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Wireless network virtualization (WNV) and millimeter wave (mmW) communications are emerging as two key technologies for cellular networks. Virtualization in cellular networks enables wireless services to be decoupled from network resources (e.g., infrastructure and spectrum) so that multiple virtual networks can be built using a shared pool of network resources. At the same time, utilization of the large bandwidth available in mmW frequency band would help to overcome ongoing spectrum scarcity issues. In this context, this dissertation presents efficient frameworks for building virtual networks in sub-6 GHz and mmW bands. Towards developing the frameworks, first, we derive a closed-form expression for the downlink rate coverage probability of a typical sub-6 GHz cellular network with known base station (BS) locations and stochastic user equipment (UE) locations and channel conditions. Then, using the closed-form expression, we develop a sub-6 GHz virtual resource allocation framework that aggregates, slices, and allocates the sub-6 Ghz network resources to the virtual networks in such a way that the virtual networks' sub-6 GHz downlink coverage and rate demands are probabilistically satisfied while resource over-provisioning is minimized in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions. Furthermore, considering the possibility of lack of sufficient sub-6 GHz resources to satisfy the rate coverage demands of all virtual networks, we design a prioritized sub-6 GHz virtual resource allocation scheme where virtual networks are built sequentially based on their given priorities. To this end, we develop static frameworks that allocate sub-6 GHz resources in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, i.e., before the UE locations and channel conditions are revealed. As a result, when a slice of a BS serves its associated UEs, it can be over-satisfied (i.e., resources left after satisfying the rate demands of all UEs) or under-satisfied (i.e., lack of resources to satisfy the rate demands of all UEs). On the other hand, it is extremely challenging to execute the entire virtual resource allocation process in real time due to the small transmission time intervals (TTIs) of cellular technologies. Taking this into consideration, we develop an efficient scheme that performs the virtual resource allocation in two phases, i.e., virtual network deployment phase (static) and statistical multiplexing phase (adaptive). In the virtual network deployment phase, sub-6 GHz resources are aggregated, sliced, and allocated to the virtual networks considering the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, without knowing which realization of UE locations and channel conditions will occur. Once the virtual networks are deployed, each of the aggregated BSs performs statistical multiplexing, i.e., allocates excess resources from the over-satisfied slices to the under-satisfied slices, according to the realized channel conditions of associated UEs. In this way, we further improve the sub-6 GHz resource utilization. Next, we steer our focus on the mmW virtual resource allocation process. MmW systems typically use beamforming techniques to compensate for the high pathloss. The directional communication in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, make maintaining connectivity and performing initial access and cell discovery challenging. To address these challenges, we develop an efficient framework for mmW virtual network deployment and UE assignment. The deployment decisions (i.e., the required set of mmW BSs and their optimal beam directions) are taken in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, i.e., before the UE locations and channel conditions are revealed. Once the virtual networks are deployed, an optimal mmW link (or a fallback sub-6 GHz link) is assigned to each UE according to the realized UE locations and channel conditions. Our numerical results demonstrate the gains brought by our proposed scheme in terms of minimizing resource over-provisioning while probabilistically satisfying virtual networks' sub-6 GHz and mmW demands in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions. / Doctor of Philosophy / In cellular networks, mobile network operators (MNOs) have been sharing resources (e.g., infrastructure and spectrum) as a solution to extend coverage, increase capacity, and decrease expenditures. Recently, due to the advent of 5G wireless services with enormous coverage and capacity demands and potential revenue losses due to over-provisioning to serve peak demands, the motivation for sharing and virtualization has significantly increased in cellular networks. Through wireless network virtualization (WNV), wireless services can be decoupled from the network resources so that various services can efficiently share the resources. At the same time, utilization of the large bandwidth available in millimeter wave (mmW) frequency band would help to overcome ongoing spectrum scarcity issues. However, due to the inherent features of cellular networks, i.e., the uncertainty in user equipment (UE) locations and channel conditions, enabling WNV and mmW communications in cellular networks is a challenging task. Specifically, we need to build the virtual networks in such a way that UE demands are satisfied, isolation among the virtual networks are maintained, and resource over-provisioning is minimized in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions. In addition, the mmW channels experience higher attenuation and blockage due to their small wavelengths compared to conventional sub-6 GHz channels. To compensate for the high pathloss, mmW systems typically use beamforming techniques. The directional communication in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, make maintaining connectivity and performing initial access and cell discovery challenging. Our goal is to address these challenges and develop optimization frameworks to efficiently enable virtualization and mmW technologies in cellular networks.

Current propogation models are no longer sufficient for wireless network planning. They are neither accurate (empirical) nor fast enough (deterministic) to be applicable in the applications of Automated Cell Planning. This thesis focuses on the development of a new method, namely Intelligent Ray Launching Algorithm (IRLA), which is based on a fast, accurate and robust algorithm that is especially suitable for wireless network planning. The infrastructure of IRLA is thoroughly analysed in this thesis and the results are presented. Foster's design methodology has been used to parallelise the new model. Various scenarios for outdoor, indoor, indoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor settings have been employed to test the effectiveness and efficiency of IRLA. The field strengths (path loss) and multipath information were calculated, which were used to demonstrate the application of IRLA. The accuracy of IRLA is guaranteed via the use of a meta-based heuristics calibration procedure. In order to achieve a simulation within a realistic time scale, acceleration techniques such as avoid double marking, multi-threading and the use of Parallel Object-Oriented Programming C++ have been employed. Since multipath for a large number of receiver locations can be easily obtained via IRLA, the study of delay spread has been presented. The success of the integration with a wireless network planning platform exemplifies that IRLA is suitable for wireless network planning and optimisation, which is beneficial to relevant academics and industries. Testing demonstrated that depending on various scenarios, IRLA obtains industrially-recognised accuracy ranging from 5 to 8 dB Root-Mean-Square-Error. This model is highly-efficient because its required runtime for most simulations is from a few seconds to a few minutes.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / In spite of the fact that wireless network technology has been available for long period of time, there has been very limited wireless networks deployments around the world before 1997 due to the lack of widely recognized standard for wireless networks. Thanks to the approval of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards in 1997, the world has witnessed tremendous deployment and proliferation of wireless networks in all aspects of life. Although the IEEE 802.11 family of standards has been ratified to design radio transceivers for wireless computer stations capable of interconnecting with other wireless computer stations in close proximity, the technology has been successfully employed to design and implement wireless networks with great number of distant wireless computer stations with reasonable data throughput and flexibility. This thesis explores the wireless network technology and the primary building blocks and components of a wireless network. It also explores the IEEE 802.11 standard and its technical specifications including the Physical layer (PHY), the Media Access Control layer (MAC) and the ongoing task forces. Additionally, the thesis examines the wireless network security including the vulnerabilities, ongoing improvements and recommendations. Next, it investigates the market for available wireless devices compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standard that can be used to build a wireless network with high data throughput and high level of security. Subsequently, the thesis formulates a design plan for civilian wireless network with different scenarios in order to provide a speedy solution to the limited broadband service availability in the Sultanate of Oman. Additionally, the thesis formulates a generic design plan for a military wireless network with different scenarios that can be rapidly deployed in the field of operations. / Computer Engineer, Royal Army of Oman

Main focus of this thesis is on wireless networks security auditing. Author's goal is to create new penetration testing methodology for wireless networks WIPE and prove its usability in real terms. This new methodology is based on currently used methodologies, approaches and tools, which are introduced and tested further in the work.

[pt] Nos últimos anos, o uso de dispositivos móveis em grades computacionais tem sido alvo de crescente investigação. Entretanto, um problema mais desafiador, referente ao estabelecimento dinâmico de grades móveis, baseadas exclusivamente em redes sem fio ad hoc, ainda tem sido pouco investigado. Uma contribuição desta tese é a proposta de uma arquitetura de software específica para grades móveis, que pode ser igualmente aplicável a redes sem fio infraestruturadas e ad hoc. Em grades fixas, a responsabilidade de prover um serviço computacional é compartilhada entre dispositivos com relativa abundância de recursos, se comparadas a grades móveis. Nestas últimas, é interessante que a descoberta e a seleção de recursos para execução de tarefas sejam tratadas conjuntamente, de modo a promover a seleção automática dos dispositivos com maior disponibilidade de recursos, considerando-se os requisitos da aplicação. Entretanto, tais elementos têm sido tradicionalmente tratados em separado na literatura relacionada a grades móveis e, em grande parte das abordagens existentes, assume-se que a seleção de recursos seja executada de forma manual pelos usuários da grade móvel. Esta tese propõe, como uma outra contribuição, um protocolo que integra as fases de descoberta e seleção automática de recursos em grades móveis, permitindo que a provisão de serviços computacionais seja escalonada entre os dispositivos com maior disponibilidade dos recursos requeridos pelo serviço. Devido à característica dinâmica dos recursos que correspondem às requisições dos usuários em uma grade móvel (por exemplo, tempo de CPU livre e memória disponível), o protocolo baseia-se unicamente no envio, sob demanda, de requisições via broadcast. No entanto, principalmente em redes sem fio ad hoc de saltos múltiplos, essa estratégia pode acarretar uma sobrecarga nos dispositivos envolvidos, tanto na difusão de requisições quanto no encaminhamento de respostas. Uma terceira contribuição desta tese é o desenvolvimento de um mecanismo que permite reduzir a sobrecarga, devido à difusão de mensagens de resposta, por meio da supressão de respostas excedentes ao longo da rede. O mecanismo, embora implementado no contexto do protocolo proposto nesta tese, pode ser aplicado também a outros protocolos de descoberta baseados no envio de requisições via broadcast. Os resultados experimentais, obtidos em redes de testes e em plataformas de simulação, mostram que o protocolo proposto provê um balanceamento de carga eficiente entre os dispositivos, mediante o aumento do número de requisições. Além disso, pode-se observar que o mecanismo de supressão de respostas é escalável no que diz respeito ao crescimento do número de dispositivos, em comparação com protocolos de descoberta baseados puramente no envio de requisições por broadcast em redes sem fio ad hoc. / [en] In the last few years, the use of mobile devices in computational grids has seen a growing interest. Nevertheless, a more challenging issue, the dynamic establishment of mobile grids on wireless ad hoc networks, has been so far only partially addressed. The first contribution of this thesis is the proposal of a software architecture for mobile grids that can be used for both infrastructured and ad hoc wireless networks. In the execution of conventional applications in grids, the responsibility to provide the service is shared among the most resourceful mobile devices. In mobile grids, it is fundamental that resource discovery and selection of resources are jointly handled. This calls for a mechanism that promotes the automatic selection of the best resource providers amongst the discovered nodes, taking into account the requirements of the application. Discovery and selection, however, have been traditionally handled separately and in most approaches the selection of resources and services requires explicit intervention by the user of the mobile grid. As a second contribution of this thesis, we propose a protocol that integrates the phases of resource discovery and automatic selection in mobile grids, allowing that computational resource provisioning is scheduled among the most resourceful nodes. Due to the dynamics of the resources needed in a mobile grid (for example, free CPU time and available memory), the protocol is based solely on demand- driven broadcasts. However, mainly in multihop ad hoc wireless networks, this strategy can incur in overhead at the involved devices, due to the diffusion of requests and replies. A third contribution of this thesis is the development of a mechanism that allows to reduce this overhead by means of the suppression of redundant replies in the network. The mechanism has been implemented in the context of the proposal protocol, but can be applied as well to other query-based discovery protocols based on broadcasts. The experimental results obtained from executions in a testbed and through simulations show that the proposed protocol provides efficient load balancing between devices with an increasing number of requests. Moreover, it can be observed that the mechanism for suppression of replies scales well with respect to an increasing number of devices when compared to other discovery protocols in wireless ad hoc networks that are purely based on requests via broadcast.

Ces dernières années, les réseaux multi-sauts sans fil (MHWNs) ont connu une explosion de déploiement en raison de la demande croissante de connectivité continue indépendamment de l'emplacement physique. Les protocoles de transport Internet prédominantes, c.-à-Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), se trouvent face à la dégradation des performances dans MHWNs en raison de les taux élevés de pertes et de défaillance du lien. Plusieurs solutions ont été proposées qui sont basées sur l'estimation de l'état du réseau ou sur l'utilisation de renseignements de la couche MAC (dénommée métriques) dans une manière d’inter-couche pour mieux comprendre l'état du réseau. La première partie de cette thèse fournit une enquête et la définition complète de métriques communs des couches physique, MAC, réseau et transport et fournit ainsi un multi-critères et la classification hiérarchique. Après cela, l'efficacité dans la réflexion des informations de réseau des métriques de la couche MAC est également étudiée dans une façon systématique en simulant des situations différents de réseau et de mesurer les métriques de la couche MAC. Ainsi, le bonne MAC métrique pour le contrôle de congestion qui est couplé avec le niveau de contention de réseau et les pertes provoquées moyen sera découvert. D'après les résultats de l'étude sur l'efficacité, deux nouveaux systèmes de contrôle de débit pour les protocoles de transport sont proposés qui s'adaptent efficacement le débit de source en fonction de l'état du réseau fournie par certains métriques MAC. Grâce à un vaste ensemble de simulations, les performances des systèmes proposées de contrôle de débit dans MHWNs sont examinées approfondie avec des situations de réseau. / In recent years, Multi-hop Wireless Networks (MHWNs) have experienced an explosion of deployment due to the increasing demand for continuous connectivity regardless of the physical location. Internet predominant transport protocols, i.e. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), face performance degradation in MHWNs because of the high loss and link failure rates. Several solutions have been proposed which are based on network state estimation or use information from MAC layer (called metrics) in a cross-layer manner to better comprehend the network state. The first part of this thesis provides a survey and comprehensive definition of common metrics from Physical, MAC, Network and Transport layers and thus provides a multi-criteria and hierarchical classification. After that, the effectiveness in reflecting network information of MAC metrics is also investigated in a systematic way by simulating various network situations and measuring the MAC metrics. Thus, the good MAC metric for congestion control which is coupled with the network contention level and the medium induced losses will be found out. From the results of the effectiveness study, new rate control schemes for transport protocols are proposed which adapt efficiently the source bit rate depending on the network condition provided by some MAC metrics. Through an extensive set of simulations, the performance of the proposed rate control schemes in MHWNs is investigated thoroughly with several network situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alberto Tercariol Bergonso.pdf: 948199 bytes, checksum: 9baee66f05960fc08d06f925a9ea859a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07 / The present dissertation proposes a 802.11 network evaluation sequence which can be adopted, independently of the equipment used at the network. The log-distance path loss model is used for the environment characterization (by the model ? parameter) where the network is evaluated. The specific objectives of each evaluation stage are presented and contextualized. The full proposal has initial steps related to the information determination which will be used as references of equipment location and data, and of network performance. Those reference data will be later compared to the handled data obtained from measurements related to the physical and MAC (Medium Access Control) layer performance and behavior, as well as to the transport layer. By the end, one stage to consolidate the measured data is necessary in order to determine a single final result, weigh up according to the specific objectives of the network and/or equipment evaluation. However, the work focus is at the equipment data obtaining stage and at the lower layers (physical and MAC) performance/behavior determination, so that evaluation methods are developed for those two stages. It is demonstrated that the effective transmission physical layer data rates vary much more than what is expected due to the interpretation of the data provided by equipment manufactors. And that better performance could be obtained from complex networks, which made use of multiple access points, installed at unfavorable propagation environments, depending upon the network project. / A presente disserta??o prop?e uma sequ?ncia de avalia??o para redes 802.11 que pode ser adotada, independentemente de quais s?o os equipamentos utilizados na rede. O modelo de log-distance path loss ? utilizado para caracteriza??o do ambiente (pelo par?metro ? do modelo) em que a rede ? avaliada. Os objetivos espec?ficos de cada uma das etapas de avalia??o s?o apresentadas e contextualizadas. A proposta, em sua totalidade, apresenta etapas iniciais relacionadas ? determina??o de informa??es que ser?o usadas como refer?ncias de localidade e desempenho de rede, e de dados dos equipamentos. Esses dados de refer?ncia ser?o posteriormente comparados com os dados coletados e tratados de medi??es realizadas em rela??o ao desempenho e comportamento das camadas f?sicas e MAC (Medium Access Control) e da camada de transporte. Por fim, uma etapa de consolida??o dos resultados das medi??es ? necess?ria para se obter um resultado final ?nico, composto de forma a ponderar de acordo com o(s) objetivo(s) espec?fico(s) de avalia??o da rede e/ou equipamento. O foco dessa disserta??o, contudo, est? na obten??o de dados dos equipamentos, de desempenho e comportamento das camadas inferiores (f?sica e MAC), de forma que para essas etapas, m?todos de avalia??o s?o desenvolvidos. ? demonstrado que as taxas de transmiss?o de dados efetivamente praticadas na camada f?sica variam muito mais que o esperado em fun??o da interpreta??o dos dados fornecidos pelos fabricantes de equipamentos. E que, dependendo do projeto da rede, pode-se obter melhores desempenhos em ambientes de propaga??o desfavor?vel que utilizam m?ltiplos pontos de acesso.

Este trabalho propõe a integração de técnicas de sensoriamento dinâmico, redes de dados sem fio e internet. A implementação dos nós da rede visa permitir o monitoramento de objetos que se movem tanto numa rede interna, limitada a uma edificação, quanto numa rede externa, através de coordenadas GPSs (Global Position Systems). A rede sem fio, que utiliza o protocolo ZigBee, é composta por sensores, atuadores e lâmpadas e é dotada de mobilidade através de controles remotos1. A rede ZigBee é integrada, através de um gateway, a uma rede TCP/IP para permitir o monitoramento e a atuação remota sobre ela, via um servidor HTTP e/ou uma rede de dados celular (GPRS), que, quando fora do alcance dos nós da rede ZigBee interna, torna-se responsável pelo envio de coordenadas GPS na rede externa, garantindo a onipresença do monitoramento. Além das adaptações na pilha TCP/IP e o desenvolvimento de um software que utiliza a rede GPRS para envio de coordenadas GPS, destacam-se, como contribuições originais desta tese: (i) a solução de problemas da pilha ZigBee original no tocante a endereçamento, que impossibilitava a mobilidade na rede - desta forma, uma nova técnica de endereçamento seqüencial foi implementada com sucesso; (ii) novo código que simulou o AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), tanto para encriptação quanto para desencriptação dos dados. Testes para validação dos protótipos desenvolvidos são apresentados / This MSc Thesis proposes the integration of dynamic sensing techniques, wireless data network and Internet. The implementation of network nodes aims to allow monitoring of moving objects, either inside an internal network, limited to one area, or in an external network, through GPS\'s (Global Position Systems). The wireless network, which uses the ZigBee protocol, is composed of sensors, actuators and lamps, and is endowed with mobility through remote controls. Thus, it is integrated, through a gateway, to a TCP / IP network to allow remote monitoring and acting on it via an HTTP server and / or a mobile data network (GPRS), responsible for sending the GPS coordinates on the external network, ensuring the ubiquity of monitoring. Further to adaptations in the TCP/IP stack and the development of a software that uses GPRS protocol to send GPS coordinates, the main contributions of this work are: (i) proposal of a new addressing technique, based on a sequential numbering of nodes, instead of the standard one, thus solving problems related to mobility in the network; (ii) proposal of a new security code to emulate AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), either for data encryption or decryption. Tests for validation of the developed prototypes will be presented