Os Passeriformes compõem a maior ordem de aves do mundo. No Brasil, representam 55,52%, sendo os animais mais envolvidos no tráfico da fauna silvestre. Só no município de São Paulo são registradas aproximadamente 150 espécies. Embora componham um grupo importante e bem representativo, pouco se sabe sobre as causas de morbidade e mortalidade de Passeriformes de vida livre da fauna nacional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar, caracterizar e comparar as causas de morte de Passeriformes de vida livre residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e Passeriformes oriundos do tráfico apreendidos na mesma localidade. Foram estudadas 149 aves, sendo 42,3% de vida livre e 57,7% oriundas do tráfico. As causas de morte nas aves provenientes de tráfico e de vida livre foram respectivamente iguais a 51,17% e 24,42% decorrentes a processos infecciosos; 34,92% e 42,86% a processos não infecciosos; 10,46% e 12,70% à suspeita de processos infecciosos e 13,95% e 9,52% à causas indeterminadas. Óbitos devido a processos infecciosos foram os mais predominantes entre os animais de tráfico, caracterizados principalmente por infecções mistas por agentes bacterianos e fúngicos, enquanto os processos não infecciosos, principalmente traumatismos, se destacaram entre aqueles de vida livre. Os resultados obtidos permitem atuar como importante ferramenta auxiliando e direcionando o atendimento clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento, além de gerar informações que contribuam com os programas de conservação in situ, como as solturas, hoje amplamente realizadas e ainda muito controversas. / Passeriformes are the largest and most diverse avian order in the world. In Brazil, they are around 55,52% and most aimed in the illegal wildlife trade. There are 150 species in São Paulo city and surroundings. Although passerines are an important and very representative group, morbidity and mortality of brazilian free-living birds are unknown. The goal of this work was to identify, characterize and compare the causes of death of free-living Passeriformes in the São Paulo Metropolitan area and those from illegal wildlife trade in the same area. In the total of 149 birds studied, 42,3% was free-living and 57,7% from illegal trade. The causes of death of passerines from illegal wildlife trade and free-living are: infectious diseases (respectively, 51,17% and 24,42%); non-infectious diseases (34,92% and 42,86%); suspicious infeccious diseases (10,46% and 12,70%) and indeterminate causes (13,95% and 9,52%). Deaths due to infectious diseases were the majority among birds of illegal trade, mainly concomitant bacterial and fungic infections, while non-infectious diseases, specially trauma, were more predominant among the free-living ones. Obtained results play as an important tool helping and guiding clinic assistance, diagnosis and treatment, besides to contribute with conservation programs in situ, like releases, that are very frequent nowdays, but they are still controversial.

Der Rückgang der Wildtiere kann Ökosysteme tiefgreifend verändern und das Risiko von Ernährungsunsicherheit und neu auftretenden Krankheiten erhöhen, die wiederum die globale Gesundheit, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft bedrohen. Aufbauend auf dem theoretischen Überbau des Konzepts komplexer sozial-ökologischer Systeme untersuche ich in dieser Dissertation die Jagd und den Wildtierhandel in einem ganzheitlichen, differenzierten und skalensensitiven Ansatz. Dabei untersuche ich die Ursachen der Wildtiernutzung auf verschiedenen Ebenen (z.B. Nutzergruppen) und Skalen (lokal, global). Ich untersuchte ein lokales Umfeld durch eine Fallstudie um den Taï-Nationalpark in der Elfenbeinküste, indem ich 348 Jäger, 202 Buschfleischhändler, 190 Restaurantbesitzer und 985 Verbraucher in 47 städtischen und ländlichen Siedlungen befragte. Darüber hinaus untersuchte ich mithilfe von 114 persönlichen Interviews mit Nationalparkdirektoren in 25 afrikanischen und europäischen Ländern die Ausprägung der Jagd über den sozioökonomisch und ökologisch kontrastreichen globalen Süd-Nord-Gradienten. Die lokale Fallstudie zeigte die Heterogenität der Wildfleisch-Warenkette, in der mehrere Akteure Wildfleisch und verschiedene Taxa aus unterschiedlichen wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen oder ernährungsbedingten Beweggründen nutzen. Die globale Perspektive zeigte die sich verändernden Erscheinungsformen und Gründe für die Jagd entlang des globalen Süd-Nord-Gradienten. Im Süden überwog die illegale und kommerzielle Jagd auf Pflanzenfresser, während im Norden die legale, kulturell und sozial motivierte Jagd auf Huftiere und die illegale Jagd auf Raubtiere außerhalb von Parkgrenzen dominierte. Die Einbindung lokaler Gemeinschaften und die Berücksichtigung universeller Mechanismen menschlicher Kooperation könnte dem Naturschutz und der sozialen Gerechtigkeit zugutekommen. Nichtsdestotrotz verdeutlichen die Auswirkungen großräumiger Faktoren auf lokale Systeme die Notwendigkeit, gut umgesetzte lokale Maßnahmen mit einer angemessenen globalen Governance zu kombinieren, um den Raubbau an der Natur einzudämmen. / Declining wildlife can profoundly alter ecosystems and increase the risks of food insecurity and emerging diseases that threaten global health, societies, and economies. Building on the theoretical superstructure of complex social-ecological systems, I examine wildlife trade in a holistic, differentiated, and scale-sensitive approach, exploring the causes of wildlife use at different levels (e.g. user groups) and scales (local, global). I examined a local setting through a case study around Taï National Park in Côte d'Ivoire by interviewing 348 hunters, 202 bushmeat traders, 190 restaurant owners, and 985 consumers in 47 urban and rural settlements. Furthermore, I investigated the manifestation of hunting across the Global South-North gradient through 114 face-to-face interviews with national park directors in 25 African and European countries. The local case study revealed the heterogeneity of the wild meat commodity chain, in which multiple actors use wild meat and different taxa for varying economic, cultural, or nutritional motivations. The global perspective revealed the shifting manifestations and reasons for hunting along the Global South-North gradient. Illegal, commercial hunting of herbivores prevailed in the South, while legal, culturally-, and socially-motivated hunting of ungulates and the illegal pursuit of predators outside park boundaries were common in the North. Engaging local communities and incorporating universal mechanisms of human cooperation into conservation could benefit conservation and social justice. The impacts of large-scale drivers on local systems highlight the need for combining well-implemented local action and appropriate global governance to curb wildlife overexploitation