• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 5
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 11
  • 8
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Testes de aplicabilidade de sonda de eletrorresistividade na avaliação de salinização secundária de solos / Applicability tests of a resistivity probe to evaluate secondary salinization of soils

Iezzi, Patricia Braga Toledo 25 February 2008 (has links)
Os métodos geofísicos têm sido utilizados para definir a extensão em área e em profundidade de contaminações causadas por compostos orgânicos ou inorgânicos, uma vez que tais contaminações alteram as propriedades físicas do meio. Este trabalho abrangeu o desenvolvimento de ensaios realizados em laboratório e em campo para verificar a aplicabilidade de minissonda de resistividade, que utiliza quatro eletrodos dispostos segundo o arranjo Wenner em conjunto com uma fonte de corrente e dois multímetros, o que torna possível a execução de uma medida convencional de resistividade em diferentes profundidades à medida que a sonda é cravada no solo. Uma eventual aplicação desta minissonda seria sua utilização na avaliação de salinização secundária de solos. A agroindústria, principalmente no estado de São Paulo, vem utilizando cada vez mais estufas para a produção de frutos e flores, principalmente. Os processos de irrigação, e o microclima criados dentro das estufas, têm causado o incremento da quantidade de sais no solo, uma vez que o solo não é naturalmente lixiviado pela água da chuva. Isto pode comprometer a utilização dessas estufas para fins ligados à agricultura. A salinidade refere-se à presença de sais dissolvidos no solo, na água superficial e subterrânea. A salinização do solo pode estar ligada a processos naturais como a pedogênese do solo ou ao clima local por exemplo, ou pode ter origem secundária, podendo estar relacionada às atividades antrópicas capazes de alterar esta propriedade do meio. O presente trabalho visou testar a aplicabilidade da minissonda de resistividade para a avaliação da salinização secundária de solos. O trabalho foi inicialmente desenvolvido em laboratório, onde foram efetuados experimentos em amostras de solo saturadas com soluções de NaCl em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados obtidos nestes ensaios utilizando um meio arenoso totalmente saturado mostraram que a condutividade elétrica aumenta em função da concentração de NaCl utilizado na solução. Observou-se ainda a relação inversa entre a resistividade aparente calculada e a concentração da solução utilizada. Os ensaios de campo foram executados em duas estufas distintas, que utilizam diferentes técnicas de cultivo, localizadas nos municípios de Holambra e Elias Fausto, e não indicaram correlação entre a condutividade elétrica calculada a partir das resistividades obtidas e a condutividade elétricas medidas em laboratório, nas amostras de solo encaminhadas para análise. Foram analisados também os íons Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, e cloretos. Nas duas estufas observa-se correlação entre as condutividades obtidas e alguns dos íons analisados. As diferenças observadas entre as condutividades elétricas calculada e medida, podem estar relacionadas às condições de campo, uma vez que nas duas estufas observou-se porções porosas no solo, a presença de solo argiloso nas estufas, principalmente em Holambra, e à presença dos metais presentes no solo local, conforme mostram os resultados analíticos obtidos. Adicionalmente, durante a realização dos ensaios em laboratório o meio encontrase totalmente saturado, o que não ocorreu nos ensaios realizados em campo, uma vez que na estufa em Holambra o solo estava úmido e na estufa em Elias Fausto apresentava-se bastante seco. As diferenças de umidade também podem ter interferido nos resultados obtidos. Os trabalhos realizados evidenciaram que a minissonda pode ser aplicada para medida de resistividade in situ, porém, seu uso deve se limitar à avaliação de áreas onde o solo é mais arenoso e pouco compactado. / Geophysical methods have been used to define the extension and depth of contaminations caused by organic and inorganic compounds spills. This is because those contaminations change the physical properties of the underground materials. This study presents the tests results performed both in laboratory and field of a small probe that allows the in situ measurement of the resistivity, avoiding the need of installation of monitoring wells and allowing low cost and fast measurements. It consists in a probe with four electrodes according a Wenner array, a current source and two multimeters. It makes possible to take in situ resistivity measurements in different depths while the probe is inserted in the soil. An eventual application for that mini probe would be for evaluation of secondary salinity of the soil. The agro industry, mainly in the São Paulo state, has been using greenhouses to increase the production mainly of fruits and flowers. The irrigation processes used and the microclimate generated in the greenhouse have been causing an increasing salt quantity in the soil. This happens because the natural lixiviation (by the rain) does not occur. That increasing salinization may prejudice the use of such greenhouses for agricultural purposes. Salinization refers to a build up of salts in soil, in the superficial water and groundwater. It may be due to natural process, like e.g. the pedogenesis or the local climate, or it may have a secondary origin, normally related to antropic activities that are capable to modify such property. This study aimed at testing the applicability of the resistivity mini probe to evaluate the secondary salinization of the soil. It was performed firstly in laboratory, using soil samples saturated with NaCl solutions of different concentrations. The results of those experiments showed that the electrical conductivity increases as function of the NaCl concentration and, naturally, the inverse relation with the apparent and calculated resistivity. Field tests were performed in two different greenhouses where distinct techniques are used. They are located in the Holambra and Elias Fausto municipalities. These tests did not indicate correlation between the electrical conductivity calculated from the measures resistivities and the electrical conductivities measured in the soil samples sent to the laboratory. In those samples the ions Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, and chloride were also analyzed. For both greenhouses, some ions presented correlation with the electrical conductivities. The observed differences between the electrical conductivity calculated and measured may be related to the field conditions, since that in both greenhouses the soil was porous (avoiding the perfect coupling of the probe), the presence of clay that sticks in the probe between the electrodes, or the presence of metals in the soil, shown by the chemical analysis. In addition, during the laboratory tests, the soil was completely saturated, what was not the case in the field. In Holambra the soil was wet and Elias Fausto it was completely dry. So, the humidity differences may have interfered in the results. Finally, the tests results showed that the mini probe may be applied to measure the resistivity in situ but, its use may be limited to the evaluation of areas where the soil is more sandy and relatively loose.
2

Testes de aplicabilidade de sonda de eletrorresistividade na avaliação de salinização secundária de solos / Applicability tests of a resistivity probe to evaluate secondary salinization of soils

Patricia Braga Toledo Iezzi 25 February 2008 (has links)
Os métodos geofísicos têm sido utilizados para definir a extensão em área e em profundidade de contaminações causadas por compostos orgânicos ou inorgânicos, uma vez que tais contaminações alteram as propriedades físicas do meio. Este trabalho abrangeu o desenvolvimento de ensaios realizados em laboratório e em campo para verificar a aplicabilidade de minissonda de resistividade, que utiliza quatro eletrodos dispostos segundo o arranjo Wenner em conjunto com uma fonte de corrente e dois multímetros, o que torna possível a execução de uma medida convencional de resistividade em diferentes profundidades à medida que a sonda é cravada no solo. Uma eventual aplicação desta minissonda seria sua utilização na avaliação de salinização secundária de solos. A agroindústria, principalmente no estado de São Paulo, vem utilizando cada vez mais estufas para a produção de frutos e flores, principalmente. Os processos de irrigação, e o microclima criados dentro das estufas, têm causado o incremento da quantidade de sais no solo, uma vez que o solo não é naturalmente lixiviado pela água da chuva. Isto pode comprometer a utilização dessas estufas para fins ligados à agricultura. A salinidade refere-se à presença de sais dissolvidos no solo, na água superficial e subterrânea. A salinização do solo pode estar ligada a processos naturais como a pedogênese do solo ou ao clima local por exemplo, ou pode ter origem secundária, podendo estar relacionada às atividades antrópicas capazes de alterar esta propriedade do meio. O presente trabalho visou testar a aplicabilidade da minissonda de resistividade para a avaliação da salinização secundária de solos. O trabalho foi inicialmente desenvolvido em laboratório, onde foram efetuados experimentos em amostras de solo saturadas com soluções de NaCl em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados obtidos nestes ensaios utilizando um meio arenoso totalmente saturado mostraram que a condutividade elétrica aumenta em função da concentração de NaCl utilizado na solução. Observou-se ainda a relação inversa entre a resistividade aparente calculada e a concentração da solução utilizada. Os ensaios de campo foram executados em duas estufas distintas, que utilizam diferentes técnicas de cultivo, localizadas nos municípios de Holambra e Elias Fausto, e não indicaram correlação entre a condutividade elétrica calculada a partir das resistividades obtidas e a condutividade elétricas medidas em laboratório, nas amostras de solo encaminhadas para análise. Foram analisados também os íons Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, e cloretos. Nas duas estufas observa-se correlação entre as condutividades obtidas e alguns dos íons analisados. As diferenças observadas entre as condutividades elétricas calculada e medida, podem estar relacionadas às condições de campo, uma vez que nas duas estufas observou-se porções porosas no solo, a presença de solo argiloso nas estufas, principalmente em Holambra, e à presença dos metais presentes no solo local, conforme mostram os resultados analíticos obtidos. Adicionalmente, durante a realização dos ensaios em laboratório o meio encontrase totalmente saturado, o que não ocorreu nos ensaios realizados em campo, uma vez que na estufa em Holambra o solo estava úmido e na estufa em Elias Fausto apresentava-se bastante seco. As diferenças de umidade também podem ter interferido nos resultados obtidos. Os trabalhos realizados evidenciaram que a minissonda pode ser aplicada para medida de resistividade in situ, porém, seu uso deve se limitar à avaliação de áreas onde o solo é mais arenoso e pouco compactado. / Geophysical methods have been used to define the extension and depth of contaminations caused by organic and inorganic compounds spills. This is because those contaminations change the physical properties of the underground materials. This study presents the tests results performed both in laboratory and field of a small probe that allows the in situ measurement of the resistivity, avoiding the need of installation of monitoring wells and allowing low cost and fast measurements. It consists in a probe with four electrodes according a Wenner array, a current source and two multimeters. It makes possible to take in situ resistivity measurements in different depths while the probe is inserted in the soil. An eventual application for that mini probe would be for evaluation of secondary salinity of the soil. The agro industry, mainly in the São Paulo state, has been using greenhouses to increase the production mainly of fruits and flowers. The irrigation processes used and the microclimate generated in the greenhouse have been causing an increasing salt quantity in the soil. This happens because the natural lixiviation (by the rain) does not occur. That increasing salinization may prejudice the use of such greenhouses for agricultural purposes. Salinization refers to a build up of salts in soil, in the superficial water and groundwater. It may be due to natural process, like e.g. the pedogenesis or the local climate, or it may have a secondary origin, normally related to antropic activities that are capable to modify such property. This study aimed at testing the applicability of the resistivity mini probe to evaluate the secondary salinization of the soil. It was performed firstly in laboratory, using soil samples saturated with NaCl solutions of different concentrations. The results of those experiments showed that the electrical conductivity increases as function of the NaCl concentration and, naturally, the inverse relation with the apparent and calculated resistivity. Field tests were performed in two different greenhouses where distinct techniques are used. They are located in the Holambra and Elias Fausto municipalities. These tests did not indicate correlation between the electrical conductivity calculated from the measures resistivities and the electrical conductivities measured in the soil samples sent to the laboratory. In those samples the ions Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, and chloride were also analyzed. For both greenhouses, some ions presented correlation with the electrical conductivities. The observed differences between the electrical conductivity calculated and measured may be related to the field conditions, since that in both greenhouses the soil was porous (avoiding the perfect coupling of the probe), the presence of clay that sticks in the probe between the electrodes, or the presence of metals in the soil, shown by the chemical analysis. In addition, during the laboratory tests, the soil was completely saturated, what was not the case in the field. In Holambra the soil was wet and Elias Fausto it was completely dry. So, the humidity differences may have interfered in the results. Finally, the tests results showed that the mini probe may be applied to measure the resistivity in situ but, its use may be limited to the evaluation of areas where the soil is more sandy and relatively loose.
3

Análise comparativa entre arranjos de tomografia elétrica e sua aplicação na pesquisa de ocorrência de cobre disseminado /

Paes, Renata Augusta Sampaio. January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Cesar Augusto Moreira / Resumo: A área de estudo está localizada próxima a Caçapava do Sul no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, ocorrência conhecida como Colônia Santa Barbara. A ocorrência está situada na Bacia do Camaquã, alocada estruturalmente em um bloco alto, na interseção de duas falhas com direções NE-SW e NW-SE, com litologias aflorantes pertencentes ao Complexo Metamórfico Bossoroca e Formação Hilário do Grupo Bom Jardim. Descrita entre 1960 e 1970, a pesquisa foi suspensa após análise geoquímica apontar teores de cobre insatisfatórios, não ultrapassando a 1%, sem interesse econômico. Atualmente com uso de aparelhos multi-cabos de aquisição automática é possível a realização de ensaios geoelétricos de diferentes arranjos em menor tempo e maior praticidade, o que impulsionou o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Essa dissertação apresenta a análise comparativa dos dados de tomografia elétrica em arranjo Schlumberger, Wenner e Dipolo-Dipolo, para averiguar o resultado que descreva a morfologia mais realista esperada do jazimento, baseado no modelo magmático hidrotermal com forte controle estrutural. A análise comparativa entre os arranjos de tomografia elétrica proposta neste trabalho revelou a conformação de um corpo cônico de alta cargabilidade (2,7 mV/V) que engloba o núcleo vertical de alta resistividade (438 Ω.m), além de uma zona anelar de alta cargabilidade possivelmente correlacionada ao sistema de falhas que estruturam o alto estrutural (tufo vulcânico). A estrutura cônica observada é compatível com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The study area is located near to Caçapava do Sul, at Rio Grande do Sul State, an occurrence known as Colônia Santa Barbara. The occurrence is in the Camaquã Sedimentary Basin, structurally allocated in a high block, at the two faults intersection with NE-SW and NW-SE directions, with outcropping lithologies belonging to Bossoroca Metamorphic Complex, and Hilario Formation. Described between 1960 and 1970, the research was suspended after geochemical analysis pointed to unsatisfactory copper levels, not exceeded 1%, without economic interest. Nowadays, with the use of automatic and multicable devices, like Terrameter Ls, it is possible to perform different arrangements geometric tests in a shorter time and greater practicality, fact that support this work development. This dissertation presents the electrical tomography arrays comparative analysis to Schlumberger, Wenner, and Dipolo-Diplo, to verify the result that describes the most realistic expected deposit morphology, based in a hydrothermal magmatic metallogenetic deposit with high structural control. The comparative analysis revealed a conical body with high chargeability conformation (2,7 mV/V) that encompasses the high resistivity vertical core (438 Ω/m ), as well as an annular portion with high chargeability possibly correlated to the fault zone that structures the central and high block (volcanic tuff). The conical structure observed is compatible with the dike, vertical and cylindrical morphology described for hydr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
4

Interpretação da resistividade aparente do solo e estratificação com arranjo de Schlumberger / Interpretation of apparent soil resistivity and stratification with schlumberger arrangement

Viana , Fernando Moreira 29 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-27T10:56:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Moreira Viana - 2016.pdf: 6105282 bytes, checksum: 6822f2ad13c8ed286d41535c02c26b87 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-27T10:57:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Moreira Viana - 2016.pdf: 6105282 bytes, checksum: 6822f2ad13c8ed286d41535c02c26b87 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-27T10:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Moreira Viana - 2016.pdf: 6105282 bytes, checksum: 6822f2ad13c8ed286d41535c02c26b87 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / This work proposes a methodology for interpretation of soil resistivity measurements obtained using the arrangement of four electrodesWenner, Schlumberger and Schlumberger-Palmer. Displays can be compared apparent resistivity curves when the quantity used in the abscissa is the effective depth of investigation. This magnitude that depends on the geometry of the electrodes, namely the positioning of both current electrodes and the potential electrodes. The work also features in an innovative way, an algorithm for soil stratification from resistivity measurements obtained with the Schlumberger arrangement. The same is based on the method of complex images and propose a finite number of complex exponentials to represent the kernel function. Several simulations are performed, proving the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. / Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para interpretação de medições de resistividade do solo obtidas utilizando os arranjos de quatro eletrodos de Wenner, Schlumberger e Schlumberger-Palmer. Mostra ser possível comparar curvas de resistividade aparente quando a grandeza utilizada no eixo das abscissas é a profundidade efetiva de investigação. Grandeza esta que depende da geometria dos eletrodos, ou seja, do posicionamento tanto dos eletrodos de corrente como dos eletrodos de potencial. O trabalho apresenta também, de forma inovadora, um algoritmo para estratificação do solo a partir de medições de resistividade obtidas com o arranjo de Schlumberger. O mesmo baseia-se no método das imagens complexas e na proposição de uma série finita de exponenciais complexas para representar a função kernel. Simulações diversas são realizadas, comprovando a eficiência e a eficácia do algoritmo proposto.
5

Zpracování metodiky a podpory pro vyhodnocení naměřených hodnot uzemnění stožárů VVN v souvislosti s PNE 33 3300-1 / Development of methodology and supporting tool for evaluation of measured values of high voltage poles grounding systems according standard PNE 33 3300-1

Kováč, Frederik January 2020 (has links)
Diploma thesis is oriented on measuring and evaluation of grounding conditions of HV pylons. In theoretical part is described theory of grounding including related legislation, impact of electric current on human body, methods of measuring earth resistance, soil resitivity and description of available measurers. Practical part is focused on measuring earth resistance of selected pylons and measuring procedures followed by evaluation of measurements according to person's safety from dangerous touch voltage and impact of lightings. For evauluation of measured data is created supporting tool in MS Excel. In the last part of thesis are described recommendations for cutting-down touch voltages.
6

Development of Test Methods for Assessment of Concrete Durability for Use in Performance-based Specifications

Shahroodi, Ahmad 11 January 2011 (has links)
Many Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) projects consist of construction and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures. Where appropriate test methods exist, MTO has been moving towards use of performance-based specifications for durability control of concrete. MTO currently uses ASTM C1202 (RCPT) coulomb values to assess concrete durability. This test requires taking cores, so replacing this test with a faster non-destructive technique is important. The main focus of this program was to study the Wenner probe surface resistivity as a non-destructive test device and evaluate the potential for replacement of RCPT with the Wenner resistivity. This research program consists of the determination of RCPT values, water sorptivity coefficients and electrical resistivities (bulk and surface) of nine concrete mixtures. In addition, the development of the Wenner probe instrument was studied. As well, correlations between resistivity and ASTM C1202 and C1585 are provided followed by technical recommendations for improving the Wenner test.
7

Development of Test Methods for Assessment of Concrete Durability for Use in Performance-based Specifications

Shahroodi, Ahmad 11 January 2011 (has links)
Many Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) projects consist of construction and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures. Where appropriate test methods exist, MTO has been moving towards use of performance-based specifications for durability control of concrete. MTO currently uses ASTM C1202 (RCPT) coulomb values to assess concrete durability. This test requires taking cores, so replacing this test with a faster non-destructive technique is important. The main focus of this program was to study the Wenner probe surface resistivity as a non-destructive test device and evaluate the potential for replacement of RCPT with the Wenner resistivity. This research program consists of the determination of RCPT values, water sorptivity coefficients and electrical resistivities (bulk and surface) of nine concrete mixtures. In addition, the development of the Wenner probe instrument was studied. As well, correlations between resistivity and ASTM C1202 and C1585 are provided followed by technical recommendations for improving the Wenner test.
8

Simulação, em ambiente computacional, do método de Wenner e obtenção da resistência de um sistema de aterramento usando FDTD

SOUZA JÚNIOR, Emanuel dos Santos 21 September 2007 (has links)
Submitted by camilla martins (camillasmmartins@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T12:29:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SimulacaoAmbienteComputacional.pdf: 2208271 bytes, checksum: 587823a8c5179d1f47a482ca42f9fc3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-03-27T15:57:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SimulacaoAmbienteComputacional.pdf: 2208271 bytes, checksum: 587823a8c5179d1f47a482ca42f9fc3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T15:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SimulacaoAmbienteComputacional.pdf: 2208271 bytes, checksum: 587823a8c5179d1f47a482ca42f9fc3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-21 / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia computacional, para a comprovação das práticas de estratificação do solo, pelo método de Wenner e o cálculo da resistência de terra pelo método Volt-Amperímetro. Esta metodologia permite ao projetista de sistema de aterramento avaliar com precisão o seu desempenho e propor soluções que melhor atendam aos requisitos de economia e segurança. A base de cálculo que relacionam os campos elétricos e magnéticos são as equações diferenciais de Maxwell, que embora concisas e muito elegantes, são de difícil resolução em problemas reais de engenharia. Isso se deve ao fato de, nos casos reais, a resolução ser num domínio contínuo e de geometria complexa. O método FDTD transforma essas equações diferenciais, no domínio contínuo, em equações algébricas através da discretização do domínio em estudo, essa transformação em equações algébricas em todo domínio discretizado leva a um sistema matricial de grandes dimensões (dezenas a centenas de milhares de linhas e colunas), o qual, uma vez resolvido, conduz aos resultados pretendidos as quais são escritas em um sistema de coordenadas gerais e resolvidas numericamente. No método FDTD emprega-se técnicas numéricas de mapeamento de campo para a determinação dos campos elétrico e magnético, o que permite o conhecimento da difusão de corrente ao longo do volume estudado. A região de influência do aterramento (domínio de análise) é dividida em pequenos elementos de volume na forma de hexaedros, possibilitando o cálculo dos campos em suas faces. Um trabalho de pósprocessamento permite mapear os campos e a distribuição de correntes por todo o domínio. Como resultado são obtidos os valores de tensão, corrente e da resistência de terra em todo o volume. O código computacional utilizado para modelar o problema da resistência de um sistema de aterramento e simulação do método de Wenner , foi desenvolvido em FORTRAN e implementado para ser executado utilizando-se computação paralela em cluster tipo Beowulf de 10 nós onde os resultados foram comparados com os métodos analíticos que já existe na literatura e são apresentados no capítulo VI. / This work presents a new computational methodology, for the attesting practices of soil bedding by the method of Wenner and the calculation of earth resistance by method Volt-ammeter. This methodology allows the grounding planner system evaluate his acting accurately and propose solutions that assist the requirements of economy and safety. The calculation base that relates the electric and magnetic fields is the differential equations of Maxwell, which, although concise and very elegant, are from difficult resolution in real problems of engineering. That is due to the fact that, in the real cases, the resolution is in a continuous domain and of complex geometry. The method FDTD transforms these differential equations, at continuous domain, in algebraic equations through the domain division in study. This transformation in algebraic equations in the whole divided domain takes to a principal system of great dimensions (dozens to hundreds of thousands of lines and columns), which, once resolved, it leads to the intended results that are written in a system of general coordinates and resolved numerically. In the method FDTD are used numeric field map techniques for determination of electric and magnetic fields, which allows the knowledge of current diffusion along the studied region. The region of grounding influence (analysis domain) is divided in small cells in the form of hexahedrons, making possible the calculation of the fields in their faces. A powder-processing work allows mapping the fields and currents distribution for the whole domain. As result, are obtained tension, current and grounding resistance values in the whole analysis domain. The code computacional used to model the resistance problem of a grounding and simulation of the method of Wenner, was developed in FORTRAN and implemented to be executed using parallel computation in cluster type Beowulf 10 knots, where the results were compared with analytical methods that already exist in the literature and are presented in the chapter VI.
9

Vhodnost modelování skutečného modelu půdy náhradním jednovrstvým nebo dvouvrstvým horizontálním modelem půdy / Appropriateness of modelling the actual soil model as a uniform or horizontal two-layer soil model

Kuběna, Michael January 2019 (has links)
The present thesis deals with soil resistivity and especially the suitability of replacing various soil models with a two-layer horizontal model. First, the factors that influence soil resistivity as well as the methodology of its measuring are described, and various soil models are introduced. Then, the Ansys program was used to create several soil models: a vertical model with perpendicular or oblique division, a model with a pronounced inhomogeneity and a three-layer model. In all of these models, a Wenner measurement simulation was performed, followed by a two-layer horizontal replacement model. Then the size of the error that was created by replacing the actual model with a two-layer horizontal model was examined.
10

Contribution au calcul des élévations de potentiel de sol en contexte ferroviaire / Contribution to calculation of ground potentiel rising in railway context

Papaiz Garbini, Gabriel 25 June 2015 (has links)
Le système électrique ferroviaire est composé d'un ensemble de conducteurs métalliques de différentes natures et ayant, pour la plupart d'entre eux, la particularité d'avoir une longueur très importante par rapport aux dimensions transversales. Cet ensemble de conducteurs est inséré dans un environnement complexe composé de plusieurs autres éléments, tel que le réseau de transport d'énergie à haute tension, le réseau de gaz, le réseau des télécommunications, ainsi que des habitations, des passagers, des rivières, des fermes, etc. Pour assurer sa bonne compatibilité électromagnétique avec l'environnement, il est important de limiter les niveaux d'émissions électromagnétiques provenant du système ferroviaire qui pourraient perturber les éléments extérieurs ou mettre en danger des personnes. En même temps, il est important que le système ferroviaire soit suffisamment immunisé contre des éventuelles perturbations externes, de façon à assurer le bon fonctionnement des installations ferroviaires et la sécurité des passagers et du personnel. Parmi les types de perturbations électromagnétiques existant, les Élévations de Potentiel de Sol (EPS) méritent une attention particulière. Le sol naturel est un milieu conducteur de très grande taille. Il est souvent utilisé pour drainer des excès de charges électriques d'un système quelconque, ainsi comme un milieu d'échange de courant électrique entre des systèmes qui sont à des potentiels électriques différents.Des protections sont alors systématiquement installées de sorte à limiter l'impact des EPS sur les éléments voisins. Ces protections ont souvent un coût d'installation et de maintenance très élevé pour le système ferroviaire; elles doivent être optimisées au cas par cas, de façon à garantir la sécurité des personnes et le bon fonctionnement des équipements, et en même temps rester financièrement accessibles. La majorité des méthodes existantes aujourd'hui pour le calcul des EPS ne permet pas la prise en compte de tous ces facteurs. Elles se limitent à intégrer le sol de façon passive, et en général en le modélisant de nature homogène ou quasi-homogène.Dans cette optique, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour le calcul des EPS, plus complète et par conséquent plus précise que celles existantes aujourd'hui. Cette méthode permet d'intégrer dans la modélisation la présence d'un sol hétérogène multicouche, construit à partir de mesures réalisées sur le terrain et spécifiques à chaque contexte de sol. La présence de conducteurs enterrés dans la région de l'EPS est tenue en compte dans un modèle multiconducteur qui permet intégrer en même temps tous les conducteurs de la zone. La méthode développée est particulièrement dédiée au calcul des EPS en contexte ferroviaire. Cette approche s'appuie sur une méthode hybride qui prend en compte les phénomènes d'induction et de conduction dans un système multiconducteurs et qui intègre la présence d'un sol multicouche. Ce type d'approche s'est déjà avéré pertinent dans le cadre de l'étude des interactions entre des perturbations électromagnétiques générées par une ligne à haute tension et des canalisations enterrées. Notre méthode est dans un premier temps validée dans des configurations académiques puis mise en œuvre dans l'étude de sites ferroviaires où des comparaisons avec des mesures sont présentées. / The railway electrical system is composed of multiple metallic conductors of different kinds and having, for most of them, the particularity of being very long in comparison with its perpendicular dimensions. This set of conductors is integrated in a complex environment composed of many other elements, such as power transmission lines, pipelines, telecommunication lines, but also houses, people, rivers, farms, etc. To assure its electromagnetic compatibility with its environment, it is important to restrict the level of hazardous electromagnetic emissions coming from railway system that could disturb neighboring systems or risk people’s safety. At the same time, it is important that railway system is immunized against electromagnetic emissions coming from its neighbor, in order to assure the correct functioning of railway installations and the safety of passengers and staff. Among the different kinds of electromagnetic perturbations, the Ground Potential Rising (GPR) deserves a special treatment. The natural ground is a conductor environment of great size. It is often used to drain excessive electric charges from systems, and also as an environment allowing electrical charges exchange between systems in different electrical potential.Protections are then systematically deployed in order to limit the impact of GPR on neighboring elements. In the case of railway system, these protections have a very high cost of installation and maintenance. They must be optimized on a case to case basis, in order to assure security of people and equipments but also to be affordable.The majority of methods to calculate GPR don’t allow the integration of the complex electric environment of the ground. Most of them integrate the ground in a passive way, most of the time being a homogeneous ground.In this regard, we propose a new method of GPR calculation, more complete so more precise than what is used today. This method allows the integration into the model of a heterogeneous multilayer ground, built after measurements that have to be done on a case to case basis. The presence of buried conductors in the area of the GPR is also taken into account in a multiconductor model, which integrates at the same time all the conductors inside the zone.The method that we developed gets its full meaning when applied to GPR in railway context, thanks to the presence of many buried cables in the same environment. This approach is based on a hybrid method that takes into account induction and conduction phenomena in a multiconductor system and integrating a multilayer ground. This kind of approach has already been used in the calculation of electromagnetic induction between a power line and a pipeline. We first validated our method by calculating GPR in simple configurations. We then applied our calculations in order to calculate GPR in a railway context, which was then compared with measurements.

Page generated in 0.0411 seconds