The need for a reduced dependence on fossil fuels is motivated by a wide range of factors: from increasing fuel costs, to national security implications of supply, to rising concern for environmental impact. Although much focus is given to terrestrial systems, over 90% of the world's freight is transported by ship. Likewise, naval warfighting systems are critical in supporting U.S. national interests abroad. Yet the vast majority of these vessels rely on fossil fuels for operation. The results of this thesis illustrate a common theme that hybrid mechanical-electrical marine propulsion systems produce substantially better fuel efficiency than other technologies that are typically emphasized to reduce fuel consumption. Naval and commercial powertrains in the 60-70 MW range are shown to benefit substantially from the utilization of mechanical drive for high speed propulsion; complemented by an efficient electric drive system for low speed operations. This hybrid architecture proves to be able to best meet the wide range of performance requirements for each of these systems, while also being the most easily integrated technology option. Naval analyses evaluate powertrain options for the DDG-51 Flight III. Simulation results using actual operational profile data show a CODLAG system produces a net fuel savings of up to 12% more than a comparable all-electric system, corresponding to a savings of 37% relative the existing DDG-51 powertrain. These results prove that a mechanical linkage for the main propulsion engine greatly reduces fuel consumption and that for power generation systems requiring redundancy, diesel generators represent a vastly superior option to gas turbines. For the commercial application it is shown that an augmented PTO/PTI hybrid system can better reduce cruise fuel consumption than modern sail systems, while also producing significant benefit with regard to CO2 emissions. In addition, using such a shaft mounted hybrid system for low speed electric drive in ports reduces NOx emissions by 29-43%, while CO is reduced 57-66% and PM may be reduced up to 25%, depending on the specific operating mode. As an added benefit, fuel consumption rates under these conditions are reduced 20-29%. / text

Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μία αναφορά στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας και αναλύεται περισσότερο η αιολική. Αναφέρεται η πορεία αξιοποίησής της, και παραθέτονται πληροφορίες για την τωρινή χρήση της στην παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας αλλά και μελλοντικές βλέψεις. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά του ανέμου και οι εξισώσεις της ανεμογεννήτριας που μας επιτρέπουν να απομαστεύουμε ενέργεια από τον άνεμο μέσω των ανεμογεννητριών. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα δομικά στοιχεία και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο γίνεται η κατηγοριοποίηση των ανεμογεννητριών, οι έλεγχοι που χρησιμοποιούνται και τα είδη των ανεμογεννητριών που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα στη βιομηχανία. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι τεχνικές απαιτήσεις για τους αιολικούς σταθμούς στο ελληνικό Σ.Η.Ε. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται η προσομοίωση μέσω του προγράμματος Matlab - Simulink ενός μη γραμμικού ελέγχου ισχύος ανεμογεννητριών DFIG για ενσωμάτωση σε εικονικούς σταθμού ισχύος (V.P.P). / In the first chapter, there is a general description about renewable energy resources and more specific, about the wind energy. We present the current worldwide electrical power production and the future requirements for electrical power production in Europe and Greece. In the second chapter, we study the features of the wind performance and the equations that allows us to drain energy from the wind ,using a wind turbine. The third chapter presents the components, the kinds of control and the categories of wind turbines that are in use in industry nowadays. The fourth chapter presents the technical requirements for the wind farms in the Greek System of Electrical Energy. In the fifth chapter we use the program Matlab - Simulink in order to simulate a non-linear direct power control of DFIG wind turbines for Virtual Power Plant (V.P.P.) integration.

Electrical energy is one of the most common forms of energy these days. Consequently, electric power system is an indispensable part of any society. However, due to the deregulation of electricity markets and the growth in the share of power generation by uncontrollable renewable energies such as wind and solar, power system simulations are more challenging than earlier. Thus, new techniques for simplifying these simulations are needed. One important example of such simplification techniques is the power system reduction. Power system reduction can be used at least for four different purposes: a) Simplifying the power system simulations, b) Reducing the computational complexity, c) Compensating the data unavailability, and d) Reducing the existing uncertainty. Due to such reasons, power system reduction is an important and necessary subject, but a challenging task to do. Power system reduction is even more essential when system operators are facing very large-scale power systems and when the renewable energy resources like hydro, wind, and solar have a high share in power generation. This thesis focuses on the topic of large-scale power system reduction with high penetration of renewable energy resources and tries to pursue the following goals: • The thesis first reviews the different methods which can be used for simplifying the power system studies, including the power system reduction. A comparison among three important simplification techniques is also performed to reveal which simplification results in less error and more simulation time decrement. • Secondly, different steps and methods for power system reduction, including network aggregation and generation aggregation, are introduced, described and discussed. • Some improvements regarding the subject of power system reduction, i.e. on both network aggregation and generation aggregation, are developed. • Finally, power system reduction is applied to some power system problems and the results of these applications are evaluated. A general conclusion is that using power system simplification techniques and specially the system reduction can provides many important advantages in studying large-scale power systems with high share of renewable energy generations. In most of applications, not only the power system reduction highly reduces the complexity of the power system study under consideration, but it also results in small errors. Therefore, it can be used as an efficient method for dealing with current bulk power systems with huge amounts of renewable and distributed generations. / <p>The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20150116</p>

Worldwide concern about the environmental problems and a possible energy crisis has led to increasing interest in clean and renewable energy generation. Among various renewable energy sources, wind power is the most rapidly growing one. Therefore, how to provide efficient, reliable, and high-performance wind power generation and distribution has become an important and practical issue in the power industry. In addition, because of the new constraints placed by the environmental and economical factors, the trend of power system planning and operation is toward maximum utilization of the existing infrastructure with tight system operating and stability margins. This trend, together with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources, will bring new challenges to power system operation, control, stability and reliability which require innovative solutions. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices, through their fast, flexible, and effective control capability, provide one possible solution to these challenges. To fully utilize the capability of individual power system components, e.g., wind turbine generators (WTGs) and FACTS devices, their control systems must be suitably designed with high reliability. Moreover, in order to optimize local as well as system-wide performance and stability of the power system, real-time local and wide-area coordinated control is becoming an important issue. Power systems containing conventional synchronous generators, WTGs, and FACTS devices are large-scale, nonlinear, nonstationary, stochastic and complex systems distributed over large geographic areas. Traditional mathematical tools and system control techniques have limitations to control such complex systems to achieve an optimal performance. Intelligent and bio-inspired techniques, such as swarm intelligence, neural networks, and adaptive critic designs, are emerging as promising alternative technologies for power system control and performance optimization. This work focuses on the development of advanced optimization and intelligent control algorithms to improve the stability, reliability and dynamic performance of WTGs, FACTS devices, and the associated power networks. The proposed optimization and control algorithms are validated by simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC, experimental studies, or real-time implementations using Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) and TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Platform. Results show that they significantly improve electrical energy security, reliability and sustainability.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αναλύει και προτείνει κάποιες νέες λύσεις και μεθοδολογίες όσον αφορά στο πρόβλημα της βέλτιστης απομάστευσης ενέργειας από ένα αιολικό σύστημα. Στο πρώτο μέρος, προτείνεται μια νέα μεθοδολογία για τη βελτιστοποίηση της εκμετάλλευσης του ανέμου σε μια συγκεκριμένη περιοχή, καταλήγοντας στη βέλτιστη χωροταξική τοποθέτηση των ανεμογεννητριών σε ένα αιολικό πάρκο. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, ο σκοπός της βελτιστοποίησης είναι η μεγιστοποίηση της παραγόμενης ισχύος για κάθε τυχαία ταχύτητα ανέμου, μέσω της ανάπτυξης βέλτιστων τεχνικών ελέγχου. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις, η ανάλυση γίνεται με τη χρήση μοντέλων τα οποία αναπτύχθηκαν στο περιβάλλον του προγράμματος Matlab και τον υπολογιστικών εργαλείων που παρέχει αυτό. Τα μοντέλα που δημιουργήθηκαν, μας οδήγησαν σε μια σειρά προσομοιώσεων οι οποίες επαλήθευσαν τη θεωρητική ανάλυση και επιβεβαίωσαν ότι οι πρωτότυπες λύσεις που προτείνονται δίνουν βελτιστοποιημένα αποτελέσματα σε σχέση με αντίστοιχες γνωστές αναλύσεις. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το πρώτο μέρος αυτής της διατριβής επικεντρώνεται στη βέλτιστη επιλογή τόσο του αριθμού, όσο και της θέσης των ανεμογεννητριών σε μια συγκεκριμένη γεωγραφική περιοχή. Το κριτήριο που χρησιμοποιείται για την βελτιστοποίηση είναι η μέγιστη παραγωγή ενέργειας με το χαμηλότερο κόστος. Στην ανάλυση αυτή, εισάγεται μια νέα διαδικασία προσέγγισης αυτού του προβλήματος με τη χρήση της Μεθόδου Προσομοίωσης Μόντε Κάρλο. Στην παρούσα ανάλυση, όπως και σε παλιότερες αντίστοιχες, χρησιμοποιείται το ίδιο κριτήριο βελτιστοποίησης και γίνονται οι ίδιες παραδοχές, προκειμένου τα αποτελέσματα να είναι συγκρίσιμα. Τα αποτελέσματα που παρουσιάζονται είναι πολύ καλύτερα και όσον αφορά στην παραγόμενη ισχύ αλλά και το κριτήριο βελτιστοποίησης. Επιπρόσθετα, εξάγονται σημαντικά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με το μέγιστο αριθμό των ανεμογεννητριών και την χωροταξική τους τοποθέτηση, τα οποία επαληθεύουν ότι η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος είναι ένα λειτουργικό εργαλείο για την απόφαση τοποθέτησης ανεμογεννητριών σε ένα αιολικό πάρκο. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, που είναι και πιο εκτεταμένο, σκοπός είναι η σχεδίαση νέων ελεγκτών υψηλής απόδοσης, οι οποίοι επιτυγχάνουν τη μέγιστη παραγωγή ισχύος για συστήματα ανεμογεννητριών μεταβλητών στροφών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, αναλύεται ένα σύστημα ανεμογεννήτριας το οποίο αποτελείται από επαγωγική γεννήτρια βραχυκυκλωμένου κλωβού που συνδέεται στο δίκτυο με πλήρως ελεγχόμενο ac/dc/ac μετατροπέα με IGBT στοιχεία. Αρχικά παρουσιάζεται μια ανάλυση των μεθόδων που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα για τη μεγιστοποίηση και τον έλεγχο της ισχύος. Με βάση αυτή την ανάλυση, προτείνοντες εναλλακτικές λύσεις που είναι λιγότερο πολύπλοκες, πιο ακριβείς και πιο εύκολα εφαρμόσιμες, ένα γεγονός που αποδεικνύεται μέσω της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης. Για το σκοπό αυτό αναπτύχθηκαν και προτάθηκαν κατάλληλα μη γραμμικά μοντέλα για το σύστημα της ανεμογεννήτριας, για την περίπτωση της λειτουργίας υπό μεταβλητή, προσαρμοζόμενη ταχύτητα. Η εκτενής μαθηματική ανάλυση απέδειξε ότι το αρχικό μη γραμμικό σύστημα τηρεί τη θεμελιώδη ιδιότητα των Euler-Lagrange συστημάτων, την παθητικότητα. Αυτό σημαίνει πως το σύστημα έχει απόσβεση τόσο στο ηλεκτρικό όσο και στο μηχανικό μέρος. Επίσης, γίνεται ανάλυση του εφαρμοζόμενου σχήματος του διανυσματικού ελέγχου. Η ανάλυση αυτή αποδεικνύει ότι με κατάλληλη μετατροπή και προσαρμογή των PI ελεγκτών που χρησιμοποιούνται στην πλευρά της γεννήτριας και σημαντικές απλοποιήσεις του σχήματος του παραδοσιακού διανυσματικού ελέγχου, προκύπτουν δύο διαφορετικά σχήματα ελέγχου τα οποία επιτυγχάνουν αυτόματα τον προσανατολισμό στο πεδίο που απαιτείται από το διανυσματικό έλεγχο, ενώ διατηρούν και αυξάνουν την απόσβεση του αρχικού συστήματος. Οι έλεγχοι αυτοί επιτυγχάνουν εξαιρετική ρύθμιση των στροφών λειτουργίας της γεννήτριας σύμφωνα με την ταχύτητα του ανέμου, έτσι ώστε να οδηγούν στη βέλτιστη λειτουργία, δηλαδή αυτή της μέγιστης δυνατής εξαγόμενης ισχύος. Το πρώτο σχήμα ελέγχου είναι απευθείας συγκρίσιμο με τις υπάρχουσες εφαρμογές του διανυσματικού ελέγχου, ενώ το δεύτερο εισάγει μια πρωτοποριακή τεχνική, η οποία βελτιώνει σημαντικά την απόκριση του συστήματος. Ανάλογες βελτιώσεις προτείνονται και για την πλευρά του μετατροπέα προς την πλευρά της σύνδεσης με το δίκτυο της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Και για αυτή την περίπτωση αποδεικνύεται ότι ο προτεινόμενος σχεδιασμός μπορεί να δώσει απλοποιημένα σχήματα ελέγχου πολύ αποδοτικά όμως για τη διαμόρφωση της ποιότητας της παραγόμενης ισχύος Έτσι, επιτυγχάνεται πλήρης αντιστάθμιση της αέργου ισχύος με λειτουργία μοναδιαίου συντελεστή ισχύος της ανεμογεννήτριας. Επιπρόσθετα, επιτυγχάνεται η σαφής σταθεροποίηση της λειτουργίας της διασύνδεσης συνεχούς ρεύματος σε λειτουργία σταθερής dc τάσης. Οι αναλυτικές προσομοιώσεις οι οποίες διεξήχθησαν, βασίζονται σε ρεαλιστικά σενάρια λειτουργίας. Σύμφωνα με αυτά η απαίτηση για ρύθμιση της ταχύτητας στην βέλτιστη τιμή της συμβαίνει την ίδια χρονική στιγμή που εμφανίζεται αλλαγή της παρεχόμενης ισχύος και ροπής από τον άνεμο. Τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης επαληθεύουν τη θεωρητική ανάλυση και δείχνουν ότι και τα δύο προτεινόμενα σχήματα ελέγχου επιτυγχάνουν μεγιστοποίηση στην παραγωγή ισχύος με τρόπο αποδοτικό και με τους αναμενόμενους χρόνους απόκρισης. Συγκρίσεις με υπάρχουσες αντίστοιχες τεχνικές ελέγχου δείχνουν την υπεροχή των προτεινόμενων σχημάτων ελέγχου και την ικανοποιητική λειτουργία τους. / This dissertation analyses and suggests some efficient solutions for the optimization problem of the available power in a wind system. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, a new methodology is proposed for optimizing the manipulation of wind in a certain area, based on the optimal placement of wind turbines in wind parks. In the second part, the purpose of the optimization is to maximize the power production from the wind, through the development of new control techniques. In both cases, the analysis is made by using detailed nonlinear models, which were developed in computational environment of the Matlab program and all the computational tools that were available. The models that were developed lead us to a series of simulations that confirm the theoretical analysis and suggest original solutions and optimized results in comparison to known ones. Particularly, the first part of this thesis is concentrated in the optimal selection of the number and the positioning of the wind turbines in a certain geographic region. The criterion used for the optimization is the maximum power production with the minimum cost. In this analysis a novel procedure is introduced, based on the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. As in previous studies, we used the same optimization criterion and the other conditions in order the results to be comparable. The presented results are far better as long it concern the maximum power production and the optimization factor. Furthermore, important conclusions are made for the maximum number of the wind turbines and their location that confirm the proposed method as an efficient tool for the geographic distribution of wind mills in a wind park. In the second part of this dissertation, the goal is to design high efficient and simple controllers that achieve maximum power production for wind turbine systems. Particularly, a variable speed wind generation system is considered consisting by a squirrel cage induction generator connected to the grid by a fully controlled ac/dc/ac IGBT converter. To this end, first it is presented an analysis of the control method, namely the vector control method, which is used today for maximization and control of the active power. Based on this analysis, alternative solutions are proposed, that are less complicated, more accurate and easier to be accomplished, a fact that is proved through a theoretical analysis. Suitable nonlinear models have been developed and proposed for a wind turbine system, for the case of operating under variable, adjustable speed. Comprehensive mathematical analysis proves that the original nonlinear system has the fundamental property of Euler-Lagrange systems, which is passivity. This means that the system is damped in both the electric and the mechanical part. Also, an analysis of the existing, vector control based schemes is conducted. Then, by modifying properly the PI controllers used at the generator side and simplifying decisively the vector control scheme, we propose two different control schemes that simultaneously are free from the field oriented requirement of the vector control while they maintain and increase the damping of the initial system. The first control scheme is directly comparable with the existing vector control applications, while the second introduces an innovated technique that improves substantially the system response. Detailed simulations that carried out are based on realistic operation scenario, which mean that require demand for the adjustment of the speed in its optimal value, at the same time that a change at the supplied by the wind power and torque occurs. The simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis and show, that both the proposed control schemes achieve optimal power production in an efficient manner and in the expected response time.

This paper analyzes, from an auction design perspective, the results of the auction of renewable energy that the Peruvian State has initiated since 2008, allowing to show significant results such as the introduction of new technologies for power generation with low CO2 emissions, competitive prices and high levels of competition. Although they are also shown the outstanding issues as the lack of clear direction and heading for future of renewable energy, as well as the need to strengthen institutions to create areas of renewable energies to integrate synergies around the energy transition. / El presente artículo analiza, desde la perspectiva del diseño de subastas, los resultados obtenidos en las subastas de energías renovables que el Estado Peruano ha iniciado desde el año 2008, permitiendo mostrar importantes resultados como la introducción de nuevas tecnologías de generación de electricidad con bajas emisiones de CO2, precios competitivos y altos niveles de competencia. También se muestran los temas pendientes como la falta de dirección y rumbo claros para el futuro de las energías renovables, así como la necesidad de fortalecer las instituciones para crear áreas de energías renovables que integren las sinergiasexistentes en torno a la transición energética.

Orientador: Dr. Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2015. / Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma configuração do sistema de armazenamento de energia com baterias aplicado a sistemas de geração de energia eólica empregando conversores de fonte Z conectados à rede elétrica. Os geradores de indução gaiola de esquilo, são frequentemente utilizados nos sistemas de geração de energia eólica, por sua robustez, simplicidade, peso menor e custo baixo. Este é conectado diretamente ao conversor de potência bidirecional back to back, pode fornecer potências ativa e reativa à rede elétrica. Além disso, é estudado o conversor de fonte Z aplicado nesta topologia. No entanto, a implantação de sistemas de armazenamento de energia com baterias nos sistemas de geração de energia eólica na atualidade é muito importante, devido à possibilidade de oscilações da tensão e corrente na rede elétrica, portanto, estes podem ajudar à estabilização das tensões, correntes e a frequência na rede elétrica. Este sistema é conectado ao conversor back to back por meio de um conversor elevador-abaixador de corrente contínua. Para controlar a velocidade no eixo do rotor no gerador de indução, a estratégia é baseada no controle direto de torque. Enquanto, para o conversor do lado da rede é empregada a técnica de controle orientado pela tensão. Para o banco de baterias é utilizado o controle da tensão no barramento de corrente contínua e do fluxo na corrente da bateria, utilizando controladores do tipo PI. Com os novos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos nas chaves de potência, são apresentadas topologias de conversores CC-CA como o conversor de fonte Z, este tipo de conversor corrige algumas limitações do conversor back to back, com as características de elevador/abaixador de tensão, sem o uso de dispositivos de comutação, são permitidos os curto-circuitos na chaves, empregando novas técnicas de modulação, e reduz a quantidade harmônica injetada na rede elétrica. Os estudos foram realizados por meio de técnicas de simulação computacional usando modelos matemáticos do sistema estudado para a validação das estratégias de controle empregadas em diferentes condições de operação. Para as simulações empregou-se a ferramenta computacional SimPowerSystems R do Matlab/Simulink R . / This paper presents a battery energy storage system applied to wind power generation based on Z-source inverter connected to the power grid. The squirrel cage induction generators, often used in wind power generation systems, for its robustness, simplicity, lower weight and low cost. This is connected directly to the bidirectional power converter back to back, therefore, and provides active and reactive powers to grid. In addition, it is studied the Z-source inverter applied in this topology. However, the implementation of battery energy storage systems in wind power generation systems, currently is very important, due to possibility of the voltage and current fluctuations in the power grid, so these may to stabilisation of current, voltage and frequency on the grid. This system is connected to back to back converter through a DC-DC converter (buck-boost). For the rotor speed control on induction generator, the strategy is based on direct torque control. While, for the grid side converter is employed the technique of voltage oriented control. For the battery bank voltage control is used on DC-link voltage and battery current flow, through PI type controllers. With the new technological developments in the keys of power, DC converters topologies are presented as the Z-source inverter, this type converter fixes some limitations of the converter back to back, with the characteristics of buck-boost voltage, without the use of switching devices, allowed short-circuits on converter, using new modulation techniques, and reduces the amount injected harmonic to power grid. The studies were performed by means of computer simulation techniques using mathematical models of studied system to validate the control strategies employed in different operating conditions. For the simulations was used the computational tool SimPowerSystems R do Matlab/Simulink R .

Nas últimas décadas, o tema "meio ambiente" tem se tornado alvo cada vez maior de discussão, dado a grande dependência, em escala mundial, da energia gerada por combustíveis fósseis, os quais são finitos. Dessa forma, buscam-se alternativas à geração de energia hoje predominante focadas na sustentabilidade e na utilização de fontes limpas e renováveis. Nesse contexto, o estímulo ao uso de fontes de energia renováveis tem crescido não só no Brasil como no exterior. Dentre as diversas possibilidades temos, a energia eólica que, dado o estágio atual de maturidade de sua indústria, a diminuição dos preços dos aerogeradores à medida que a tecnologia evolui e os incentivos dados pelo governo federal à construção de usinas eólicas, tem aumentado ano a ano sua participação na matriz energética brasileira, atualmente em 1,78%, com perspectiva de chegar aproximadamente em 9% até 2021, segundo dados da ANEEL e da ABEEólica (Associação Brasileira de Energia Eólica). Além disso, é mister ressaltar que a utilização em larga escala da matriz eólica para a produção de energia elétrica tem o objetivo de diminuir a dependência da produção de energia por meio de combustíveis fósseis, os quais não são renováveis e são extremamente poluentes. Assim, tendo em vista o aumento da competitividade da geração de energia eólica no Brasil nos últimos anos, objetiva-se, por meio da presente monografia, analisar inicialmente a atual indústria de geração de energia elétrica sob o novo marco regulatório e, em seguida, a especificidade da indústria de geração de energia eólica, a potencialidade de geração de energia eólica no Brasil, a regulação específica incidente sobre tal geração de energia, em consonância com o novo marco regulatório do setor elétrico e os incentivos para sua produção no Brasil. / MBA Executivo (especialização em Administração) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração, Rio de Janeiro, 2013. / Bibliografia: p. [22-25]

Submitted by Marco Aurelio Rocha (rochamarco.eng@gmail.com) on 2018-04-19T12:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Marco_Rocha_FINAL.pdf: 4334808 bytes, checksum: bcc84d54c373bafcb2362766219becac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Minervina Teixeira Lopes null (vina_lopes@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-04-19T18:51:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_ma_me_bauru.pdf: 4334226 bytes, checksum: d2b0086eaa88031ec113f8e0a415c74c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T18:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_ma_me_bauru.pdf: 4334226 bytes, checksum: d2b0086eaa88031ec113f8e0a415c74c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta dissertação apresenta a análise, modelagem e controle vetorial de um sistema de geração eólica tendo um gerador de indução duplamente alimentado como máquina primária e equipado com um conversor back-to-back para gerenciamento da potência entregue ou absorvida da rede elétrica, independentemente do tipo de carga instalada, por meio de compensação de reativos e filtragem ativa das correntes da rede. Para atingir este objetivo, a modelagem do sistema, bem como o projeto dos controladores foram desenvolvidos no ambiente de simulação Matlab®/Simulink®, em que o controle do conversor do lado do rotor realiza a regulação do torque e o controle de potência ativa e reativa, enquanto que o controle do conversor do lado da rede tem a função de manter a tensão do link-CC constante e produzir fator de potência unitário, compensando reativos oriundos do sistema de geração eólica e da carga instalada e atuando como um filtro ativo de potência, melhorando o índice de distorção harmônica da corrente da rede. Além disso, controladores proporcionais-ressonantes foram utilizados a fim de mitigar harmônicos gerados pelo conversor atuando no modo retificador. Também foi realizado o controle do ângulo de passo das pás da turbina, com a finalidade de obter a máxima potência para qualquer velocidade do vento. Os resultados obtidos permitiram avaliar o desempenho dos controladores, de modo que o fator de potência foi mantido unitário para variações abruptas de carga. Tem-se compensação harmônica para cargas não-lineares sendo extraída e gerada a máxima potência oriunda do vento. / This dissertation presents the analysis, modeling and vector control of a wind power system with a doubly-fed induction generator as a primary machine and equipped whit a back-to-back converter to manage power delivered to or absorbed from the grid, independently of the installed load type, through reactive compensation and active filtering of grid currents. To achieve this goal, the system modelling and the controller design was developed in the Matlab®/Simulink® software, where the rotor-side converter control regulates torque and control active and reactive power. The grid-side converter control has the function of maintaining the DC link voltage constant and produce unit power factor, compensating reactive power from the wind generation system and the installed load and acting as an active power filter, which improves the total harmonic distortion of the grid current. In addition, proportional-resonant controller was used to mitigate harmonics generated by the converter acting in the rectifier mode. The pitch angle controller also was made in order to obtain the maximum power for any wind speed. The results obtained allowed to evaluate the performance of the controllers, so that the power factor was unit for abrupt loads variation, there was harmonic compensation for nonlinear loads and the maximum power from the wind was extracted and generated. / CNPq: 13.2999/2016-1

CAPES / As variações de tensão de curta duração são perturbações típicas nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica que afetam de forma significativa a qualidade da energia. Os equipamentos típicos para a regulação de tensão dispostos nas redes de distribuição em geral não são capazes de mitigar variações de tensão de curta duração. Entretanto, as unidades de geração distribuída conectadas aos sistemas de distribuição, considerando estratégias de controle adequadas, podem ser capazes de mitigar variações de tensão de curta duração nas proximidades do ponto de conexão. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho propõe a mitigação de variações de tensão de curta duração a partir da utilização de unidades eólicas de geração baseadas em gerador síncrono de imã permanente (GSIP) conectado a rede por um conversor estático de potência. A mitigação das variações de tensão é feita por meio de uma malha de controle suplementar proposta aplicada ao controle tradicional do conversor do lado da rede. A estratégia de controle proposta explora a capacidade de operação em sobrecarga de corrente da unidade eólica e é capaz de mitigar variações de tensão de curta duração em sistemas de distribuição. A malha de controle suplementar proposta limita a geração de potência reativa na capacidade máxima de sobrecarga da unidade geradora, respeitando o limite térmico do conversor estático de energia. Além da malha de controle suplementar, uma metodologia baseada em estudos estáticos de fluxo de potência é proposta com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de regulação de tensão da geração eólica associada à malha de controle proposta. A capacidade da malha de controle proposta em mitigar as variações de tensão de curta duração é avaliada por meio de simulações não lineares no domínio do tempo envolvendo uma rede de distribuição com cargas concentradas. Diferentes níveis de inserção da geração eólica na rede de distribuição e outros fatores que impactam diretamente na regulação de tensão são considerados nos testes realizados. Os estudos realizados demonstram que utilização da estratégia de controle proposta aplicada a unidades eólicas de geração pode contribuir significativamente para a manutenção do perfil de tensão durante ocorrências de variações de tensão de curta duração. / The short duration voltage variations are typical disturbances that significantly affect the power quality in distribution systems. The typical devices for voltage support and regulation, distributed along the distribution networks, are generally not capable of mitigating short duration voltage variations. However, distributed generation units connected to the distribution system, when associated with suitable control strategies, can be able to mitigate short duration voltage variations. In this context, this paper proposes the mitigation of short duration voltage variations by using wind power generating units based on permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to the network by static power converter. The voltage variation mitigation is performed by means of a supplementary control loop added to the traditional control of the grid-side converter. The proposed control strategy takes advantage of the overload capability of the wind generation unit and it is able to mitigate short duration voltage variations in distribution systems. The proposed supplementary control loop limits the generated reactive power based on the overload capability of the generation unit, avoiding that the power electronic converter exceeds its thermal limit. Besides the proposed supplementary control loop, a methodology based on power flow studies is proposed in order to evaluate the voltage regulation capability of the wind generation associated with the proposed control loop. The performance and effectiveness of the control strategy proposed to mitigate short duration voltage variations is evaluated by means of time-domain non-linear simulations regarding a distribution network with lumped load. Different levels of integration of wind generation on the distribution network and other factors that directly impact on voltage regulation are considered in the tests. The performed evaluations have demonstrated that the proposed control strategy, applied to wind generation units, can significantly contribute to the maintenance of the voltage profile of distribution systems during the occurrence of short duration voltage variations.