Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Department of Psychology University of Zululand, 1993. / Violence by men against women has become a common occurrence. Exact statistics are, however, not available as police, hospital and social service records reflect only those incidences that are reported, while suspected large percentage of abused cases remain hidden form public awareness. The present study has been motivated by the fact that there is lack of literature on empirical investigations of women abused in South African families. The aim of the study is to present^ an understanding of violence-related interactional patterns in wife battering amongst the Zulu society in Natal. The project focused on interviewing wife-battering couples. The interviews involved individual (interviewing husband and wife separately) and joint interviews with the focus on the husband's wife's views on family interactions and battering. The results of the study indicate that wife battering in Zulu society is embedded in cultural conflicts. Men adhere to tradition, while women are pushing for a changed definition that is more westernized. This then, can be used as a basis for further exploratory studies which test wife battering and treatment programmes.

Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) -- University of the North, 2004 / Refer to the document

Thesis (M.A. (Ndzawulo ya Xitsonga)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / Refer to the document / University of Limpopo

M. Tech. Textile design and Technology Tshwane University of Technology 2012. / The aim of this research is to investigate the perceived right to violate women, specifically when female dress choice is used as justification for violation. This research explores the high statistics of sexual violence in South Africa which form the context in which the problem is investigated. Female dress is used as a case study through which the high prevalence of gender violence in South Africa is explored. The research focuses on dress as a casual factor regarding female violation. Male perceptions of dress are explored as well as factors that influence these perceptions. The perceptive of social cognition and social psychology of dress as well as the theories of influence, attribution and modesty are used to gain insight into the process of creating perceptions and how these perceptions lead to certain types of behavior towards women dressed in a certain way. The above theories and perceptive are used to analyze three South African case studies. These case studies were gathered from media reports on three prominent incidents which occurred in South Africa in which dress was used as justification for female violation.

Thesis (M. A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2003 / Refer to the document / National Research Foundation (NRF)

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of verbally aggressive messages on women's self-concepts within romantic relationships. Through a qualitative methodological approach, this study examined the effects of such messages in the role of control negotiation, effects on women's self-concepts, and effects on future communication patterns. Through one-on-one interviews, women who have previously been in verbally abusive relationships were given the opportunity to share their individual stories through a narrative analysis. In addition, the theories of Communication Theory of Identity and Relationship Scripts were applied to understand the relationship between the effects of the messages on attitudes, behaviors, sense of identity, and communication patterns of the participants.The results indicated negative effects on victims who have experienced verbally abusive relationships. The need for control exemplified by the male aggressors resulted in compliance by the participants. The participants also experienced lower self-esteem and change or loss of personal identity, which affected communication in subsequent romantic relationships. / Department of Speech Communication

This study investigated the nature of the relationship among child sexual abuse, interpersonal relationship capacity and psychological adjustment. Interpersonal relationship capacity included the constructs of attachment, measured by the Relationship Questionnaire, and object relations functioning, measured by the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory. Psychological adjustment included the constructs of trauma-related symptoms, measured by the Trauma Symptom Inventory and supplemented by the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, and interpersonal problems, measured by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Participants were 118 women from a clinical and community sample, including 58 women who reported a history of child sexual abuse and 60 women who reported no such history. Thirty-three women reported a history of intrafamilial child sexual abuse or both intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse and 26 women reported a history of extrafamilial child sexual abuse only. The pattern of results indicated that child sexual abuse predicted both interpersonal relationship capacity and psychological adjustment and that interpersonal relationship capacity predicted psychological adjustment. In addition, a mediational model in which interpersonal relationship capacity mediates the relationship between child sexual abuse and psychological adjustment was supported. This suggests that relationship capacity may be a process through which the impact of child sexual abuse influences later psychological adjustment. No differences were found between women who had experienced intrafamilial child sexual abuse and women who had experienced extrafamilial child sexual abuse. When the separate components of each construct in the model were considered, attachment mediated the relationship between child sexual abuse and trauma-related symptoms and also mediated the relationship between child sexual abuse and interpersonal problems. Object relations functioning mediated the relationship between child sexual abuse and trauma-related symptoms, but did not mediate the relationship between child sexual abuse and interpersonal problems. Again, no differences were found between women who had experienced intrafamilial child sexual abuse and women who had experienced extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for appropriate therapy approaches with survivors of child sexual abuse. / Graduate

丈夫向妻子使用暴力是最常見的性別暴力形式，相比於其他人際間暴力行為更為常見。過往文獻對家庭暴力風險的分佈模式已形成不同的理論解釋，但鮮有研究者試圖在華人社會中探討並檢驗這些從西方社會脈絡中發展出來的理論。本論文將運用資源理論、性別觀點、社會控制等理論視角以解釋香港社會中的家庭暴力行為。 / 本論文使用量化研究方法驗證數個關於家庭暴力社會文化因素的假設。所使用的是2007年在香港一個西北區域收集到的住戶調查數據。該調查在使用概率抽樣下，成功訪問了871對伴侶 (共1, 742人) 。樣本中，10.7%的丈夫在過去一年曾向妻子使用過暴力。本論文主要由三篇獨立成章的實證研究論文組成，每篇論文各自針對一個理論視角指出其不足之處並檢驗過往研究中鮮被驗證過的論點。 / 第一篇論文指出，夫妻間收入差距和丈夫的全職工作降低了丈夫在夫妻關係中的權力慾望，並因此降低了丈夫暴力對待妻子的風險。中介分析驗証了夫婦間收入差距和丈夫的全職工作對丈夫向妻子使用暴力行為存在間接效應。第二篇論文指出，夫妻雙方的性別態度交互地影響了家庭暴力的風險分佈。當妻子持有非傳統的性別態度時，丈夫的傳統性別態度和使用暴力呈正相關。而當丈夫持有傳統的性別態度時，妻子的傳統性別態度則和丈夫使用暴力的風險呈負相關。研究發現，控制了其他變項後，家庭暴力風險最高的伴侶组合為傳統丈夫和非傳統妻子。第三篇論文分析指出，婚姻衝突和丈夫向妻子動武的相關程度受朋輩對伴侶間使用暴力的看法所影響。當朋輩贊同對配偶使用暴力時，婚姻衝突更有可能轉化為家庭暴力。但只有對存在婚姻衝突的伴侶來說，朋輩贊同對配偶使用暴力的看法才會增加家庭暴力的發生風險。 / 本論文意在表明家庭暴力成因的複雜性。影響丈夫向妻子使用暴力的各個因素不單相互連結，而且各個因素交互地影響了家庭暴力的風險分佈。此項研究結果反映了社會需要一套綜合的預防及干預策略，通過不同層面的角色合作以减少家庭暴力。 / Husband-to-wife violence is the most common form of gender-based violence and is much more prevalent than many other forms of interpersonal violence. In the literature, some theories are developed to explain the prevalence pattern of husband-to-wife violence. The focus of this thesis is on the applications and discussions of resource theories, gender ideology and a social control perspective. These theories are primarily developed in the Western context. However, empirical tests of these theories in Chinese societies are still rare. / A quantitative approach is adopted in this thesis to empirically test the hypotheses about the relationship between socio-cultural factors and husband-to-wife violence in Hong Kong. A household survey, with a probability sample, was conducted in a northwestern district of Hong Kong in 2007. In total, 871 couples (1,742 respondents) had completed the survey. The prevalence rate of husband-to-wife physical assault over the past year was 10.7%. The main body of this thesis contains three empirical papers analyzing the prevalence pattern of husband-to-wife violence in Hong Kong. Each of the papers addresses the limitations of a theoretical perspective and contributes by testing some of the ideas from the above perspectives that have not been empirically examined in past studies. / In the first paper, the analysis shows that a couple’s income difference and the husband’s full-time employment are negatively associated with the husband’s desire to have more decision-making power in the relationship, while the husband’s desire to have more power in the relationship is positively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault. Mediation tests confirm that a couple’s income difference and the husband’s full-time employment status have exerted indirect effects on husband-to-wife violence through the husband’s power motive. In the second paper, the analysis shows that the interaction of couples’ gender role attitudes plays important role in shaping the risk of husband-to-wife physical assault. Husbands’ gender role traditionalism is positively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault only when they are coupled with wives who have non-traditional attitudes. Wives’ gender role traditionalism is negatively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault only when they are coupled with traditional husbands. Non-traditional wives with traditional husbands face the highest risk of husband-to-wife violence, controlling for other factors. The third empirical paper shows that the strength of association between marital conflict and husband-to-wife violence in Hong Kong was conditioned by peer approval of spousal violence. The association between marital conflict and violence is stronger for couples who had at least some friends who approve spousal violence. Likewise, peer approval of spousal violence is positively associated with husband-to-wife violence only for couples that experienced marital conflict. In contrast, there is no significant association between peer approval of spousal violence and husband-to-wife violence for couples that experienced low-levels of marital conflict. / In sum, this thesis reveals the complexity of the causes of husband-to-wife violence that the correlates of husband-to-wife physical assault are interrelated and their associations with husband-to-wife violence are not independent of each other. This work calls for a comprehensive intervention and prevention package that requires efforts from multiple agencies operating at different levels. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Cheung, Ka Lok. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-97). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Background of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Research Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3. --- Methodological Approach --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Data Source --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Measures of the Dependent Variable (The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale) --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4. --- Organizational Structure of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Husband’s Resources, Power Motive and Husband-To-Wife Physical Assault: A Mediational Analysis of Resources Theories in a Chinese Society --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2. --- Past Literature and the Current Study --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Resource Theories and Domestic Violence: The Role of Power Motive --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Resources and Domestic Violence: Other Possible Explanations --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Hong Kong as a Chinese Society --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3. --- Methods --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Measures of Independent Variables --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Analytic Strategy --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4. --- Results --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Associations --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Results from Logistic and OLS Regression Models --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Products of Coefficients and Significant Level for Indirect Effects --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Traditional Husband With Non-Traditional Wife: Couple’s Gender Role Attitudes and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2. --- Past Literature and the Current Study --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Couple’s Gender Role Attitudes and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Hypotheses of the Current Study --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Context for the Current Study: Hong Kong --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3. --- Methods --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Measures of the Independent Variables --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Analytic Strategy --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4. --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Associations --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Results from Logistic Regression Models --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Interpreting the Interaction Effect --- p.49 / Chapter 3.5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Marital Conflict, Peer Approval of Spousal Violence and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault: Testing an Interaction Effect Hypothesis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2. --- Past Literature and the Current Study --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Marital Conflict and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Peer Approval of Spousal Violence and Husband-to-Wife Physical Assault --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Towards an Interactive Effect Hypothesis --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3. --- Methods --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Measures of the Independent Variables --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Analytic Strategy --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4. --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Associations --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Results from Logistic Regression Model --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Interpreting the Interaction Effect --- p.66 / Chapter 4.5. --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter 5.1. --- Summary of Findings --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2. --- Limitations of the Current Study and Suggestions for Future Research --- p.74 / Chapter Appendix A --- Results of Additional Analysis for Husband-to-Wife Psychological Aggression and Sexual Coercion --- p.78 / Chapter Appendix B --- Original questions for the multiple-item scales (in Chinese) --- p.84 / Bibliography --- p.86

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