à l'assurance par exemple). La réglementation prudentielle comprend un ensemble de normes tendant à inciter les établissements financiers à mieux prendre en compte cette catégorie encore émergente et mal connue de risque (les risques de marchés ou de crédits faisant l'objet de davantage d'études).Nous décrivons et analysons l'influence de ces évolutions normatives sur les dispositifs internes de maîtrise du risque opérationnel (Risk Management opérationnel, contrôle interne) et nous interrogeons la manière dont les établissements financiers structurent leur contrôle des risques, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'effectivité de ces dispositifs. Afin d'éviter de développer des contrôles manquant d'effectivité, il devient essentiel de situer cette régulation prudentielle dans une perspective de structuration des contrôles et de traduction/compréhension de la norme de contrôle. / The aim of this thesis is to bring to light the way the Risk management mobilizes the stakeholders of organizations to create and lead a culture of the operational risk.Our research approach is the methodological triangulation, combining two action-research case studies, arising within a banking institution and within an insurance company, as well as semi-directive interviews and an analysis of contents on a set of internal documents in each of the studied cases. The research results state the necessity of translating the standards of prudential control in the organization and of structuring the numerous controls to implement an effective risk mastering policy.The recent statutory evolutions in the banking and insurance sectors (Basel 2 and Basel 2.5, Basel 3, Solvency II) tend to strengthen systems of internal control and Risk Management as well as the communication of information over these devices for a better control of the risks. So, the regulation CRBF 97-02 speaks about operational risk systems, the directive to come Solvency II evokes in its pillar 2 the necessity of developing an internal control and a Risk Management turned to the consideration of the organizational risks.However these efforts do not prevent the emergence and the mediatization of financial scandals the scale of which is as high as the financial handled amounts. So, numerous financial institutions are affected by the operational risk. This risk is before any an organizational risk, a contingent of the human factor and taking multiple forms (the Basel categories of the operational risk).There are numerous examples of extremes operational risks: the cases of JP Morgan, UBS, Société Générale, Barclays, Goldman Sachs give evidence of it. However, the operational risk is not only the fact of corporate and investment banking and is not only an extreme risk by its consequences and in low probability. It also concerns retail banks and insurance companies and is most of the time a risk of frequency and low impact (frauds in payment activities, and fraud in life and non-life the insurance for instance). The prudential regulation include a set of standards tending to incite financial institutions to take into account better this category still emergent and badly known by risk (markets risks or credits risks have being the object of more studies).We describe the influence of these normative evolutions on the internal devices of the operational risk (Operational Risk Management, Internal Control) and we question the sense given by establishments to the information onto the control of the risks, more particularly as regards the effectiveness of these devices. To avoid an informative overload regarding control, it becomes essential to place this prudent regulation in perspective of structuring of the controls and the translation / understanding of the risk control standards.

Objetivo: Dar subsídios para a melhor compreensão do conhecimento técnico-científico que acompanha as discussões sobre risco como instrumento de gestão ambiental. Realizou-se um estudo detalhado da problemática conceitual e metodológica das avaliações de riscos e dos principais aspectos sociais, políticos e éticos a serem enfrentados na elaboração e implantação de uma política de gerenciamento social de riscos. Esta investigação caracterizou-se por uma reflexão teórica multidisciplinar, fundamentada na literatura disponível sobre o assunto, tomando como referências básicas as metodologias objetivas e subjetivas de avaliação de riscos, bem como as ferramentas de gerenciamento atualmente empregadas. O material de estudo compõe-se principalmente de reflexões realizadas por diversos autores que abordam a questão. Conclusões. (i) Não é possível escolher uma definição de risco que melhor se ajuste a todas as situações e represente todas as variáveis objetivas e subjetivas envolvidas. (ii) A abordagem dos problemas de risco deve ser contextualizada. (iii) A definição dos critérios fundamentais para as políticas de risco deve incluir uma abordagem ética e procedimentos democráticos, e não apenas considerações técnico-científicas. (iv) O gerenciamento de risco inclui todas as decisões e escolhas sociais, políticas e culturais que se relacionam direta e indiretamente com as questões de risco na nossa sociedade. (v) o uso de risco como instrumento de gestão ambiental necessita de decisões descentralizadas, instituições sólidas e confiáveis e da aquisição e atualização contínua de informações (vi) o sistema de gerenciamento de risco no Brasil desconsidera a complexidade das questões conceituais e metodológicas. (vii) o crescente aumento da importância das cidades na organização e gestão da sociedade, cria perspectivas para a elaboração e implantação de políticas de risco mais efetivas e com a participação de todos os atores sociais no processo de tomada de decisão. / Objective: Given subsidies for a better comprehension on technical and scientific knowledge which follows the discussions about risk as environmental management instrument. It was realized a detailed study on the conceptual and methodological problematic of the risk evaluations and the main social, political and ethical aspects that are about to be faced along the development and implantation of a risk social management policy. This research was characterized of a multidisciplinary theoretical reflection based on the available literature on the subject, haven as basic references the objective and subjective methodologies of risk assessement as well as the management tools employed nowadays. The study contents is composed mainly of reflection by authors who study this field. Conclusions (i) It is not possible to choose a risk definition which is better adjusted to all the situations and represent all the objective and subjective involved variables. (ii) the approach of the risk problems must be incontext. (iii) the definition of the fundamental criteria for the risk policies must inc1ude an ethical approach and democratic procedures, and not only technical and scientific considerations. (iv) the risk management inc1ude all the decisions and social, political and cultural choices which are direct or indirectly related to the risk questions in our society. (v) the use of risk as environmental management tools needs non-centralized decisions, solid and trustful institutions and the continuous acquisition of updated information. (vi) the risk management system in Brazil does not consider the complexity of the conceptual and methodological questions (vii) the increasing rise of importance of cities in the organization and management of the society, brings about perspectives for the development and implementation of more effective risk politicies and with the participation of all social actors in the decision-making.

This thesis examines whether, how and to what extent social cash transfers help the poor in reducing poverty; not only in income terms but also in relation to how they build on their capabilities and address gender inequality, risk and vulnerability. The thesis explores these questions through an analysis of a community targeted social cash transfer scheme from Traditional Authority Mlomba, Machinga district in Malawi, using the capability approach as the conceptual framework of analysis. The study is located in the critical realist domain as its underlying research philosophy. The study is qualitative in nature, using semi-structured interviews, observations and life histories. The scheme targets the poorest 10% of the population who are also labour constrained and deemed to be economically unproductive. Thus, the study offers some insights into an area that is not well researched as it is a relatively new concept to target the poor who are also labour constrained and not economically productive. In this thesis, I show that despite the limited resource base compared to the large number of the poor, social cash transfers as low as US$14 per household per month can make a valuable contribution to the reduction of poverty through building capabilities of the poor, empowering women and addressing some of the gendered inequalities, risk and vulnerability. Therefore, social cash transfers are not just handouts but act as ladders that can uplift the absolute poor out of poverty.

This thesis examines whether, how and to what extent social cash transfers help the poor in reducing poverty; not only in income terms but also in relation to how they build on their capabilities and address gender inequality, risk and vulnerability. The thesis explores these questions through an analysis of a community targeted social cash transfer scheme from Traditional Authority Mlomba, Machinga district in Malawi, using the capability approach as the conceptual framework of analysis. The study is located in the critical realist domain as its underlying research philosophy. The study is qualitative in nature, using semi-structured interviews, observations and life histories. The scheme targets the poorest 10% of the population who are also labour constrained and deemed to be economically unproductive. Thus, the study offers some insights into an area that is not well researched as it is a relatively new concept to target the poor who are also labour constrained and not economically productive. In this thesis, I show that despite the limited resource base compared to the large number of the poor, social cash transfers as low as US$14 per household per month can make a valuable contribution to the reduction of poverty through building capabilities of the poor, empowering women and addressing some of the gendered inequalities, risk and vulnerability. Therefore, social cash transfers are not just handouts but act as ladders that can uplift the absolute poor out of poverty.

早期壽險業危險分類的結果，僅區分標準體、次標準體以及拒保體，直到1970年代，美國一家壽險公司為了尋找市場利基，開始針對非吸煙保戶給予優惠費率，從此打開市場，創造競爭優勢；這是壽險公司實施優良體保險的開始。 優良體保險的實施，完全符合公平危險對價的理念，對壽險經營產生正面的意義為：一、因有優惠費率的誘因，可吸引更多的健康者購買保險。二、鼓勵壽險公司更專精於死亡率資料的收集分析及死亡原因的探索，藉以促進危險選擇技術的進步。三、壽險公司擴大承保範圍以增加業務量。 國內傳統壽險保單發展已到了成熟階段，如果壽險業者尋求創新和升級的機會，發展優良體保險，讓保費真正反映風險，這樣的精緻保單，或可爭取保戶認同，贏得商機。 參佐國外的經驗，本研究觀察優良體保險應為未來核保及商品發展的趨勢，乃透由文獻資料分析及深度訪談方式，據以了解優良體保險實務運作的概況、國內壽險業實施優良體保險可能面臨的問題與解決之道，以及經營優良體保險之決策程序及行動方案，作為國內業者未來導入優良體保險的參考。 關鍵字：優良體、優良體保險、核保、危險分類。 / In early times, life insurance business classified risk into standard risk, substandard risk, and declined risk only. In 1970s, one life insurance company of the United States began to sell discounted-premium insurance to non-smoking customers who were classified into standard risk class. This innovation opened the preferred risk market and created its own competitive advantages in the insurance market. The era of preferred risk started then. The practices of Preferred Risk Class Insurance have three positive effects on the market: 1. More healthy people will be led to purchase the insurance policies due to the preferential insurance premium. 2. Life insurance companies will put more efforts on collecting and analyzing the death rate and cause, which will promote the development of risk selection practice. 3. Life insurance companies will have more chance to sell high-coverage policies and increase the sales volume. Traditional life insurance policies have gone full-grown nowadays. When life insurance company is willing to innovate and upgrade to develop the preferred risk class insurance policies, this finely insurance policy can attract more customers as long as the premium can reflect the actual risk. Based on the reports of foreign insurance companies, I believe that preferred risk class will be an innovating risk class of life insurance, and will be the product development in the future. This thesis talks about the disputes, solutions, and decision-making processes of the practice of preferred risk insurance. The content can serve as a reference to the insurance industry in Taiwan. Key words: Preferred Risk, Preferred Risk Policy, Underwriting, Risk Classification.

The diploma thesis introduces the possibility to realize the building of a developer project as entrepreneurial plan. In this thesis the developer project means an administrative building. It covers a theoretical description of the entrepreneurial plan, its structure and requirements for it, further the evaluation of the building of administrative buildings in CR, the analysis of general and branch backgrounds, also the risk policy with the map of risk for the set development. At the end there is introduced a project of the realization of the entrepreneurial plan in the monitored enterprise and the financing of the project.

The role of trust in social, economic, political, and organizational relations is a research topic that has received much attention during the last decade. Trust has been considered a key variable in various contexts, although it should be noted that many theorists pay little attention to empirically testing their arguments about the importance of trust. It is in the present thesis examined whether trust is an important variable in the context of risk policy.This question was addressed from different perspectives in three empirical studies, which were based on extensive survey data. The first article concerned the case of energy policy and the relationship between people’s perceptions of nuclear risks and their attitudes towards various aspects of energy policy was examined. In the second article it was studied whether trust was an important predictor of perceived risk within and across four European countries. Finally, in the third article, determinants of public trust in organizations were studied. An important finding in the thesis was that determinants of trust varied depending on the organization studied. It was also found that trust was a significant predictor of perceived risk, but the relationship was not very strong. It was suggested that the overall policy implications for risk management should be that there are limits to the possibilities to increase the level of trustworthiness and build public trust. An organization could make strong efforts to build an image of being a competent, open, fair, and credible organization, but still not gain the necessary degree of trust, because public perceptions can be based on certain organizational characteristics that are very fundamental and not easily changed. Furthermore, even if an organization succeeds in building a high degree of public trust, it was found in the thesis that it is possible to trust those responsible for risk management to be very competent and honest, yet perceive risks as high. A number of possible causes for this interesting finding are presented in the thesis. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2003</p>

The diploma thesis deals with a proposal of business development of the company DOMESTAV PLUS s.r.o., which deals with the production of modular wooden buildings. The theoretical part contains defining the terms connected with the intra-community market, the conditions for entering this market and description of selected analyses of company’s external and internal environment. These analyses are applied in the practical part as basis for the proposal of an appropriate strategy for the development, consisting in the expansion of the company into the intra-community market. On the basis of the results of the analyzes is made the proposal of changes, which leads to increased competitiveness and improvement of the company's economic situation. The proposal part also deals with identification of the risks associated with the implementation of this change.