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Orientador: Luís Henrique Bassoi / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Antonio Odair Santos / Resumo: A irrigação é uma prática importante no cultivo de espécies frutíferas no Semiárido brasileiro, devido à precipitação pluvial com baixa magnitude, distribuição temporal irregular e insuficiente para atender a demanda hídrica das culturas agrícolas. Assim, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes manejos de irrigação na videira de vinho cv. Syrah/1103P, no comportamento ecofisiológico da cultura e em seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da produção de uvas. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina - PE, durante o primeiro ciclo de produção da cultura (13 de abril a 6 de agosto de 2010). O espaçamento da cultura foi de 3m entre linhas de plantas e 1 m entre plantas. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o de gotejamento, com emissores espaçados a 0,5 m na linha de plantio com vazão de 2,5 Lh-1. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 3 tratamentos: irrigação plena (IP) - irrigação durante todo o ciclo da cultura; irrigação deficitária (ID) - interrupção da irrigação a partir dos 45 dias após a poda de produção (dapp) até a colheita; e irrigação com déficit controlado (IDC) - interrupção da irrigação aos 45 dapp e irrigações eventuais para o aumento da umidade do solo na profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular (0,6 m). O manejo da irrigação foi baseado na evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) estimada pela relação entre a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e coeficientes da cultura (Kc). A partir de 45 dapp e até a colheita (115 dapp), a umidade do solo até a profundidade de 1,20 m foi menor nos tratamentos IDC e ID em relação ao tratamento IP / Abstract: Irrigation is important practice in the fruit crop growing in the Brazilian Semiarid region, due to low magnitude raintall, with irregular time distribuition, which is not enough to supply water demand by plants. Hence, a research work was designed to evoluate the effects of different irrigation schedulings on wine grapevine, particularly on plant ecophysiological behavior and yield. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, during the first crop growing season (April 13 to August 6, 2010) of grapevine cv. Syrah grafted on Paulsen 1103 rootstock, planted on grid spacing of 3 m between rows and 1m between plants. Drip irrigation system was used with 2.5 L.h-1 flow emitter spaced in 0.5 m. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with 4 replications and 3 irrigation treatments: full irrigation (FI) - irrigation throuhgtout the entire growing season; deficit irrigation (DI) - water application interrupted since 45 days after pruning (dap) until harvest; e regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) - irrigation interrupted since 45 dapp but occasionally performed to increase soil water storage in the effective root zone (0,6 m depth). Irrigation scheduling was performed based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), which was estinated by the relationship between reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (Kc). Soil water content at 1.2 m depth from 45 dap to 115 dap (harvest), was lower in DI and RDI treatments, when compared with FI treatment. Higher pre-daw leaf water potential values were found in RDI treatment at 56 dap (-4.2 MPa), and in DI treatment at 99 dap (-5 MPa) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_so_me_botfca.pdf: 916822 bytes, checksum: f8258c8814082977f7cdaee1b95e55ef (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A irrigação é uma prática importante no cultivo de espécies frutíferas no Semiárido brasileiro, devido à precipitação pluvial com baixa magnitude, distribuição temporal irregular e insuficiente para atender a demanda hídrica das culturas agrícolas. Assim, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes manejos de irrigação na videira de vinho cv. Syrah/1103P, no comportamento ecofisiológico da cultura e em seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da produção de uvas. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina – PE, durante o primeiro ciclo de produção da cultura (13 de abril a 6 de agosto de 2010). O espaçamento da cultura foi de 3m entre linhas de plantas e 1 m entre plantas. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o de gotejamento, com emissores espaçados a 0,5 m na linha de plantio com vazão de 2,5 Lh-1. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 3 tratamentos: irrigação plena (IP) – irrigação durante todo o ciclo da cultura; irrigação deficitária (ID) – interrupção da irrigação a partir dos 45 dias após a poda de produção (dapp) até a colheita; e irrigação com déficit controlado (IDC) – interrupção da irrigação aos 45 dapp e irrigações eventuais para o aumento da umidade do solo na profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular (0,6 m). O manejo da irrigação foi baseado na evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) estimada pela relação entre a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e coeficientes da cultura (Kc). A partir de 45 dapp e até a colheita (115 dapp), a umidade do solo até a profundidade de 1,20 m foi menor nos tratamentos IDC e ID em relação ao tratamento IP / Irrigation is important practice in the fruit crop growing in the Brazilian Semiarid region, due to low magnitude raintall, with irregular time distribuition, which is not enough to supply water demand by plants. Hence, a research work was designed to evoluate the effects of different irrigation schedulings on wine grapevine, particularly on plant ecophysiological behavior and yield. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, during the first crop growing season (April 13 to August 6, 2010) of grapevine cv. Syrah grafted on Paulsen 1103 rootstock, planted on grid spacing of 3 m between rows and 1m between plants. Drip irrigation system was used with 2.5 L.h-1 flow emitter spaced in 0.5 m. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with 4 replications and 3 irrigation treatments: full irrigation (FI) - irrigation throuhgtout the entire growing season; deficit irrigation (DI) - water application interrupted since 45 days after pruning (dap) until harvest; e regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) - irrigation interrupted since 45 dapp but occasionally performed to increase soil water storage in the effective root zone (0,6 m depth). Irrigation scheduling was performed based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), which was estinated by the relationship between reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (Kc). Soil water content at 1.2 m depth from 45 dap to 115 dap (harvest), was lower in DI and RDI treatments, when compared with FI treatment. Higher pre-daw leaf water potential values were found in RDI treatment at 56 dap (-4.2 MPa), and in DI treatment at 99 dap (-5 MPa)

Wine grape pomace (WGP), the byproduct from winemaking, is a good source of polyphenols and dietary fibers, and may be utilized as antioxidant dietary fibers (ADF) for food applications. The objectives of this thesis research were to first determine the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in red WGP under different drying processes for long-term storage, and to further evaluate the feasibility of using WGP as a functional food ingredient in yogurt and salad dressing for enhancing the nutritional value and improving storability of the products. Two types of WGP samples, pomace containing seeds and skins (P) and pomace with skins only (S) from Pinot Noir (PN) and Merlot (M) were studied. Samples were subjected to four different drying conditions: 40 °C conventional and vacuum oven, 25 °C ambient air and freeze dry. Total phenolic content (TPC, by Folin-Ciocalteu assay), anthocyanins (ACY, by pH differential method) and flavanols content (TFC, by vanillin assay) of the samples along with their antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenge method, RSA) and antibacterial activity (minimum inhibition concentration, MIC) were determined during 16 weeks of storage under vacuum condition at 15±2 °C. Meanwhile, dietary fiber profile was evaluated by using gravimetric-enzyme method. Results showed that dietary fiber contents of PN-P, PN-S, M-P and M-S were 57-63% d.m. with the majority of insoluble fraction. Freeze dried WGP retained the highest bioactive compounds with TPC 21.19-67.74 mg GAE/g d.m., ACY of 0.35-0.76 mg Mal-3-glu/g d.m., TFC of 30.16-106.61 mg CE/g d.m. and RSA of 22.01-37.46 mg AAE/g d.m., followed with ambient air dried samples. Overall, TPC, TFC and RSA were higher in PN than in M, and higher in pomace than in skins, while reverse results were observed in ACY. All samples lost significant amount of bioactive compounds during storage, in which ambient air and freeze dried samples had TPC reduction of 32-56% and 35-58%, respectively at the end of 16 weeks of storage. RSA in PN-P and M-P remained more than 50 mg TE/g d.m., meaning WGP still met the criteria of ADF definition after 16 weeks of storage. WGP extracts showed higher antibacterial efficiency against L. innocua than that of E. coli with MIC of 2, 7, 3 and 8% against L. innocua, and 3, 6, 4 and 9% against E. coli for PN-P, PN-S, M-P and M-S samples, respectively. This study demonstrated that Pinot Noir and Merlot pomace are good sources of ADF even after 16 weeks of storage at 15 °C and vacuum condition. Due to the highest antioxidant activity (RSA 37.46 mg AAE/g) and dietary fiber content (61%), PN-P was selected as ADF to be fortified in yogurt and salad dressing. Three types of WGP: whole powder (WP), liquid extract (LE) and freeze dried extract (FDE) with different concentrations were incorporated into yogurt (Y), Italian (I) and Thousand Island (T) salad dressings. TPC, RSA and dietary fiber content, major quality attributes including pH and peroxide value (PV) during the shelf life and consumer acceptance of fortified products were evaluated. The highest ADF were obtained in 3% WP-Y, 1% WP-I and 2% WP-T samples with the dietary fiber contents of 1.98%, 2.12% and 1.83% and RSA of 935.78, 585.60 and 706.67 mg AAE/kg, respectively. WP fortified products had more dietary fiber content than that of LE and FDE fortified ones because of the insoluble fractions. The pH dropped from 4.52 to 4.32 for 3% WP-Y during three weeks of storage at 4 °C, but remained stable in WGP-I and WGP-T samples after four weeks of storage at 4 °C. Adding WGP resulted in 35-65% reduction of PV in all samples compared to the control. In WGP-Y, the viscosity increased, but syneresis and lactic acid percentage were stable during storage. The 1%WP-Y, 0.5%WP-I and 1%WP-T samples were mostly liked by consumers. Study demonstrated that WGP can be used as a functional food ingredient for enhancing nutraceutical content and extending shelf-life of the food products. This study provided important information about the economically feasible drying methods for retaining the bioactive compounds in WGP during processing and storage and also suggested that WGP can be utilized as antioxidant dietary fiber to be fortified in consumer products to promote nutritional benefit and extend product shelf-life. / Graduation date: 2013

La ricerca analizza l’evoluzione della vitivinicoltura nell’Oltrepò Pavese quale elemento caratterizzante il paesaggio di questo territorio. Tale settore produttivo risulta essere una delle principali attività svolte nell’area in esame e ne caratterizza l’economia, il paesaggio collinare, le tradizioni e le forme identitarie, specialmente nellla zona centro-orientale, ossia nei territori che gravitano sui centri urbani di Casteggio, Broni e Stradella. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire anzitutto la valorizzazione della tipicità e del locale, riassunti e rappresentati nel termine terroir, che indica l’insieme degli elementi geomorfologici, climatici, antropici e culturali che rendono unico un prodotto (in questo caso il vino), mettendo così il locale al centro di un’analisi che si può estendere poi a riflessioni di ordine generale. L’indagine geografica ha studiato gli aspetti ambientali e quelli antropici, nonché le loro relazioni. Si è fatto riferimento ai fattori geologici, pedologici e climatici, che altresì sono gli elementi imprescindibili degli studi di «zonazione» che si occupano proprio dell’interazione tra viticoltura e ambiente. L’indagine geostorica-territoriale si è rivolta soprattutto ai seguenti temi: il paesaggio vitivinicolo; i tipi di vitigni impiantati e i relativi sistemi di coltivazione; le produzioni e la commercializzazione del prodotto; la rappresentazione delle proprietà e del territorio attraverso i catasti. Inoltre si approfondiscono i temi geoeconomici sia a scala globale sia a scala locale, grazie alla rielaborazione delle informazioni relative al settore produttivo. Il contesto locale pertanto è confrontato con quello regionale, nazionale e globale, al fine di comprenderne i legami, soprattutto in relazione alle attuali sfide geoeconomiche. / In this thesis we analyse the evolution of grape growing and wine making as two of the elements which have contributed to the shaping of the landscape in the Oltrepò Pavese and represent two of the main economic activities of this geographic area, with is often identified with them – particularly in the mid-western part, i.e., the areas around the towns of Casteggio, Broni and Stradella. My main goal is to investigate the ways in which the values of locality and typicity – represented by the term terroir – are promoted. “Terroir” stands for, and comprises, a number of elements such as geo-morphological and climatic features, as well as human and cultural factors, all of which contribute to the uniqueness of a product like wine. My research thus starts from, and gives prominence to, the local level, in order to formulate a set of observations from which more general conclusions may then be drawn. The geographical investigation focusses on the environmental and human factors as well as their interrelationships. In its course, we refer to factors such as geology, pedology and climate, the crucial elements of all studies of «zoning», which describe precisely the complex interaction between grape growing and the environment. The geo-historical analysis concentrates especially on thematic areas such as the landscape; the varieties of grape that are planted and the respective growing techniques; the production and marketing of the produce; the ways in which property boundaries and the territory have been represented in land registries. The geo-economic factors, at both the local and global levels, are investigated through the analysis of the data from the production sector. The local context is thus compared to the regional, national and global ones in order to better understand the nature of their interactions and provide useful insights in relation to the challenges posed by the current geo-economic scenarios.