The nutritional impact of snacking on the diets of female, freshman college students between the ages of 17 and 20 years was assessed. Sixty-five women living in freshman residence halls at Oregon State University recorded their dietary intakes and eating habits for four days. Questionnaires concerning eating and activity patterns were also completed. Dietary intakes were analyzed for energy (kcal), protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid. The nutrient contents of snacks, meals, and nutrient supplements consumed by the subjects were calculated. Nutrient densities (nutrient/1000 kcal) of meals and snacks were also calculated for the above nutrients. All subjects received a Dietary Adequacy Score, which was computed from their mean daily intake over the four-day period, by assigning one point for each nutrient consumed at or above two-thirds of the RDA. All but one subject snacked during the four-day recording period. The subjects consumed a mean of 1.54 snacks daily, with means of 0.19 morning, 0.47 afternoon, and 0.88 evening snacks. With the exception of ascorbic acid, the mean nutrient desities of snacks were significantly (p<0.01) lower than that of meals. The mean nutrient densities of snacks were well below the RDA/1000 kcal for all of the calculated nutrients, again, with the exception of ascorbic acid. Snacks contributed about 20 percent of the mean total energy intake; the proportions supplied by snacks to the mean nutrient intakes were considerably lower (8 to 13 percent). Meal frequency was negatively correlated with snack frequency (r= -.24, p<0.05) and snack energy intake (r= -.40, p<0.01). Lunch was the meal most negatively correlated with snacking frequency (r = .33, p<0.01) and snack energy intake ( r= -.37, p<0.01). By examining when snacking and when missed meals occurred, it appears that snacks were often consumed as a result of missed meals rather than the cause of them. Breakfast was missed most often and dinner least often with snacking occurring most often in the evening and afternoon. Snacks consumed at these times would not have interfered with either lunch or breakfast. Despite the relatively poor nutritional value of snack foods eaten by the subjects (as evidenced by the low nutrient densities), snacks actually improved the Dietary Adequacy Scores of 28 subjects. However, 16 subjects exceeded the RDA for energy with the addition of snacks, eight of whom were not included in the above group of 28 with the improved Dietary Adequacy Scores. But in all, 20 subjects (31 percent) had their Dietary Adequacy Scores improved by snacks, without exceeding the 2100 kcal RDA for energy. The foods most commonly eaten as snacks were (in descending order): cookies, cake and pastries; candy; fruit; dairy desserts; popcorn; crackers, chips etc.; soft drinks; and alcoholic beverages. / Graduation date: 1982

The purpose of this study was to determine the nutrition knowledge and dietary intake before and after the implementation of a nutrition education program among university female cross country runners. The nutrition education program consisted of three, onehour sessions comprised of the following topics: general diet recommendations including carbohydrate, fat, protein, and the five food groups, iron status, fluids and hydration, amenorrhea, calcium intake and its effect on bone mass, and pathogenic weight control. Female cross country runners from Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, and Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana served as the experimental groups, and Anderson University, Anderson, Indiana served as the control group. Teaching materials including outlines, handouts, and discussion questions were developed, presented, and distributed at each session. Evaluation of nutrition knowledge was completed through a pre-test, and post-test which consisted of 22 multiple choice / true/false questions. The nutrition education program significantly increased the nutrition knowledge for the experimental group (n = 9) from a mean pre-test score of 11.22 +/- 4.74 to a mean post-test score of 15.44 +/- 3.88. The quiz was developed with questions from two other quizzes used in previous research including Worme, et al., (1990) and Barr (1986) as well as a few additional questions developed by the primary investigator. Dietary intake was evaluated using three-day diet records prior to the nutrition education program and immediately following. In addition, three experimental subjects and three control subjects completed follow-up diet records one month following the nutrition education program but was not included in the data analysis. There were no significant changes in any of the 21 nutrients assessed; however, there were a few which approached statistical significance including thiamin (p<0.0528), dietary fiber (p<0.0865) and saturated fat (p<0.0737). Participants in the study seemed very receptive to the chosen topics but was especially interested in the topic of amenorrhea. Although not asked, four subjects did report that amenorrhea had been a problem- in the past including one subject who still had the problem. The primary investigator feels the educational program had a positive affect on the subjects. It is important to educate athletes about nutrition and the effects on health, especially young females involved with sports in which body weight has an influence on performance. This study could be repeated in the future to further study dietary intake and how nutrition education affects eating behaviors over a long period of time in this population. / Department of Home Economics

1. A saturation study was conducted on three normal college girls, weighing 50, 43, and 54 kg. Subject I was found to require more than 2.2 mg. per kg. of ascorbic acid or a total of 110 mg. To maintain tissue saturation and subjects II and III were found to require 1.6 mg. per kg. or a total of 67 mg. And 86 mg. respectively. 2. The data for subjects II and III suggest that they may be a relationship between body size and the ascorbic acid requirement, since on the per kg. basis, they both needed the same (1.6 mg. per kg.). However, the fact that subject I required a much greater amount to maintain tissue saturation, more than 2. mg. per kg. Indicates that individual difference may overshadow body size in its effect on requirement of vitamin C. 3. The effect of various factors on the ascorbic acid excretion were observed: a. The correlations between the percentage of ascorbic acid intake excreted and the urinary pH were -.2122, -.315, and -/8588 for subjects I, II, and III respectively, only that of subject III being significant. b. Insignificant correlations of .293, -.2015, and -.0507 were found between the urinary volume and the percentage of ascorbic acid excreted. c. Correlations for subjects I and II between ascorbic acid excretion and cigarettes smoked were .0243 and .3198. Neither was considered significant. d. Insignificant correlations, -.149 and .00286, were found between ascorbic acid excretion and the coffee intake. e. A slightly significant correlation of -.3848 was found between the percentage (Average for the three subjects) of the ascorbic acid intake excreted and the maximum daily temperature. 4. A comparison of the results of this saturation study with two other saturation studies (2, 24) points out that 1.6-1.7 mg. per kg. May be an adequate requirement in most of the cases studied. However, all three studies give data on only thirteen subjects. 5. Suggestions are offered which it is hoped will so simplify the procedure of the saturation test that with efficient planning a much larger number of subjects may be studied: a. Collection and analysis of urine only on test dose days. b. Ad libitum intake of foods containing negligible amounts of vitamin C. c. Determination of the urinary pH at the time of collection. / Master of Science

M.S.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 M32 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

The purpose of this study was to determine what relationship exists between the degree of an eating disorder or "disordered eating" pattern and athletic performance. The subjects were 30 female collegiate swimmers, between the ages of 18 and 22 years, at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana. The subjects completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) questionnaire, which assesses several psychological and behavioral traits associated with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa, and the Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R) questionnaire which measures symptoms of bulimia in adolescents and adults. A performance score was calculated from each swimmer's best event.The results of this study supported the research hypothesis that there would be a negative relationship between the swimming performance of athletes and degree of eating disorder or "disordered eating" pattern as measured by the two questionnaires. "Disordered eating" patterns predicted 20 percent of the variance in athletic performance. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study is to determine the thiamine values of college women using Najjar and Holt's "fasting hour test."

The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of crude fiber in the diet and the laxation rate of college women consuming self-selected diets.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the disappearance of crude fiber and lignin from the digestive tracts of healthy young college women consuming a self-selected diet.