Das Wolkenmodul LECLOUD (Devantier (1995), Raabe u.a. (1996)) wurde durchgesehen und eine Reihe von Korrekturen und Verbesserungen vorgenommen. Die Einbindung des ursprünglich nulldimensionalen Wolkenmoduls in das dreidimensionale GESIMA (GEsthachter SimulationsModell der Atmosphäre, siehe auch Kapitza (1987)) wurde überarbeitet und bezüglich Aerosol und Fallgeschwindigkeit konsistent gestaltet. Dadurch verbesserte sich die numerische Stabilität des Wolkenmoduls. Das wird anhand einer mehrtätigen Simulation gezeigt. Sie Simulationen werden mit einer zweidimensionalen Variante des GESIMA durchgeführt. / The cloud module LECLOUD was critically gone through and a number of corrections and enhancements were made. The implementation of the originally 0-dimensional cloud module in the three-dimensional GESIMA (GEsthacht Slmulaion Modell of Atmosphere, see Kapitza (1987)) was revised and made more consistent due to aerosol and fall-speed. So the numerical stability of the cloud module was improved. This is shown on the basis of a simulation over a period of several days at the basis of a two dimensional variant of GESIMA.

In diesem Beitrag werden Ansätze beschrieben, wie man aus flugzeuggetragenen Messungen von Eigenschaften atmosphärischer Extingenten die für Strahlungstransportrechnungen notwendigen Größen und Parameter rekonstruieren kann. Angewendet wird das Programm zur ersten Auswertung für bezüglich der Strahlung verschiedene atmosphärische Situationen. Die Daten hierzu wurden auf der ersten Messkampagne des Projektes INSPECTRO gesammelt. Es zeigt sich für den Fall einer Atmosphäre mit stratiformer Bewölkung eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Messungen. Eine genaue Berechnung der Extinktion durchWolken mittels Tropfenspektren bringt derzeit keine Vorteile gegenüber einer einfachen Parametrisierung. Für den Fall eines durchbrochenen Wolkenfeldes ergeben sich lokal große Unterschiede zwischen Simulation und Messung. Dennoch läßt sich zeigen, daß die gemessenen und berechneten Felder des aktinischen Flusses einander sehr ähnliche statistische Eigenschaften haben. / In this article some methods to reconstruct an artificial three-dimensional atmosphere from flight measurement data are described. The artificial atmosphere shall accurately represent the scattering properties of the real atmosphere, that are necessary to perform radiative transfer simulations. The method is applied to conduct a preliminary analysis of several atmospheric situations corresponding to different sets of radiative properties. The analyzed measurement data was collected during the first measurement campaign within the INSPECTRO project. In the case of an atmosphere containing a stratiform cloud layer, the measurements and simulation results are in very good agreement. A more accurate calculation of the extinction of radiation within the clouds by way of accounting for measured droplet spectra does momentarily not lead to an improvement in comparison with the simple parameterization method. In the case of a broken cloud field the significant local discrepancies between the measurement data and simulation results are to be noted. Nevertheless it can be shown that the statistical properties of the measured and calculated actinic flux fields resemble each other very closely.

Um ein besseres Verständnis des Einflusses von Wolken auf den Strahlungstransport zu erlangen, müssen neben direkten Messungen der Strahlungsgrößen auch Strahlungstransportrechnungen durchgeführt werden. Dabei werden mikrophysikalische Eigenschaften aus Fernerkundungs- und in situ Messungen sowie generierte Wolkenfelder verwendet. In den BBC1- und BBC2 (= Baltex Bridge Cloud 1 und 2)-Messkampagnen wurden Messungen der mikrophysikalischen Wolkeneigenschaften und der Strahlungsgrößen durchgeführt. In diesem Bericht werden Ergebnisse von spektralen Monte Carlo Simulationen des Strahlungstransports in der Kurzwellenregion für Wellenlängen zwischen 350 nm und 850 nm für einen in BBC1 gemessenen Stratocumulus gezeigt. Zusätzlich wurden auch Strahlungstransportssimulationen für einen LES (= Large Eddy Simulation)- simulierten Cumulus und für eine entsprechende IAAFT (= Iterative Amplitude Adapted Fourier Transform)-Surrogatwolke mit denselben statistischen Eigenschaften wie die ursprüngliche Wolke durchgeführt. / For a better understanding of the role that clouds play in the radiative transfer (RT) across the atmosphere, computer RT simulations with microphysical data retrieved from remote sensing and in situ measurements as well as with cloud fields provided by cloud generators have to be carried out in addition to field measurements campaigns. In this work we show spectral RT results for two cloud studies. During the BBC1 and BBC2 (=Baltex Bridge Cloud 1 and 2) campaigns measurements of cloud radiation and microphysics properties have been performed. We present here the results of a series of quasi-spectral simulations covering the shortwave region (from 350 nm up to 850 nm) for a remote-sensing captured stratocumulus. RT calculations have also been carried out for a LES (=Large Eddy Simulation) cumulus and an IAAFT (=Iterative Amplitude Adapted Fourier Transform) surrogate cloud with the same statistics as the original.

The uncertainty of predicted fluxes, variables of state, cloud- and precipitation formation to the choice of plant- and soil parameters, soil type, subgrid-scale heterogeneity and inhomogeneity is examined by results of simulations wherein one parameter is alternatively changed for all grid cells of the domain within its natural range of variability. A higher sensitivity of evapotranspiration to evaporative conductivity, roughness length, and subgridscale heterogeneity or inhomogeneity is found than for the other parameters examined. Except for wind velocity, the quantities of liquid and solid water substances the uncertainty is lower at night and early afternoon than at other times. Therefore, evaluation of meteorological models should be performed at those times of the day when the uncertainty in model results caused by the choice of plant and soil parameters is at a minimum. Furthermore, domainspecific parameters should be used when ever available. / Die Unsicherheit in simulierten Flüssen, Zustandsgrößen, Wolken- und Niederschlagsbildung durch die Wahl der Pflanzen- und Bodenparameter, Bodentypen, subskaligen Heterogenität und Inhomogenität wird mit Hilfe von Ergebnissen aus Simulationen untersucht, in denen alternativ für alle Gitterzellen ein Parameter im Rahmen seiner natürlichen Variabilität verändert wird. So besteht eine höhere Sensitivität der Evapotranspiration zur Verdunstungsleitfähigkeit, Rauhigkeitslänge und subskaligen Heterogenität oder Inhomogenität als zu den anderen untersuchten Größen. Windgeschwindigkeit, die Menge an flüssigen und festen Wassersubstanzen ausgenommen, ist die Unsicherheit nachts und am frühen Nachmittag geringer als zur übrigen Zeit. Deshalb sollten Modellevaluationen möglichst zum Zeitpunkt geringer Unsicherheit durchgeführt werden. Darüber hinaus sollten, wenn möglich, gebietsspezifische Parameter verwendet werden.

Variability and change of the Earth\'s climate are of fundamental importance to humankind. In particular anthropogenic climate change has been considered widely as one of the most urgent concerns for the society (United Nations, 1992, 2002). It is therefore vital to improve the understanding of the Earth\'s climate system and its variability.

This dissertation examines childhood, education, and designed environments as interrelated concerns. It explores the ways in which, in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Europe, gardens and architecture were understood as important instruments in pedagogical theory and practice, often being deployed as primary instruments in the education of young children. In order to establish the primacy of these spaces in the pedagogical imagination of this period, the study interrogates texts and images produced in France and Germany between 1761 and 1850. The analysis develops through a series of case studies that are connected historically, beginning with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (1761) and Émile, ou de l’éducation (1762), two works that established some of the issues and concerns that were later adopted by progressive educators in Germany. The study then turns to the work of Johann Bernhard Basedow, Christian Heinrich Wolke, and other German pedagogues associated with the Philanthropinum, an experimental school founded in Dessau in 1774. A discussion of the historical context brings to light their reinvention of the garden as a space for physical training; their use of pictures, architectural models, and scientific instruments in the development of the child’s powers of observation; and their activation of architecture as a cognitive filter for the perception of the world. The study concludes with a discussion of a paradigmatic garden for early childhood education, Friedrich Froebel’s Kindergarten, as it was theoretically formulated and visually represented in 1850. Rather than investigating actual gardens or spaces, the research concentrates on the ways in which these settings were imagined, described, and represented in pedagogical texts. The methodology through which these narratives and representations are approached deliberately aims to bring into focus an understudied aspect of the material culture of childhood by expanding the context of analysis of distinct disciplinary histories. By bringing together various field-specific studies—the intellectual history of modern Europe and the histories of landscape, of education, and of childhood—this dissertation uncovers the ways in which educators in this period conceived of the performative power of space.

University, Diss., 2001--München.

Brandenburgische Techn. University, Diss., 2001--Cottbus.

Globalmodelle sind aufgrund ihres groben Gitters (60 x 60 km) nur unzureichend in der Lage kleinskalige Prozesse (orographische Niederschlagsverstärkung) in der Atmosphäre aufzulösen. Mit Mesoskalenmodellen z.B. dem GESIMA (5 x 5 km) können deshalb die physikalische Grundlagen der Atmosphäre (Wolken- und Niederschlagsbildung) besser studiert und eine Kopplung mit hydrologischen Abflussmodellen erprobt werden. Zukünftig sieht dieses Projekt genau das vor, wobei der erste Teil, die Arbeit mit dem meteorologische Modell hier vorgestellt werden soll. Starkniederschlagserreignisse sind vielerorts auf der Welt mit charakteristischen Wetterlagen verbunden, die quasi über Tage unverändert ergiebigen Regen produzieren. Initialisiert mit den lokalen Vertikalprofilen aus Radiosondendaten, produzieren das prognostische Mesoskalenmodell GESIMA und das diagnostische Niederschlagsberechungsverfahren (MAXRR) maximale Regenmengen vergleichbarer Größenordnung. / Global models are insufficient to solve small scale atmospheric processes (e.g. orographic precipitation) due to their gross resolution (60 x 60 km). With mesoscale models e.g. the GESIMA (5 x 5 km), the physical fundamentals of the atmosphere (formation of precipitation and clouds) can better be studied and a coupling with hydrological models be tested through. This project plans exactly, as a first step, the work with the cited meteorological model. Heavy rainfall events are connected with characteristic weather conditions in many places in the world which produce invariably rain quasi over days. Initialized with the local vertical profiles from radiosonde data, the prediction model GESIMA and the diagnostic model MAXRR produced rain quantities of comparable order of magnitude.

This article gives an overview on the investigations on Artic boundary-layer mixed-phase clouds conducted within the Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (ASTAR) in spring 2007. In particular the horizontal and vertical disribution of ice crystals within the clouds was determined by three independent airborne instruments (lidar, in situ and solar radiation measurements). Spectral measurements of cloud top reflectivity have been utilized to retrieve information on the ice phase by analyzing the spectral pattern of the cloud top reflectance in the wavelength range dominated by liquid water and ice absorption (1400-1700 nm). A new algorithm to derive an ice index which distinguishes pure ice, liquid water, and mixed-phase clouds was developed. The horizontal distribution of the ice index, observed during ASTAR 2007, agrees with airborne lidar and in situ measurements showing patches of glaciated clouds at an air mass transition zone within the investigated mixed-phase cloud fields. Information on the vertical distribution of ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds was derived by comparing the measured cloud top reflectivity in the wavelength band 1400-1700 nm to radiative transfer simulations. To interpret the data, the vertical weighting of the measurements was calculated. In the investigated wavelength range the weightings differ according to the spectral absorption of ice and liquid water. From the observed spectral cloud reflectivity with low values in the ice absorption maximum (1400 nm) and higher values at the liquid water absorption maximum (1700 nm) it was concluded that ice crystals were present in the otherwise liquid dominated cloud top layer. Although in situ measurements (limited due to vertical resolution and detection limits) did confirm these findings only in certain limits, the retrieved vertical structure is in agreement with published ground based remote sensing measurements.