The World Health Organization (WHO) has been implementing the Healthy Marketplace initiative in the market setting of developing countries since 1997. This initiative forms part of the Healthy Cities strategy and is reinforced through the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The WHO Food Safety Division has indicated that every city in the WHO Healthy City program will eventually also have a Healthy Marketplace program. This is despite the absence of any published guidelines for facilitating program implementation, a clearly articulated Healthy Marketplace concept, and a dearth of meaningful program evaluations. This thesis set out to explore the views and experiences of in-country stakeholders involved in a Vietnamese Healthy Marketplace program. It also set out to examine the roles and perceptions of experts engaged in the design and delivery of programs across the developing world. Through an iterative and post-positivist research methodology, this inquiry collected and analysed data from five key sources: documents, detailed questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observations and reflections. The findings revealed that various and even conflicting program concepts and aims existed across and within groups, having significant implications for practice. The settings approach was not the dominant approach to health promotion in the Vietnamese market, but rather a 'top-down' topic-based approach dominated as the mechanism for program delivery. Consequently, numerous challenges have been identified for Healthy Marketplace policy and practice. The challenges are prefaced on the adoption of a settings approach, and include the need for : market communities to set their own agendas; the program target audience to be redefined; increased power sharing across stakeholders; the re-education of professionals; the sharing of knowledge; and the adequate resourcing of Healthy Marketplace programs / Master of Science (Hons)

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1952. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Engels.

Introduktion: WHO publicerade 2021 nya rekommendationer för fysisk aktivitet, i rapporten inkluderades även rekommendationer specifikt anpassade för personer med funktionsnedsättningar. I rekommendationerna belyser WHO vikten av ökad fysisk aktivitet, minskad skärmtid och minskat stillasittande för barn och ungdomar med funktionsnedsättningar.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om fysioterapeuter/sjukgymnaster (FT/sjg) inom habiliteringsverksamhet i Sverige känner till WHOs rekommendationer om fysisk aktivitet för personer med funktionsnedsättningar. Vi undersökte även hur rekommendationerna implementeras av FT/sjg, samt om de upplever att rekommendationerna är en bra modell för arbetet med olika patientgrupper. Metod: En enkätundersökning genomfördes med totalt 20 frågor. Rekryteringen skedde genom två Facebookgrupper samt kontakter i habiliteringssektionens styrelse. Frågorna var uppbyggda med både flervalsfrågor och öppna skrivfrågor och undersökte fysioterapeutens upplevelser av WHOs rekommendationer. Resultaten redovisas deskriptivt och på de öppna frågorna genomfördes en sammanställning samt indelning i text med citat. Resultat: Enkätundersökningen resulterade i totalt 28 deltagare. De visade att majoriteten av FT/sjg kände till rekommendationerna samt att de används inom vården men även att några inte var bekanta med rekommendationerna och/eller valde att inte använda dem. De kvalitativa frågorna visade även att det finns behov av att individanpassa målen ytterligare. Konklusion: Svaren pekar mot att majoriteten av Ft/sjg känner till målen och använder dem i arbetet med patienterna. Däremot kan de vara för svåra att uppnå och en större individanpassning är nödvändigt. Svaren tolkas dock med försiktighet pga. få deltagare.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem around the world. To meet the threat of a futurewithout effective treatment of infection, WHO and other authorities have published strategies and actionplans. However, it is unclear to what extent they have been implemented. As the seventh wealthiesteconomy in the world, Brazil could serve as a role model for other fast developing countries in the battleagainst AMR. The objective of this study was to investigate if and how implementation of internationalAMR strategies is addressed in literature, and to describe how such guidelines have been implemented inBrazil. The study was carried out as a literature review of scientific articles and of documents published byBrazilian authorities. In the scientific literature great importance was given to a multidisciplinary approachand to surveillance, with a special emphasis on local data. Brazilian documents showed a focus on healthcare settings and on actions concerning surveillance. Many tools were in place, such as networks and legalframework. Using local data, identifying measures most important for the target group and thenimplementing them, was considered most important. Generally, there was a lack of assessments. Brazil stillhas a long way to go, but has started out well with its focus on surveillance.

Universal Health Care Coverage is one important policy recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to governments in both developed and developing countries (WHO, 1999, 2000). Thailand implemented a policy of universal coverage of health care to enhance its health care coverage (UC) scheme. It is therefore difficult to evaluate policy effectiveness without specified criteria for evaluating the framework through which one could apply policy effectiveness without specified criteria for evaluating the framework through which one could apply policy evaluation tools. The first paper of this three paper series identified potential evaluation criteria for the universal health care coverage program by analysing experiences of developed countries in achieving universal health care coverage and the reform programs they implemented. The second paper identified and examined the criteria for evaluation of the Universal Health Care Coverage scheme in Thailand which reported on qualitative data gathered by the researcher through in-depth interviews with six top executives of private hospitals in Thailand. / These findings from the top executives of private hospitals have been instrumental in exploring the impacts to health providers, the health care practice and public policy for the UC implementation which explored by using different views of criteria for evaluating the UC program from the experience of developed countries. The final paper discusses their connection to theory and explores the views of health providers about which criteria to include, as well as the relationship between intermediate and core criteria, particularly with regard to being strategic in selecting performance problems for priority attention. / The complete series of research papers should prove to be a valuable reference resource and hopefully a guiding compass in assisting Thailand in the continuing implementation and reform of the Universal Health Care Coverage plan. / Thesis (DBA(DoctorateofBusinessAdministration))--University of South Australia, 2007.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Dept. of Opthalmology 2010. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-274)

A democracia sanitária exige que as normas do direito à saúde sejam derivadas de processos deliberativos que permitam a troca de argumentos que, por sua vez, conduzam à formação da vontade política, sendo que essa vontade deve ser constantemente submetida à confirmação em debates públicos para garantir a responsividade do governo e o controle do exercício do poder político. A partir dessa noção, pretendíamos verificar se, caso fosse aprovado o projeto de Marco para colaboração com os atores não estatais, no seio da reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde, seriam criadas instituições e processos deliberativos que oportunizassem a participação democrática da sociedade civil internacional. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, e, por meio do método da análise documental, estudamos os documentos básicos e documentos oficiais concernentes à reforma da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A conclusão alcançada foi que, embora o instrumento analisado não promovesse a democracia sanitária em conformidade com o marco teórico adotado no trabalho, ele criaria novas instâncias em que a sociedade civil internacional poderia exercer sua influência. / Health democracy requires that the norms of right to health are derived from deliberative processes that allow the exchange of arguments which, in turn, conduct to the formation of the political will, and this will must be constantly subject to confirmation in public debates to ensure the responsiveness of government and control of the exercise of political power. Based on this notion, we intended to verify whether, if it were approved the draft Framework for engagement with non-state actors, within the reform of the World Health Organization, it would create institutions and decision-making processes that would enable democratic participation of international civil society. To this end, we conducted a qualitative research, and through the method of document analysis, we studied the basic documents and official documents concerning the reform of the World Health Organization. The conclusion reached was that, although the analyzed instrument did not promote health democracy in accordance with the theoretical framework adopted at this work, it would create new instances in which the international civil society could exert their influence.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.

This research explores the international evolution of the policy of integration (formalisation) of traditional medicine in health care systems. This concept first arose on the policy agenda of the World Health Organisation in the 1970s and then re-emerged in 2002 (with alternative and complementary medicines). The history of this policy at the global level and its transfer to national levels over this period is analysed, via the content, scope and outcomes of policy and programme documents. This analysis emphasises the roles of context and stakeholders (specifically interest groups). The context in terms of the economic, political and social environment surrounding the development of the policy is considered, and held to offer a potential explanation as to how and why the policy agenda on integration was set and the manner in which programmes were formulated and implemented. Interest group interaction (competition for resources) is concluded to play a key role in explaining the development of this policy on an international level, and its problematic transfer to national levels. A case study of Sri Lanka explores national level implementation in greater detail. An analytical framework to analyse the development and implementation of this policy has been created, from a synthesis of anthropological and political science tools. The combination of several theories into an analytical framework allows this policy issue to be understood as an intrinsically political exercise that has been stimulated by global social and economic forces. The analytical framework developed offers another tool for the analysis and consequent understanding of the health policy process and thus may have relevance beyond the health policy issue of integration. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)