M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Objectives of this research is to use the node orientation, coupled with antenna radiation pattern of each node, to improve the Received Signal Strength (RSS) range measurement technique. As energy eciency is critical to WSNs, it is necessary to minimize both computation and communication costs in any operation involving WSNs,including during the localisation process. To achieve that, accelerometer measurements are used to reduce the number of iteration of the optimisation process during the refinement phase by computing more accurately an initial position for the optimisation using dead reckoning and approach the localisation in a distributed manner. The contribution of this is the investigation and development of an ecient localisation algorithm that can be used on a low cost wireless sensor board developed using existing technology. A review of the existing methods is conducted to highlight the key aspect to consider when developing an ecient localisation algorithms. A mathematical modelling of the proposed algorithm is developed and simulation is conducted to analyse the performance of the algorithm. An exhaustive test bed hardware has been designed on which the algorithm can to be validated.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The SU Department of Forestry has the responsibility to monitor, assess and suggest management processes for water resources in some remote areas. The researchers need information on wind speed, wind direction, soil run-o , absorption and soil drainage. Most of the areas they are targeting have no form of GSM/GPRS coverage. This thesis presents the design and development of a Zigbee based wireless sensor network to send data from distributed sensor nodes to a ground station, all in a remote area. The ground station in turn uses a global commercial satellite communications system to send the eld data to a centralised host computer. This was accomplished through the integration of the most common and popular open source and commercial electronics prototyping platforms, namely, Arduino, Digi XBee radio, Raspberry Pi and Iridium modem. The system relies on an Arduino Uno working as a sensor node, Digi XBee radios for forming wireless mesh and multi-hop networks, Raspberry Pi being the heart of the ground station and the Iridium modem to send data to the master station through the Iridium gateway. A comprehensive literature study was conducted and a prototype of the system implemented. Various tests were conducted to determine and prove the feasibility of the system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Departement van Bosbou het die verantwoordelikheid om water hulpbronne in afgele e areas te monitor, evalueer en voorstelle te maak tov. die bestuur daarvan. Die navorsers benodig inligting oor windspoed, windrigting, grondwater a oop, -opname en -dreinering. Die meeste van die gebiede ter sprake het geen vorm van GSM / GPRS-dekking nie. Hierdie tesis beskryf die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van 'n Zigbee gebaseerde radio sensornetwerk om data vanaf verspreide sensornodes te stuur na 'n grondstasie. Die grondstasie op sy beurt maak gebruik van 'n globale kommersiele satelliet-kommunikasiestelsel om data van 'n afgele e plek in die veld te stuur na 'n gesentraliseerde rekenaarstelsel. Dit is gedoen deur van die mees algemene en gewilde prototipe oopbron en kommersiele platforms, naamlik Arduino, Digi XBee radio, Raspberry Pi en Iridium modem te integreer. Die sensornodes is gebaseer op 'n Arduino Uno, met Digi XBee radio's vir die radio- multihop netwerk. Die grondstasie is gebou om die Raspberry Pi en stuur data aan na die meesterstasie, via die Iridium modem en satellietstelsel. Na 'n omvattende literatuurstudie, is 'n prototipe van die stelsel ontwerp en geimplementeer. Omvattende toetse is gedoen om die korrekte werking en bruikbaarheid van die stelsel te bewys.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoPMA_DISSERT.pdf: 1860763 bytes, checksum: 380e4ec05d43fc5ef9f86cc19b22618b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / On the last years, several middleware platforms for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) were proposed. Most of these platforms does not consider issues of how integrate components from generic middleware architectures. Many requirements need to be considered in a middleware design for WSN and the design, in this case, it is possibility to modify the source code of the middleware without changing the external behavior of the middleware. Thus, it is desired that there is a middleware generic architecture that is able to offer an optimal configuration according to the requirements of the application. The adoption of middleware based in component model consists of a promising approach because it allows a better abstraction, low coupling, modularization and management features built-in middleware. Another problem present in current middleware consists of treatment of interoperability with external networks to sensor networks, such as Web. Most current middleware lacks the functionality to access the data provided by the WSN via the World Wide Web in order to treat these data as Web resources, and they can be accessed through protocols already adopted the World Wide Web. Thus, this work presents the Midgard, a component-based middleware specifically designed for WSNs, which adopts the architectural patterns microkernel and REST. The microkernel architectural complements the component model, since microkernel can be understood as a component that encapsulates the core system and it is responsible for initializing the core services only when needed, as well as remove them when are no more needed. Already REST defines a standardized way of communication between different applications based on standards adopted by the Web and enables him to treat WSN data as web resources, allowing them to be accessed through protocol already adopted in the World Wide Web. The main goals of Midgard are: (i) to provide easy Web access to data generated by WSN, exposing such data as Web resources, following the principles of Web of Things paradigm and (ii) to provide WSN application developer with capabilities to instantiate only specific services required by the application, thus generating a customized middleware and saving node resources. The Midgard allows use the WSN as Web resources and still provide a cohesive and weakly coupled software architecture, addressing interoperability and customization. In addition, Midgard provides two services needed for most WSN applications: (i) configuration and (ii) inspection and adaptation services. New services can be implemented by others and easily incorporated into the middleware, because of its flexible and extensible architecture. According to the assessment, the Midgard provides interoperability between the WSN and external networks, such as web, as well as between different applications within a single WSN. In addition, we assessed the memory consumption, the application image size, the size of messages exchanged in the network, and response time, overhead and scalability on Midgard. During the evaluation, the Midgard proved satisfies their goals and shown to be scalable without consuming resources prohibitively / Nos ?ltimos anos, foram propostas diversas solu??es de plataformas de middleware para Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF). A maioria dessas plataformas n?o considera quest?es de como integrar os componentes a partir de arquiteturas de middleware gen?ricas. Muitos requisitos necessitam ser considerados em um projeto de middleware para RSSF e um aspecto desejado, neste caso, consiste na possibilidade de modificar o c?digo fonte do middleware sem mudar o comportamento externo do middleware. Assim, ? almejado que exista uma arquitetura gen?rica de middleware que seja capaz de oferece uma configura??o otimizada de acordo com os requisitos da aplica??o que se deseje atender a cada momento. A ado??o de middleware baseados em modelo de componentes consiste em uma abordagem promissora, pois permite uma melhor abstra??o, desaclopamento, modulariza??o e gerenciamento das funcionalidades internas do middleware. Outro problema presente nos middleware atuais consiste no tratamento da interoperabilidade com redes externas ?s RSSF, como por exemplo, a Web. A maioria dos middleware atuais n?o disp?e da funcionalidade de acessar os dados providos pela RSSF atrav?s da World Wide Web, de forma a tratar esses dados como recursos Web e que eles possam ser acessados atrav?s de protocolos j? adotados na World Wide Web. Diante dessas quest?es, esta disserta??o apresenta o Midgard, um middleware baseado em componentes especificamente concebido para RSSFs, que adota os padr?es arquiteturais microkernel e REST. O padr?o arquitetural microkernel complementa a estrat?gia arquitetural baseada em modelo de componentes, haja vista que o microkernel pode ser compreendido como um componente que encapsula o n?cleo do sistema, sendo esse n?cleo encarregado de inicializar apenas os servi?os necess?rios, assim como remov?-los quando n?o s?o mais necess?rios. J? o padr?o REST define uma forma padronizada e leve de comunica??o entre diferentes aplica??es baseada nos padr?es adotados na Web e atrav?s dele possibilita tratar os dados da RSSF como recursos Web, permitindo que sejam acessados atrav?s de protocolo j? adotado na World Wide Web. Os dois principais objetivos do Midgard s?o (i) prover f?cil acesso via Web aos dados gerados pela RSSF, tratando tais dados como recursos Web, seguindo os princ?pios do paradigma Web of Things, e (ii) prover aos desenvolvedores de aplica??es para RSSF capacidades para a instancia??o apenas dos servi?os espec?ficos exigidos pela aplica??o, dessa forma gerando um middleware customizado e economizando recursos dos n?s. O Midgard permite utilizar a RSSF como recursos Web e ainda prover uma arquitetura de software coesa e fracamente acoplada, endere?ando interoperabilidade e customiza??o no mesmo middleware. Al?m disso, prov? dois servi?os necess?rios para a maior parte das aplica??es de RSSF, os servi?os de configura??o e o de inspe??o e adapta??o. Novos servi?os podem ser implementados por terceiros e facilmente incorporados ao middleware, gra?as a sua arquitetura flex?vel e extens?vel. De acordo com a avalia??o realizada, o Midgard prov? interoperabilidade entre a RSSF e redes externas, como a Web, assim como entre aplica??es distintas dentro de uma mesma RSSF. Al?m disso, foram avaliados o consumo de mem?ria do Midgard, o tamanho da imagem da aplica??o, o tamanho das mensagens trafegadas na rede, assim como tempo de resposta, sobrecarga e escalabilidade. Durante a avalia??o realizada o Midgard provou cumprir seus objetivos e demonstrou ser escal?vel sem consumir recursos proibitivamente

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fils se définissent comme un ensemble de petits appareils autonomes et interconnectés. Ces capteurs sont déployés dans une zone d'intérêt dans le but de collecter des informations de l'environnement comme la température ou la qualité de l'air, suivant l'application envisagée. L'évolution de ces dispositifs de capture vers le multimédia ouvre l'accès à une plus large palette d'applications et de services pour une meilleure maitrise de notre environnement. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons au suivi de cible mobile dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fils, certains de ces capteurs pouvant collecter des images. Le suivi de cible (Tracking) consiste à détecter et à localiser sur l'ensemble de sa trajectoire une cible traversant une zone d'intérêt. Cette application peut s'avérer très utile, par exemple, pour détecter et enregistrer les déplacements d'un intrus dans une zone sensible ou encore pour suivre les déplacements d'une personne assistée et munie d'un appareil avec interface radio. Contrairement aux systèmes de surveillance classiques qui nécessitent une infrastructure fixe, les réseaux de capteurs sans fils sont aussi faciles à installer qu'à désinstaller. De plus, grâce à leur polyvalence, ils peuvent être utilisés dans de nombreux environnements hostiles et inaccessibles pour l'être humain. Toutefois, étant restreints en énergie, ils ne peuvent rester actifs en permanence au risque de limiter considérablement leur durée de vie. Afin de résoudre ce problème, l'idée est d'activer uniquement les capteurs qui sont sur la trajectoire de la cible au moment ou cette dernière est à leur portée radio ou visuelle. La question est donc : comment et sur quels critères activer ces capteurs afin d'obtenir à tout moment le meilleur compromis entre la précision du suivi et la préservation des ressources énergétiques ? C'est à cette question que nous essayerons de répondre tout au long de cette thèse. Dans un premier temps nous nous intéressons aux cibles communicantes qui ont la faculté d'émettre des signaux et donc de faciliter grandement le processus de suivi. Le défi ici est de relayer l'information entre les différents capteurs concernés. Nous utilisons pour cela un algorithme de déploiement basé sur le concept de forces virtuelles (VFA : Virtual Forces Algorithm) associé à un algorithme de suivi collaboratif et distribué implémenté sur un réseau organisé en clusters. Ensuite, nous traitons le cas, plus complexe et plus fréquent, des cibles non communicantes. L'objectif est de détecter la présence de la cible uniquement à l'aide de capteurs de présence. Pour cela nous proposons le déploiement d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil hétérogènes composé decapteurs de mouvement en charge de la partie détection de la cible et de capteurs vidéo en charge de la partie localisation. Lorsqu'une cible est détectée par un capteur de mouvement, l'information est communiquée aux capteurs vidéo voisins qui décident d'activer ou non leurs caméras en se basant sur des critères prédéfinis tenant compte de l'angle d'orientation des caméras. Enfin, dans une dernière contribution nous nous intéressons plus spécifique mentaux modèles de mobilité de la cible. Ces modèles nous permettent d'anticiper ses déplacements et d'affiner le processus d'activation des capteurs qui sont sur sa trajectoire. Nous utilisons pour cela le filtre de Kalman étendu combiné à un mécanisme de détection de changements de direction nommé CuSum (Cumulative Summuray). Ce mécanisme nous permet de calculer efficacement les futures coordonnées de la cible et de réveiller les capteurs en conséquence / Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are a set of tiny autonomous and interconnected devices. These Sensors are scattered in a region of interest to collect information about the surrounding environment depending on the intended application. Nowadays, sensors allow handling more complex data such as multimedia flow. Thus, we observe the emergence of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks opening a wider range of applications. In this work, we focus on tracking moving target in these kinds of networks. Target tracking is defined as a two-stage application: detection and localization of the target through its evolution inside an area of interest. This application can be very useful. For example, the presence of an intruder can be detected and its position inside a sensitive area reported, elderly or sick persons carrying sensors can be tracked anytime and so on. Unlike classical monitoring systems, WSN are more flexible and more easy to set up. Moreover, due to their versatility and autonomy they can be used in hostile regions, inaccessible for human. However, these kinds of networks have some limitations: wireless links are not reliable and data processing and transmission are greedy processes in term of energy. To overcome the energy constraint, only the sensors located in target pathway should be activated. Thus, the question is : how to select these sensors to obtain the best compromise between the tracking precision and the energy consumption? This is the question we are trying to answer in this dissertation. Firstly, we focus on communicating targets which have the ability to transmit signals and greatly facilitate the tracking process. The challenge here is to relay the information between the concerned sensors. In order to deal with this challenge, we use a deployment strategy based on virtual forces (VFA: Virtual Forces Algorithm) associated to a distributed tracking algorithm implemented in a cluster-based network. Secondly, we handle a more complex and more frequent case of non-communicating targets. The objective is to detect the presence of such target using movement sensors. We propose the deployment of an heterogeneous wireless sensor networks composed of movement sensors used to detect the target and camera sensors used to locate it. When the target is detected the information is sent to the camera sensors which decide whether to activate or not their cameras based on probabilistic criteria which include the camera orientation angle. Finally, as our last contribution, we specifically focus on target mobility models. These models help us to predict target behaviour and refine the sensor activation process. We use the Extended Kalamn filter as prediction model combined with a change detection mechanism named CuSum (Cumulative Summuray). This mechanism allows to efficiently compute the future target coordinates, and to select which sensors to activate

High-performance networking (HPN) is of significance today in order to enable next-generation applications using wired and wireless networks. Some of the examples of HPN include low-latency industrial sensing, monitoring and automation using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). HPN however requires protocol optimization at many layers of the open system interface (OSI) network model in order to meet the stringent performance constraints of the given applications. Furthermore, these protocols need to be impervious to denial of service (DoS) and distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks. Some of the key performance aspects of HPN are low point-to-point and end-to-end latency, high reliability of transmitted frames and performance predictability under various network load situations. This work focuses on two discrete issues in designing protocols for HPN applications. The first research issue looks at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI network model for designing of MAC protocols that provide low-latency and high reliability for point-to-point communication under a WSN. Existing standards in this area are governed by IEEE 802.15.4 specification which defines protocols for MAC and PHY layers for short-range, low bit-rate, and low-cost wireless networks. However, the IEEE 802.15.4 specification is inefficient in terms of latency and reliability performance and, as a result, is unable to meet the stringent operational requirements as defined by counterpart wired sensor networks. Work presented under current research issue describes new MAC protocols that are able to show low-latency transmission performance under strict timing constants for power limited WSNs. This enhancement of the MAC protocols is named extended GTS (XGTS) contained under extended CFP (ECFP) and is published under the IEEE's 802.15.4e standard. The second research issue focuses on the application layer of the OSI network model to design protocols that enhance the robustness of the text based protocols to various traffic inputs. The purpose of this is to increase the reliability of the given text based application layer protocol under a varied load. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used as a case study and the work aims to build algorithms that ensure that SIP can continue to function under specific traffic conditions, which would otherwise deem the protocol useless due to DoS and DDoS attacks. Proposed algorithms investigate techniques that enhance the robustness of the SIP against parsing attacks without performing a deep parse of the protocol data unit (PDU). The desired effect of this is to reduce the time spent in parsing the SIP messages at a SIP router and as a result increase the number of SIP messages processed per unit time at a SIP router.

With the emergence of connected and autonomous vehicles, sensors are increasingly deployed within car. Traffic generated by these sensors congest traditional intra-vehicular networks, such as CAN buses. Furthermore, the large amount of wires needed to connect sensors makes it hard to design cars in a modular way. These limitations have created impetus to use wireless technologies to support intra-vehicular communication. In this dissertation, we tackle the challenge of designing and evaluating data collection protocols for intra-car networks that can operate reliably and efficiently under dynamic channel conditions. First, we evaluate the feasibility of deploying an intra-car wireless network based on the Backpressure Collection Protocol (BCP), which is theoretically proven to be throughput-optimal. We uncover a surprising behavior in which, under certain dynamic channel conditions, the average packet delay of BCP decreases with the traffic load. We propose and analyze a queueing-theoretic model to shed light into the observed phenomenon. As a solution, we propose a new protocol, called replication-based LIFO-backpressure (RBL). Analytical and simulation results indicate that RBL dramatically reduces the delay of BCP at low load, while maintaining its high throughput performance. Next, we propose and implement a hybrid wired/wireless architecture, in which each node is connected to either a wired interface or a wireless interface or both. We propose a new protocol, called Hybrid-Backpressure Collection Protocol (Hybrid-BCP), for the intra-car hybrid networks. Our testbed implementation, based on CAN and ZigBee transceivers, demonstrates the load balancing and routing functionalities of Hybrid-BCP and its resilience to DoS attacks. We further provide simulation results, obtained based on real intra-car RSSI traces, showing that Hybrid-BCP can achieve the same performance as a tree-based protocol while reducing the radio transmission power by a factor of 10. Finally, we present TeaCP, a prototype Toolkit for the evaluation and analysis of Collection Protocols in both simulation and experimental environments. TeaCP evaluates a wide range of standard performance metrics, such as reliability, throughput, and latency. TeaCP further allows visualization of routes and network topology evolution. Through simulation of an intra-car WSN and real lab experiments, we demonstrate the functionality of TeaCP for comparing different collection protocols.

The research in distributed algorithms is linked with the developments of statistical inference in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) applications. Typically, distributed approaches process the collected signals from networked sensor nodes. That is to say, the sensors receive local observations and transmit information between each other. Each sensor is capable of combining the collected information with its own observations to improve performance. In this thesis, we propose novel distributed methods for the inference applications using wireless sensor networks. In particular, the efficient algorithms which are not computationally intensive are investigated. Moreover, we present a number of novel algorithms for processing asynchronous network events and robust state estimation. In the first part of the thesis, a distributed adaptive algorithm based on the component-wise EM method for decentralized sensor networks is investigated. The distributed component-wise Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm has been designed for application in a Gaussian density estimation. The proposed algorithm operates a component-wise EM procedure for local parameter estimation and exploit an incremental strategy for network updating, which can provide an improved convergence rate. Numerical simulation results have illustrated the advantages of the proposed distributed component-wise EM algorithm for both well-separated and overlapped mixture densities. The distributed component-wise EM algorithm can outperform other EM-based distributed algorithms in estimating overlapping Gaussian mixtures. In the second part of the thesis, a diffusion based EM gradient algorithm for density estimation in asynchronous wireless sensor networks has been proposed. Specifically, based on the asynchronous adapt-then-combine diffusion strategy, a distributed EM gradient algorithm that can deal with asynchronous network events has been considered. The Bernoulli model has been exploited to approximate the asynchronous behaviour of the network. Compared with existing distributed EM based estimation methods using a consensus strategy, the proposed algorithm can provide more accurate estimates in the presence of asynchronous networks uncertainties, such as random link failures, random data arrival times, and turning on or off sensor nodes for energy conservation. Simulation experiments have been demonstrated that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the consensus based strategies in terms of Mean-Square- Deviation (MSD) performance in an asynchronous network setting. Finally, the challenge of distributed state estimation in power systems which requires low complexity and high stability in the presence of bad data for a large scale network is addressed. A gossip based quasi-Newton algorithm has been proposed for solving the power system state estimation problem. In particular, we have applied the quasi-Newton method for distributed state estimation under the gossip protocol. The proposed algorithm exploits the Broyden- Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) formula to approximate the Hessian matrix, thus avoiding the computation of inverse Hessian matrices for each control area. The simulation results for IEEE 14 bus system and a large scale 4200 bus system have shown that the distributed quasi-Newton scheme outperforms existing algorithms in terms of Mean-Square-Error (MSE) performance with bad data.

MATOS, Daniel Ribeiro. Um algoritmos distribuído para escalonamento de sensores em RSSF. 2013. 59 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ciência da computação)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-11T12:58:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_drmatos.pdf: 2537544 bytes, checksum: 870eae75ce068b1ef961e23307dda2a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2016-07-15T12:57:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_drmatos.pdf: 2537544 bytes, checksum: 870eae75ce068b1ef961e23307dda2a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T12:57:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_drmatos.pdf: 2537544 bytes, checksum: 870eae75ce068b1ef961e23307dda2a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in a lot of applications: from smart homes to military enviromnets. In general, WSNs has severe energy restrictions - a sensor usualy has a limited batery and it’s not replaceable. Distributing the sensor in a random mander can lead to a redundancy of some areas and this is desirable to support fail of some sensors. In this work, we propose an distributed algorithm to schedule active sensors to reduce the redundancy of data obtainned by the network and prolong the network lifetime. / Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) são utilizadas em diversos tipos de aplicações: desde casas inteligentes a aplicações militares. RSSF possuem, em geral, severas restrições energéticas - um sensor geralmente possui uma quantidade limitada de bateria e este não é substituível. Os sensores podem possuir uma certa redundância de uma área sensoreada, uma vez que, quando os sensores são distribuídos de forma aleatória, alguns sensores acabam ficando muito próximos, ou mesmo quando são depositados de maneira determinística, uma certa redundância é necessária para prever a falha de alguns destes sensores. Neste trabalho, propomos um algoritmo distribuído que faz um escalonamento de sensores ativos, de forma a reduzir a redundância dos dados coletados e aumentar o tempo de vida da rede de sensores.

La collecte de données par des réseaux de capteurs autonomes mobiles peut être couplée à l’utilisation de drones qui constituent une solution de backahauling facilement déployable à faible coût. Ces moyens de collecte peuvent servir lors de l’organisation d’évènements temporaires (sportifs ou culturels) ou encore pour mener des opérations dans des terrains difficiles d’accès ou hostiles. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des solutions efficaces pour la communication à la fois entre capteurs mobiles au sol et sur la liaison bord-sol. A ces fins, nous nous intéressons à l’ordonnancement des communications, au routage et au contrôle de l’accès sur la liaison capteurs/drone, le collecteur mobile. Nous proposons une architecture répondant aux contraintes du réseau. Les principales sont l’intermittence des liens et donc le manque de connexité pour lesquelles des solutions adaptées aux réseaux tolérants aux délais sont adoptées. Vu la limitation des opportunités de communication avec le drone et la variation importante du débit physique, nous avons proposés des solutions d’ordonnancement qui tiennent compte à la fois des durées de contact que du débit physique. Le routage opportuniste est également fondé sur ces deux critères à la fois pour la sélection des nœuds relais que pour la gestion des files d’attente. Nous avons souhaité limiter l’overhead et proposer des solutions efficaces et équitables entre capteurs mobiles au sol. Les solutions proposées ont montré leur supériorité par rapport aux solutions d’ordonnancement et de routage classiques. Nous avons enfin, proposé une méthode d’accès combinant un accès aléatoire avec contention ainsi qu’un accès avec réservation tenant compte des critères précédemment cités. Cette solution flexible permet à un réseau de capteurs mobiles denses de se rapprocher des performances obtenues dans un mode oracle. Les solutions proposées peuvent être mises en œuvre et appliquées dans différents contextes applicatifs pour lesquels les nœuds au sol sont mobiles ou aisément adaptées au cas où les nœuds sont statiques. / Data collection by autonomous mobile sensor arrays can be coupled with the use of drones which provide a low-cost, easily deployable backhauling solution. These means of collection can be used to organize temporary events (sporting or cultural) or to carry out operations in difficult or hostile terrain. The aim of this thesis is to propose effective solutions for communication between both mobile sensors on the ground and on the edge-to-ground link. For this purpose, we are interested in scheduling communications, routing and access control on the sensor / drone link, the mobile collector. We propose an architecture that meets the constraints of the network. The main ones are the intermittence of the links and therefore the lack of connectivity for which solutions adapted to the networks tolerant to the deadlines are adopted. Given the limited opportunities for communication with the drone and the significant variation in the physical data rate, we proposed scheduling solutions that take account of both the contact time and the physical flow rate. Opportunistic routing is also based on these two criteria both for the selection of relay nodes and for the management of queues. We wanted to limit the overhead and propose efficient and fair solutions between mobile sensors on the ground. The proposed solutions have proved superior to conventional scheduling and routing solutions. Finally, we proposed a method of access combining a random access with contention as well as an access with reservation taking into account the aforementioned criteria. This flexible solution allows a network of dense mobile sensors to get closer to the performance obtained in an oracle mode. The proposed solutions can be implemented and applied in different application contexts for which the ground nodes are mobile or easily adapted to the case where the nodes are static.

Redes de sensores sem fio (RSSFs) heterogêneas podem combinar nós estáticos e nós móveis. Os nós móveis podem ainda conter um hardware mais sofisticado quando comparado aos nós estáticos. Veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs) podem conferir mobilidade ao nó sensor aumentando a flexibilidade da RSSF onde ele está inserido. Tanto os VANTs quanto outros n´os sensores comuns podem conter uma arquitetura de hardware reconfiguraável, como por exemplo um FPGA, e com isso adquirir um poder computacional diferenciado. RSSFs propiciam um grande e interessante espectro de aplicações possíveis, tais como vigilância aérea, suporte `a segurança pública entre outros. As RSSFs podem ser configuradas através do uso de agentes móveis, que são capazes de migrar carregando as tarefas que serão executadas nos n´os. Neste cenário, este trabalho descreve uma arquitetura de agentes reconfiguráveis para redes de sensores sem fio. Os agentes são capazes de serem executados como um agente puramente em software, ou também como um agente em hardware, de- pendendo do ambiente de execução disponível e do design escolhido. A arquitetura proposta para o agente reconfiguraável apresenta a transparência necessária ao agente para que o resto do sistema não perceba a natureza dos agentes que estão sendo executados na plataforma. Além disso, a arquitetura permite a migração dinâmica de agentes que reconfiguram o sistema também de uma maneira transparente. São mostrados exemplos de casos de uso que demostram a viabilidade de uso da arquitetura proposta e este trabalho ainda mostra a análise realizada sobre estas plataformas. / Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSN) can combine static nodes and mobile nodes. Theses mobile nodes may contain a sophisticated hardware when compared to static nodes. Unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) can confer mobility to the sensor node increasing the flexibility of the WSN to where it is inserted. UAVs as well as other common sensor nodes can have a reconfigurable hardware architecture, as, for example, an FPGA and with this achieve a differentiated computational power. WSNs enable a vast and interesting spectrum of possible applications, like aerial surveillance, public security support, among others. The WSNs can be configured by the use of mobile agents, which are capable of migrating among the nodes, carrying the tasks to be executed and that will be instantiated on a given node. In this scenario, this work describes an architecture of reconfigurable agents to wireless sensor networks. The agents can be implemented purely in software or as a hardware agent, depending on the available execution environment and on the chosen design. The proposed architecture presents the necessary transparency to the agent so that the rest of the system is not aware of the nature of the agents that are implemented on the platform. Furthermore, the architecture enables dynamic migration of agents that reconfigure the system in a transparent way as well. In this work, use cases examples that demonstrate the feasibility of using the proposed architecture are shown, as well as the analysis performed on these platforms.