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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A Comparison of White Matter Microstructure and its Relationship with Cognition in Younger and Older Adults

Sheriff, Abu-Bakar 13 September 2022 (has links)
Background: Given the growing aging population, it is crucial to better understand the neurobiological underpinnings of healthy aging and how changes in structure relate to changes in function. The current study derived diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of white matter microstructure in younger and older adults to simulate the healthy aging process. Methods: The DTI metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) as well as the cognitive domains of memory and executive function were examined in 34 healthy participants divided into older adults (17; Mean = 70.9, SD = 5.4) and younger adults (17; Mean = 28.1, SD = 2.8). Cognitive performance on the California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II) and the trails making test (Trails-A & Trails-B) were used to evaluate memory and executive function, respectively. The differences in white matter microstructure between older and younger adults were analyzed using tract based spatial statistics (TBSS; p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons) in FSL. Associations between the DTI metrics and cognition were then evaluated for each group. Results: Older adults had lower FA and higher MD in diffuse brain regions, including major tracts such as the corticospinal tract, corpus callosum and superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. There was a significant negative correlation between executive function and MD in the right superior and anterior corona radiata and the body of the corpus callosum of older adults. No significant relationship was detected between memory performance and DTI metrics in older adults. Furthermore, no significant relationships were detected between memory or executive function performance and FA or MD in younger adults. Conclusions: The differences in DTI metrics between groups as well as the association between MD and executive function support further examinations into the healthy aging process. Future studies should use longitudinal designs with large sample sizes to better understand changes and trajectories during healthy aging. / Graduate / 2023-08-19
2

Exercise - A Cerebral Anti-aging Cure?

Kleemeyer, Maike 29 January 2018 (has links)
Fortschreitendes Alter geht häufig mit Leistungsabnahmen in kognitiven Aufgaben einher. Eine steigende Anzahl Studien zeigt, dass regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität negativen Alterseffekten entgegenwirken kann und somit zur Erhaltung kognitiver und zerebraler Funktionen im Alter beiträgt. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersuchte im Rahmen eines Ausdauertrainings die Zusammenhänge zwischen Veränderungen in der körperlichen Fitness und Veränderungen in Gehirn und Verhalten bei älteren Erwachsenen. Studie I zeigt, dass zuvor gefundene Vergrößerungen des Hippocampus auf Änderungen der Mikrostruktur des zugrundeliegenden Gewebes zurückgeführt werden können. Die Probanden, die ihre Fitness am meisten verbesserten, zeigten auch die stärkste Verdichtung des Hippocampusgewebes. Die Verdichtung des Gewebes stand wiederum in positivem Zusammenhang mit der Veränderung im Hippocampusvolumen. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Veränderungen im Volumen aus einer Vermehrung der Zellmembranen resultieren und nicht aus der Ausdehnung bereits vorhandener Zellen. In Studie II hingen Veränderungen in der Fitness zusammen mit Veränderungen in der Mikrostruktur eines präfrontalen Traktes der weißen Substanz, nämlich dem Forceps minor. Gleichermaßen hingen die Veränderungen in der Mikrostruktur des Forceps minor mit Veränderungen in einem zusammengesetzten Maß fluider kognitiver Fähigkeiten zusammen. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass Veränderungen in der Mikrostruktur der weißen Substanz möglicherweise zu den positiven Auswirkungen von körperlicher Aktivität auf kognitive Fähigkeiten beitragen. Studie III zeigt, dass Veränderungen der Fitness positiv mit Veränderungen der neuronalen Spezifität korrelieren, welches als indirektes Maß für dopaminerge Neuromodulation angenommen wird. Zusammenfassend erweitern die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation die Literatur über positive Effekte von körperlicher Aktivität auf Alterungsprozesse und stärken den Kenntnisstand über zugrundeliegende Mechanismen. / Advanced age has been consistently linked to performance deterioration in cognitive tasks targeting the ability to mentally manipulate information. A growing body of literature suggests that regular physical exercise alleviates the adverse effects of age and helps to preserve cognitive and cerebral capacities in old age. The present dissertation investigated associations between changes in fitness and changes in cerebral and cognitive measures within a group of older adults who participated in an exercise intervention. Paper I shows that previously reported increases in hippocampal volume can be linked to exercise-induced changes in the underlying tissue microstructure. The participants who improved most in fitness showed most increments in hippocampal tissue density. Changes in tissue density were in turn positively associated with changes in hippocampal volume. This finding suggests that volumetric changes result from an increase in the bulk of cell membranes, and not from a mere dilation of existing cells. In Paper II, changes in fitness were associated with changes in the microstructure of a prefrontal white matter tract, namely the forceps minor. Likewise, changes in forceps minor microstructure were related to changes in a composite score of fluid cognitive abilities. This result indicates that changes in white matter microstructure may contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition. Paper III demonstrates that changes in fitness are positively correlated with changes in neural specificity, presumably an indirect marker of dopaminergic neuromodulation. In summary, findings from the present dissertation extend the literature on beneficial effects of exercise on age-related deterioration and add knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms.
3

Post mortem inference of the human brain microstructure using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging with strong gradients / Etude de la microstructure du cerveau humain par imagerie post mortem à très haut champ magnétique et forts gradients

Beaujoin, Justine 18 December 2018 (has links)
L’ambition des très hauts champs magnétiques (≥ 7T) à forts gradients (≥ 300mT/m) est de dépasser la résolution millimétrique imposée à plus bas champ pour atteindre l’échelle mésoscopique en neuroimagerie. Etudier le cerveau à cette échelle est essentiel pour comprendre le lien entre fonction et substrat anatomique. Malgré les progrès réalisés sur les aimants cliniques à 7T, il n’en est pas de même des gradients. Cette thèse vise à cartographier le cerveau humain à l’échelle mésoscopique via l’étude de pièces anatomiques post mortem. Une approche alternative a été choisie, reposant sur l'utilisation d'imageurs précliniques à très hauts champs (7T et 11.7T) et forts gradients (780mT/m). Après une première étape de préparation (extraction et fixation) opérée au CHU de Tours, une pièce anatomique complète a été scannée à 3T, avant découpe de l’hémisphère gauche en sept blocs. Un protocole d’acquisition IRM ciblant une résolution mésoscopique a ensuite été mis en place à 11.7T. Ce protocole, incluant des séquences anatomiques, relaxométriques, et de diffusion, a été validé à l’aide de deux structures clé: un hippocampe et un tronc cérébral. Les données anatomiques et de diffusion acquises à une résolution mésoscopique sur l’hippocampe ont permis de segmenter ses sous-champs, d’extraire le circuit polysynaptique et d’observer l’existence d’un gradient de connectivité et de densité neuritique positif dans la direction postéro-antérieure de l’hippocampe. L’utilisation de modèles avancés d’étude de la microstructure a également révélé l’apport de ces techniques pour la segmentation de l’hippocampe, les cartes de densité neuritique révélant les trois couches des champs ammoniens. Un tronc cérébral a ensuite été scanné, avec une résolution atteignant la centaine de micromètres. Une segmentation de 53 de ses 71 noyaux a été réalisée au sein du CHU de Tours, permettant d’établir la cartographie IRM du tronc cérébral humain la plus complète à ce jour. Les principaux faisceaux de la substance blanche ont été reconstruits, ainsi que les projections du locus coeruleus, structure connue pour être atteinte dans le maladie de Parkinson. Forts de ces résultats, la campagne d'acquisition de l'hémisphère gauche, d’une durée de 10 mois, a été initiée. Le protocole d’acquisition à 11.7T intègre des séquences anatomiques (100/150µm) ainsi que des séquences d'imagerie 3D pondérées en diffusion (b=1500/4500/8000 s/mm², 25/60/90 directions) à 200µm. Des acquisitions complémentaires réalisées à 7T comprenant des séquence d’écho de spin rapide avec inversion-récupération ont par ailleurs permis d’étudier la myéloarchitecture du cortex cérébral et d’identifier automatiquement sa structure laminaire. Un nouveau modèle de mélange de Gaussiennes a été développé, intégrant les informations myéloarchitecturales issues de la cartographie T1 et les informations cytoarchitecturales issues de l’imagerie de diffusion. Il a ainsi pu être démontré que l’utilisation conjointe de ces deux informations permettait de mettre en évidence des couches du cortex visuel, l’information myéloarchitecturale favorisant l’extraction des couches externes et la densité neuritique celle des couches plus profondes. Enfin, l’exploitation des données IRM acquises à 11.7T sur les différents blocs a nécessité la mise en place d’une chaîne de prétraitements pour corriger les artéfacts d’imagerie et reconstruire l’hémisphère entier à l’aide de stratégies de recalage difféomorphe avancées. L’objectif de ce projet est l’obtention d’un jeu de données IRM de très haute résolution spatio-angulaire de l’hémisphère gauche. Ce jeu de données anatomique et de diffusion unique permettra à terme de constituer un nouvel atlas IRM mésoscopique de la structure, de la connectivité et de la cytoarchitecture du cerveau humain. / The aim of ultra-high field strength (≥7T) and ultra-strong gradient systems (≥300mT/m) is to go beyond the millimeter resolution imposed at lower field and to reach the mesoscopic scale in neuroimaging. This scale is essential to understand the link between brain structure and function. However, despite recent technological improvements of clinical UHF-MRI, gradient systems remain too limited to reach this resolution. This thesis aims at answering the need for mapping the human brain at a mesoscopic scale by the study of post mortem samples. An alternative approach has been developed, based on the use of preclinical systems equipped with ultra-high fields (7T/11.7T) and strong gradients (780mT). After its extraction and fixation at Bretonneau University Hospital (Tours), an entire human brain specimen was scanned on a 3T clinical system, before separating its two hemispheres and cutting each hemisphere into seven blocks that could fit into the small bore of an 11.7T preclinical system. An MRI acquisition protocol targeting a mesoscopic resolution was then set up at 11.7T. This protocol, including anatomical, quantitative, and diffusion-weighted sequences, was validated through the study of two key structures: the hippocampus and the brainstem. From the high resolution anatomical and diffusion dataset of the human hippocampus, it was possible to segment the hippocampal subfields, to extract the polysynaptic pathway, and to observe a positive gradient of connectivity and neuritic density in the posterior-anterior direction of the hippocampal formation. The use of advanced microstructural models (NODDI) also highlighted the potential of these techniques to reveal the laminar structure of the Ammon’s horn. A high resolution anatomical and diffusion MRI dataset was obtained from the human brainstem with an enhanced resolution of a hundred micrometers. The segmentation of 53 of its 71 nuclei was performed at the Bretonneau University Hospital, making it the most complete MR-based segmentation of the human brainstem to date. Major white matter bundles were reconstructed, as well as projections of the locus coeruleus, a structure known to be impaired in Parkinson’s disease. Buoyed by these results, a dedicated acquisition campaign targeting the entire left hemisphere was launched for total scan duration of 10 months. The acquisition protocol was performed at 11.7T and included high resolution anatomical sequences (100/150μm) as well as 3D diffusion-weighted sequences (b=1500/4500/8000 s/mm², 25/60/90 directions, 200μm). In addition, T1-weighted inversion recovery turbo spin echo scans were performed at 7T to further investigate the myeloarchitecture of the cortical ribbon at 300µm, revealing its laminar structure. A new method to automatically segment the cortical layers was developed relying on a Gaussian mixture model integrating both T1-based myeloarchitectural information and diffusion-based cytoarchitectural information. The results gave evidence that the combination of these two contrasts highlighted the layers of the visual cortex, the myeloarchitectural information favoring the extraction of the outer layers and the neuritic density favoring the extraction of the deeper layers. Finally, the analysis of the MRI dataset acquired at 11.7T on the seven blocks required the development of a preprocessing pipeline to correct artifacts and to reconstruct the entire hemisphere using advanced registration methods. The aim was to obtain an ultra-high spatio-angular resolution MRI dataset of the left hemisphere, in order to establish a new mesoscopic post mortem MRI atlas of the human brain, including key information about its structure, connectivity and microstructure.
4

New Algorithms for Local and Global Fiber Tractography in Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Schomburg, Helen 29 September 2017 (has links)
No description available.

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