Call number: LD2668 .T4 1957 B46 / Master of Science

Som många andra IT-företag jobbar EVRY One Eskilstuna med nätverkssäkerhet. Detta område är komplicerat, omfattande och väldigt brett. Mitt uppdrag var att undersöka de olika nätverksattackerna som kan drabba ett företag. Vilka råd som finns för att skydda sig mot dem och jämföra dessa mot deras befintliga skydd. Syftet med denna rapport var att skapa en helhetsbild gällande nätverkshot och olika sätt man kan skydda sig mot. Denna rapport kommer ligga till grund för EVRY One Eskilstunas fortsatta arbete inom nätverkssäkerhet. Rapporten tar upp många av de nätverkshot som finns och beskriver dessa samt presenterar vissa exempel på specifika fall för att få en djupare förståelse om deras betydelse. Intervjuer om hur säkerheten hanteras på företaget samt hur anställda har agerat vid uppkomsten av nätverkshot utfördes. Detta gjordes för att få en bättre förståelse om hur man identifierar ett hot, begränsar dess spridning, desinfekterar och till slut återställer för att kunna återgå till den normala driften. Två metoder användes i denna rapport. Den första var en litterär insamling av information både i bokform och webbaserat material. Den andra, intervjumetoden, valdes för att få en djupare förståelse om hur ett verksamt företag hanterar sig mot nätverkshot i deras vardag. Resultatet av detta arbete blev en rapport som tar upp de olika nätverkshotens egenskaper, utförande och ändamål. Arbetet är baserat på vetenskapliga och tillförlitliga fakta samt intervjuer med anställda på EVRY One Eskilstuna. Framtida undersökningar för denna rapport skulle kunna vara en praktisk undersökning av nätverkshot, exempelvis implementation i en kontrollerad labbmiljö. En undersökning av både det implementerade nätverkshotets utförande samt en genomgående desinfektion. Detta för att få en heltäckande bild om hur en sådan uppkomst kan se ut och hur man ska hantera denna. / As many other IT-companies does EVRY One Eskilstuna work with network security. This particular field is very complicated, comprehensive and broad. My task was to investigate the different network attacks which could impact a company, which best practices there are to protect one from them and compare them to their already existing network threat protection. The purpose of this thesis was to create a big picture concerning network threats and how to protect oneself from them. This thesis will be used as a foundation for EVRY One Eskilstuna in their continuing work to improve their network security. In this thesis most of the network threats are studied, described and even some real examples presented to better understand their importance. Interviews was carried out to examine how the company handles network security and even how employees have handled network threats in the past. These interviews were done to get a better understanding how to identify a threat, limit its propagation abilities, disinfection and lastly how to recuperate to normal operations. Two methods were chosen when writing this thesis. The first one was a literature study both in book form and web based to get a better understanding of this problem. The second one was the interview method which was chosen to gain a deeper understanding how this company handles network security in their everyday operations. The final product is a thesis report that discusses the network threats characteristics and purposes. The facts supporting this thesis work is both scientificand credible and some of it is supported by interviews with employees at EVRY One Eskilstuna. Future study concerning this thesis would be to do a practical study, for example an implementation in a controlled lab network. That study would examine both the implemented network threats characteristics and how to disinfect an infected system. Such an examination would give a complete picture how a network threat can impact a network and how to disinfect it, if it has been introduced.

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Instant messaging (IM) has been a platform of spreading malware for hackers due to its popularity and immediacy. To evade anti-virus detection, hacker might send malicious URL message, instead of malicious binary file. A malicious URL is a link pointing to a malware file or a phishing site, and it may then propagate through the victim's contact list. Moreover, hacker sometimes might use social engineering tricks making malicious URLs hard to be identified. The previous solutions are improper to detect IM malicious URL in real-time. Therefore, we propose a novel approach for detecting IM malicious URL in a timely manner based on the anomalies of URL messages and sender's behavior. Malicious behaviors are profiled as a set of behavior patterns and a scoring model is developed to evaluate the significance of each anomaly. To speed up the detection, the malicious behavior patterns can identify known malicious URLs efficiently, while the scoring model is used to detect unknown malicious URLs. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves low false positive rate and low false negative rate.

Thesis (PhD (Veterinary Tropical Diseases)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased due to human activity from a pre-industrial value of about 280 ppm to the present level of 399 ppm. The ocean acts as an important natural carbon sink that effectively removes 1/3 of this anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere, buffering global warming effects. However, the dissolution of CO2 causes a dramatic change in seawater chemistry and ultimately results in the phenomenon commonly known as "ocean acidification" (OA). As a consequence, the pH value and the saturation states for calcium carbonate decline in the surface seawater, posing a threat to calcareous marine organisms that build their shells using exquisite biomineralization mechanisms. Biological minerals produced by marine organisms are compositionally and structurally more complex than geological minerals. Although changes in biomineral formation in response to OA has been intensively investigated, the features of calcified products in terms of their composition, architectures and mechanical properties have been overlooked in climate change research. The tubeworm is a favourite marine model organism in larval biology. Its life cycle is well understood hence provides a good opportunity to study OA impacts on the stochastic early life. In addition, the model enables comprehensive observation of the sophisticated biomineralization events. In this thesis, four studies on the biomineralization of Hydroides elegans, using a multidisciplinary collaborative approach combining larval biology and material science were conducted. (1) The tube mineral composition at different juvenile stages (4, 11, 18, 25 days) were characterized. (2) The impacts of different predicted OA scenarios (pH 8.1, 7.9, 7.6, and 7.4) on the resultant calcification products were compared. (3) A multiple-stressor investigation of OA (pH 8.1 and 7.8), reduced salinity (33 ‰ and 27 ‰) and increased temperature (25 °C and 29 °C) was conducted to further determine the more environmentally realistic OA impacts. (4) Calcification sites were examined by using a microscopy approach The main findings from each study were: (1) H. elegans produced both calcite and aragonite forms of CaCO3, which have distinctive physical and chemical properties. Thus, the tubeworm serves as an interesting model for studying OA impacts on biomineralization. The early juvenile stages are expected to be more sensitive to OA than the later life stages because the juvenile tubes are rich in aragonite and amorphous calcium carbonate. (2) Under experimental OA conditions, the composition and architecture of the tube structures were adversely affected, ultimately producing tubes with weaker mechanical properties. (3) Warming appeared to strengthen the tube structures and mitigated the adverse OA effects. (4) Calcification sites correlated to regions with higher pH values of 8.5 - 9.0. These regions may be sensitive to OA and should be further analyzed to study the mechanisms of OA impacts on calcification. This series of experiments study biomineralization and larval biology using a variety of modern multidisciplinary approaches provided new insights into the impacts of OA and climate change impacts on marine organisms and also helped us to project which species might adapt or succumb to future scenarios. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008. / Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.