This paper is a non-experimental descriptive comparative study of factors that affectwomen's representation in politics at the national level and also covers four countries: Kenya,Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda. The study's primary purpose was to examine andunderstand factors within each case that affect women's political participation at the nationallevel based on why in some countries, women's political participation is seen as the leader inadvocating for gender equality. In contrast, others continue to lag, despite adopting somemeasures for women's greater participation in politics. It uses deductive logic by framingfactors contributing to women's under-representation in politics and capitalizes on thefeminist social role. Leadership categorization theory explains factors that promote underreorientation. Since the study entailed finding information from archive data, such as theconstitutions of the four case study countries, it utilized a diagnostic and prognostic analyticalframework of problem identification and providing viable solutions. In all four countries, the study found that gender equality is guaranteed in theirconstitutions. Those cases have many pieces of legislation and policies adopted to improvegender equality at the national level. However, challenges remain in the implementationcoupled with the influence of socio-cultural, political, and economic factors and existingcustomary laws. Admittedly, those cases have actively fostered women's involvement inpolitics. However, there are still many challenges to be addressed to achieve the quality ofwomen's participation in Parliament. Even though the number of women in Parliament hasreached, it doesn't mean that all women in a country have reached equality. As such, there is aneed to concentrate on the effectiveness of women in political positions and promotingwomen's influence over decision-making processes at all levels, especially in investing andfixing transformational change in the system of governance concerning institutional normsand values.The purpose of the central focus was to identify the factors and strategies that havebeen successful in some countries in enhancing women's political participation at the nationallevel and evaluate whether or not these policy changes and achievements could be replicatedin others. Using the case studies, the overall objective was to examine how some countrieshave achieved higher rates of female representation in parliaments than others. All casestudies have the same constitutional commitments to gender equality and have ratified thesame instruments relevant to women's Empowerment. The structured, focused comparisonand process tracing approaches have been selected and used to assess and analyze the cases.The use of process tracing helped to test and refines the hypothesized causal mechanisms.The structured, focused comparison was utilized to explain and perform the comparative casestudies adequately. This study has used a deductive orientation to reach a logical conclusion.Therefore, five different variables and hypotheses were formulated based on the literaturereview to apply stated choice methods. Furthermore, the analysis of this work was based onthe results of tested hypotheses against empirical cases to comprehend the meaning of theresults, especially by identifying the similarities and differences among cases. In a word, theanalysis was made primarily due to interpreting and understanding the hypothesis testoutcomes.In the end, data triangulation was also utilized to improve the validity of the research.The research shows that where joint efforts from these bodies were made, huge strides weremade and women's representation in higher political offices increased. It may encourageyoung women's zeal to pursue political careers and more active political participation becauseof seeing their fellow big sisters' efforts in politics and public office.

Representation of women in the lowest floor of Czech politics (the smallest municipalities) is percent higher than representation of women in the highest elected political office at the central level. There is a rule: the higher function, the smaller the percentage of women. This thesis focuses on reciprocal proportion between power importance of the political function and the percentage of women engaged in political office. The thesis search for answer to the question: What are the reasons of the reciprocal proportion between power importance of political function and the percentage of men and women who perform a given function? The goal of the thesis is find why the women are represented in the functions of the lower floors of politics more than the upper floors.

This thesis explores the relationship between gender policy, gender culture, and political participation in unified Germany. It investigates the extent to which political regimes shape citizens' attitudes towards gender roles and examines the effect of such attitudes on women's participation in politics. The thesis is divided into three parts: The first part explores the differences in gender regime types between the former German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany during the Cold War period. Building on existing studies, the analysis considers how generations that were socialised in the divided Germany differ in their attitudes toward gender roles. It finds that citizens from West Germany are more socially conservative than citizens from the East. The second part of the thesis tests the effects of these traditional gender attitudes on citizens' participation, focusing on party membership. The analysis highlights that gender gaps in formal political participation in unified Germany still exist, but that these gaps are smaller in the new federal states. The investigation further shows that traditional gender attitudes exert a negative effect on women’s political engagement beyond the predictive power of socio-economic and demographic factors. The final part of this thesis casts a critical look at the political controversy in Germany over the introduction of a cash-for-care subsidy (the so-called Betreuungsgeld). It explores the normative assumptions and ideas about gender roles that have been promoted by Germany's main political parties throughout the policy negotiation process. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, the research presented in this thesis draws on, and contributes to, studies on gender, welfare states, political socialisation, and political participation.

This paper uses state-level variation in the implementation of the 73rd amendment in India to observe the relationship between political reservations for women in local government and female child mortality. Nationally, reservations for women are not associated with a statistically significant difference in female child mortality. However, a state by state analysis shows variations in the level of impact of reservations on the topic of female child mortality. This paper examines the constraints on female representatives and their level of effectiveness in executing pro-female policies given the political and social environment. The two case studies on Kerala and Haryana explore women office holder’s abilities to administer public goods that favor women and children and the subsequent impact on female child mortality.