The laithe house is an example of vernacular architecture, typical of the upland farmsteads of West Yorkshire. It is a dual-purpose dwelling, being house and agricultural building built in one range. The form appears from the earliest stone buildings of the 17th century, but it is typical and widespread from the late 18th century, being adopted as a convenient and compact smallholding for tenant farmers on newly-enclosed land. It is particularly associated with textile manufacture, its occupants more or less dependent on this industry. The decline of the laithe house occurs in the late 19th century as textile manufacture moved away from home industry and vernacular architecture gave way to modern building development. The laithe house particularly reflects the social and economic life of West Yorkshire up to and during the first phase of the Industrial Revolution, being house, farm and workshop all under one roof. This thesis presents a background introduction to the topography and history of West Yorkshire and a general survey of vernacular architecture in the county from 14th-19th centuries. The laithe house itself is examined as follows; a summary of other researchers' findings and a discussion of the possible origins of the laithe house and connections with longhouse tradition; an extensive architectural survey; specific surveys in 11 selected areas. The work is supplemented by 60 plates, 60 figures, tabulated information and appendices, including a full list of laithe houses identified and descriptions of 85 dated examples. The study is based on two years' field work, secondary sources and documentary sources which include tithe and enclosure awards, land tax and estate records, contemporary commercial directories, wills and probate inventories, and a particular study of the 19th century census returns which provide a documentary overview of laithe house inhabitants and their occupations, supplementing the extensive survey.

Yes

No description available.

yes / Este documento de investigación del ICPS es un reporte final de un proceso de cuatro años, en el que se realizaron visitas de intercambio entre oficiales de policía de dos distintos pero problemáticos contextos urbanos, así como una reflexión académica sobre lo que nos enseñó acerca de la construcción de seguridad en tales contextos. Esperamos estimular una mayor discusión en el campo académico y en el diseño de políticas para sobrepasar los obstáculos a la construcción de seguridad en nuestras ciudades en formas que contribuyan al bienestar, la paz y la justicia social. Nuestro trabajo en el Centro Internacional de Estudios en Participación de la Universidad de Bradford se concentra especialmente en el estudio de cómo mejores condiciones de seguridad pueden promover y permitirle a la comunidad tener un rol completo en la vida pública. Creemos que la seguridad debe estar en el centro de los estudios de paz con sólidas dimensiones teóricas y prácticas. Este no es un concepto que deba ser dejado a los pensadores conservadores cuya principal preocupación son el orden y la estabilidad. La seguridad crea ambientes que posibilitan cambios sociales positivos y progreso humano.

No description available.

In recent years, diverse scholars have addressed the issue of the chemosensory perceptions associated with traditional medicines, nevertheless there is still a distinct lack of studies grounded in the social sciences and conducted from a cross-cultural, comparative perspective. In this urban ethnobotanical field study, 254 informants belonging to the Gujarati, Kashmiri and English ethnic groups and living in Western Yorkshire in Northern England were interviewed about the relationship between taste and medicinal perceptions of five herbal drugs, which were selected during a preliminary study. The herbal drugs included cinnamon (the dried bark of Cinnamomum verum, Lauraceae), mint (the leaves of Mentha spp., Lamiaceae), garlic (the bulbs of Allium sativum, Alliaceae), ginger (the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae), and cloves (the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae). The main cross-cultural differences in taste perceptions regarded the perception the perception of the spicy taste of ginger, garlic, and cinnamon, of the bitter taste of ginger, the sweet taste of mint, and of the sour taste of garlic. The part of the study of how the five selected herbal drugs are perceived medicinally showed that TK (Traditional Knowledge) is widespread among Kashmiris, but not so prevalent among the Gujarati and especially the English samples. Among Kashmiris, ginger was frequently considered to be helpful for healing infections and muscular-skeletal and digestive disorders, mint was chosen for healing digestive and respiratory troubles, garlic for blood system disorders, and cinnamon was perceived to be efficacious for infectious diseases. Among the Gujarati and Kashmiri groups there was evidence of a strong link between the bitter and spicy tastes of ginger, garlic, cloves, and cinnamon and their perceived medicinal properties, whereas there was a far less obvious link between the sweet taste of mint and cinnamon and their perceived medicinal properties, although the link did exist among some members of the Gujarati group. Data presented in this study show how that links between taste perceptions and medicinal uses of herbal drugs may be understood as bio-cultural phenomena rooted in human physiology, but also constructed through individual experiences and culture, and that these links can therefore be quite different across diverse cultures.

Yes / This study examined factors that either enhance or undermine community cohesion in areas with established Muslim communities and into which Muslim migrants have recently arrived. It explores ethnic and religious interaction; kinship and friendship networks; political and civic participation; community and people's feelings of belonging to Britain; and local policy-maker' and practitioners' views. / Joseph Rowntree Foundation

This study aims to determine the concentration of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils from West Yorkshire in order to determine what the factors are controlling their distribution and abundances. Although PAHs have been reported before from soils and sediments, the majority of these studies have come from China, sometimes with contrasting results, which emphasises the need to obtain equivalent data from other areas. Therefore this work provides the first measurements of their type from the area studied. Soil samples were collected from one hundred sites across an area from Bradford to Leeds on two occasions, one in autumn and one in the following summer. The soil samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and all found to have similar mineralogical composition, which was mainly silica and calcite. Trials using iodine as a marker for PAHs showed there were notable interactions between the minerals and PAHs, with calcium carbonate absorbing PAHs much more than silica. There is a negative correlation between the soil organic content (determined by loss on ignition) and PAHs, which confirms the PAH-mineral interaction. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using targeted selected ion monitoring was used to determine and quantify PAHs in the one hundred soil samples with the aid of PAH external standards. The results showed highest concentrations of total PAHs in the same sample from Leeds from the autumn (1,525 ng/g) and in the summer (1,768 ng/g). In Bradford there was only moderate pollution of PAHs, the maximum being 122 ng/g. However the majority of data from Bradford showed lower levels of pollution in both summer and autumn. On the basis of prior published information, the ratio of these compounds has been used to help in identifying sources. In the samples collected from Bradford in both seasons and Leeds in autumn the PAH pollution originated from pyrogenic, biomass and petroleum combustion, however in the summer the source appeared more to be from a petrogenic source. These ratios in the samples which were collected from the area between Bradford and Leeds implied pyrogenic, biomass source of pollution in the autumn, but in the summer another source of organic compounds was indicated namely petroleum combustion. When the locations were resampled nine months later, after taking into account within-site variability, there was a strong indication that the PAH concentrations were higher. This might have been due to a seasonal effect, but when a further (third) subsample was taken at a later date it showed a further increase in PAH level which suggests the effect is accumulative rather than seasonal. The results were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine whether the type of road had an effect on the concentration of the 16 PAHs compounds, but it was concluded that there was no such effect. However, the distance from the soil sample to the nearest road did have an effect on the concentration of the 16 PAH compounds, especially in soil samples having the shortest distance to the road. Traffic volume was also tested and found to influence the PAH concentrations. It is notable that, comparing the groupings from autumn with those from summer by cluster analyses, they largely had the same compounds grouping together in both cases; only two compounds differed at all in where they occurred in the clusters, with consistent patterns of grouping found for the other compounds. These analyses indicate that PAH compounds behave in a consistent way amongst groups of PAH compounds. The grouping of PAHs appears linked to their sources rather than number of rings or molecular weight. / Libyan Government and Embassy

No description available.

A major threat in present political climate is identity group conflict as shown in such disparate cases as former Yugoslavia, Rwanda , Northern Ireland and the rise in racism and xenophobia in Europe. Conflict Resolution theory has addressed itself to intervention in existing conflict situations either by third parties or the conflicting parties themselves but conflict prevention has been a relatively neglected area. This thesis takes a case study of relations between the Muslim and white majority communities in Bradford where underlying tensions occasionally erupt into conflicts which have national ramifications and sometimes international dimensions. Within this situation there is scope for conflict resolution work but also conflict prevention work. Reference is made to Northern Ireland where identity group conflict has been longstanding and where community relations approaches have ben tried and tested over a period of fifteen to twenty yeas. The community relations work already being undertaken in Bradford is explored along with where and how this needs to be strengthened. An action research project was undertaken to bring together young members of the Muslims and white majority communities in an attempt to assess the usefulness of workshop based approaches in improving inter-group relations and transmitting skills of conflict handling to the participants.