O aço inoxidável hiperduplex possui alta resistência a corrosão por pite em ambientes contendo cloretos, quando comparado a outros aços inoxidáveis comercialmente conhecidos. Possui boas propriedades mecânicas, com limite de escoamento superior a 700MPa e limite de resistência a tração em torno de 1000MPa. Essas propriedades o tornam muito atrativos para aplicações em ambientes contendo cloretos, e por isso tem tido destaque na indústria de óleo e gás, refinarias, plataformas offshore, etc. A liga hiperduplex é composta por uma estrutura bifásica, contendo proporções aproximadamente iguais de ferrita e austenita. Esse material possui boa soldabilidade, mas por ser termodinamicamente metaestável, em altas temperaturas pode ocorrer a precipitação de fases intermetálicas não desejáveis, o que resulta em perda de propriedades mecânicas e diminuição da resistência a corrosão. A fase sigma tem sido fortemente estudada, pois é comum sua precipitação nos aços inoxidáveis da família duplex durante o procedimento de soldagem se este não for muito bem controlado. A fase sigma precipita preferencialmente na fase ferrítica, devido a maior concentração de Cr e Mo, que são os elementos formadores da fase. A resistência a corrosão é reduzida e as propriedades mecânicas do material são alteradas o tornando frágil devido a presença da fase sigma. É formada entre 600C e 1000C e possui uma estrutura tetragonal complexa. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a possível presença da fase sigma na junta soldada do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD (UNS S32707) pelo processo TIG autógeno manual através da difração de raios-x. Nessa pesquisa, foram analisadas uma junta soldada do material pelo processo TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado. Complementando o estudo foram analisadas seis amostras do aço inoxidável superduplex, sendo que cinco amostras sofreram tratamento térmico para a proposital formação da fase sigma. O refinamento do resultado da difração das amostras foi feito utilizando o método de Rietveld no software Topas Academic versão 4.1. O resultado da amostra soldada de hiperduplex apresentou as fases austenita, ferrita e alguns prováveis óxidos. Os resultados das amostras de superduplex tratadas termicamente apresentaram a fase sigma, conforme esperado na pesquisa, e as fases austenita e ferrita. / Hyperduplex stainless steel has high pitting corrosion resistance in chloride enviroments, when they were compared to other commercially stainless steel. It has good mechanical properties, with yield strength exceeding 700MPa and tensile strength limit around 1000MPa. These properties make it very attractive for applications in chlorides environments, and for this reason had been emphasis on applications for oil and gas industry, refineries, offshore platforms, etc. The alloy hyperduplex is composed of a biphasic structure, containing approximately the same proportions of ferrite and austenite. This material has good weldability, but as it is thermodynamically metastable, at high temperatures can occur the precipitation of undesired intermetallic phases, resulting in loss of mechanical properties and reduced corrosion resistance. The sigma phase has been much investigated because their common precipitation in the different kinds of duplex stainless steels during the welding procedure if not well controlled. The sigma phase use to precipitate preferentially in the ferritic phase, because of the higher concentration of Cr and Mo, which are the elements of the phase formation. This phase reduces corrosion resistance and modify the mechanical properties making the material brittle. The sigma phase is formed between 600C and 1000C and has a tetragonal complex structure. The aim of this study is characterize the phases of an hyperduplex welded join SAF 2707 HD (UNS S32707) for TIG manual autogenous process and the cry size. In this research was analyzed an welded joint of the material for autogenous arc pulsed TIG manual. Complementing the study, six superduplex stainless steel samples were analyzed, and five of this were subjected to heat treatment for the purposeful sigma formation. The samples were analyxed for x-ray diffraction technique. The refinement results were done by Rietveld Method in Topas Academic 4.1 version software. The welded join of hyperduplex showed the austenite, ferrite and some probable oxides. The results of the heat treated samples of superduplex showed the sigma phase, as expected in this research, and the austenite and ferrite phases.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans l’étude des matériaux moléculaires photo-commutables. L’objectif est le contrôle réversible et persistant des propriétés physiques de la matière par application d’un stimulus externe, tel qu’une excitation optique. Le travail de thèse est constitué de deux parties principales. La première partie traite de la photo-isomérisation des ligands NO dans les complexes de ruthénium di-nitrosyle. Une démarche expérimentale systématique a été effectuée sur trois complexes. La spectroscopie infrarouge et la diffraction des rayons-X ont été utilisées conjointement à basse température. De multiples isomères de liaison photo-induits (PLI) ont été détectés. Il a été montré qu’il est possible de photo-commuter chacun des deux ligands nitrosyles indépendamment. De plus, une double photo-isomérisation a été caractérisée. La deuxième partie présente le développement et la mise en œuvre d’une expérience de diffraction des rayons-X résolue en temps en laboratoire. Le dispositif est un diffractomètre prototype avec un détecteur à pixel hybride XPAD, permettant des mesures à l’échelle de la milliseconde. Un système pompe-sonde est couplé au diffractomètre permettant une excitation périodique de l’échantillon et une caractérisation in-situ de la photo-commutation. Cette expérience a été validée par la mesure de l’état métastable MSII du complexe nitrosyle Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].2H2O, d’une durée de vie de 12 ms à 150 K / This work is part of the study of photo-switchable molecular materials. The objective is the reversible and persistent control of the physical properties of matter by the application of an external stimulus, such as optical excitation. The thesis work consists of two main parts. The first part deals with the photoisomerization of NO ligands in ruthenium di-nitrosyl complexes. A systematic experimental approach was performed on three complexes. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used together at low temperature. Multiple photoinduced linkage isomers (PLI) were detected. It has been shown that it is possible to photo-switch each of the two nitrosyl ligands independently. In addition, a double photoisomerization was characterized. The second part presents the development and implementation of an in-house time-resolved X-ray diffraction experiment. The device is a prototype diffractometer with a XPAD hybrid pixel detector, allowing measurements on a millisecond time-scale. A pump-probe system is coupled to the diffractometer allowing periodic excitation of the sample and an in-situ characterization of the photo-switching. This experiment was validated by measuring the metastable state MSII of the nitrosyl complex Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].2H2O, with a lifetime of 12 ms at 150 K

Ce travail de thèse s’articule autour de la synthèse et de la caractérisation d’hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDLs) par une approche combinant spectroscopie vibrationnelle, RMN du solide et diffraction des rayons X. Les objectifs portent sur la description de la distribution cationique dans les feuillets ainsi que sur l’étude des propriétés structurales et dynamiques des espèces interfoliaires. Les investigations sont principalement menées pour des HDLs de type MgII/AlIII (ratio compris entre 2 et 4) avec une complexification progressive des espèces intercalées : de l’anion carbonate pour lequel les matériaux possèdent une affinité préférentielle, à d’autres anions inorganiques comme les halogénures, le perchlorate et le nitrate, pour finir sur des hybrides organo-minéraux formés par intercalation d’anions organiques/biomolécules (acides aminés et cyclodextrines). Les recherches effectuées ont permis de mettre en évidence un ordre cationique local au sein des feuillets, conservé après échange anionique. Par ailleurs, il a été possible de rationaliser les comportements propres à chaque espèce anionique dans l’espace interfoliaire, qui dépendent fortement de la densité de charge des feuillets, ainsi que du taux d’hydratation des composés. En particulier, la coexistence des anions carbonate et hydrogénocarbonate dans l’espace interfoliaire et leur dynamique d’échange avec le dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique sont révélées. D’autre part, une nouvelle sonde de dynamique interfoliaire par RMN 27Al est proposée. Enfin, l’étude pas à pas des HDLs intercalant tout d’abord l’oxalate puis des acides aminés a permis le transfert des connaissances obtenues pour les HDLs inorganiques aux hybrides organo-minéraux. Le manuscrit se termine sur une application des hybrides contenant des cyclodextrines pour le traitement d’eaux polluées par des composés organiques polycycliques / This thesis work is based on the synthesis and the characterization of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) by an approach combining vibrational spectroscopy, solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction. The objectives include a description of the cations distribution in the layers, as well as a study of the structural and dynamic properties of the interlayer species. Investigations are mainly carried out for MgII/AlIII LDHs (ratio between 2 and 4) with an increased complexity of the intercalated species: from carbonate for which the materials have a preferential affinity, to other inorganic anions such as halides, perchlorate and nitrate, to finish with organo-mineral hybrids obtained by intercalation of organic anions/biomolecules (amino acids and cyclodextrins).The research carried out highlighted a local cationic order in the layers, preserved after anionic exchange. Furthermore, it has been possible to rationalize the behaviour of each anion in the interlayer space, which strongly depends on the layers charge density, as well as on the hydration state of the compounds. In particular, the coexistence between carbonate and hydrogenocarbonate anions in the interlayer space and their dynamic exchange with atmospheric carbon dioxide are revealed. On the other hand, a new interlayer dynamics probe by 27Al NMR is proposed. Finally, the step-by-step study of LDHs, first intercalating oxalate and then amino acids, allowed the transfer of the knowledge obtained for inorganic LDHs to organo-mineral hybrids. The manuscript ends with an application of cyclodextrins-containing hybrids for the treatment of water polluted with polycyclic organic compounds

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No. of bitstreams: 1 curcio_al_me_rcla.pdf: 1672370 bytes, checksum: fd59b862449a04ac385f3661da6430f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nanocristais tem sido extensivamente investigados nos últimos anos devido à sua ampla gama de aplicações em vários dispositivos tais como sensores, células solares, lasers, fotocatalisadores, fotodetectores, detectores de infravermelhos, diodos emissores de luz, materiais eletroluminescentes e outros materiais emissores de luz. Semicondutores nanocristalinos apresentam propriedades eletrônicas intermediárias entre aqueles de estrutura molecular e sólidos macrocristalinos, proporcionando uma ampla gama de aplicações. Entre estes materiais, o sulfeto de zinco (ZnS) puro ou dopado tem recebido notável atenção por causa de suas propriedades estruturais ópticas, versatilidade e potencial para várias aplicações tecnológicas. O ZnS é um típico semicondutor II-VI, com um gap direto de 3,6 eV à temperatura ambiente e aproximadamente 40 meV de energia de gap, sendo um bom material luminescente utilizado em telas, sensores e lasers. Como material de gap largo, o ZnS pode facilmente hospedar diferentes metais de transição como centros luminescentes. Entre estes íons de metais de transição para estruturas dopadas, os íons Cu2+e Mn2+ são atraentes pelas emissões de luz características e por apresentarem propriedades eficientes para aplicações como luminóforos. A inserção desses íons na estrutura do ZnS proporcionam defeitos que resultam em emissão no verde para os íons Cu2+e emissão no laranja para os íons Mn2+. Neste estudo, as amostras de ZnS pura e dopadas com Cu2+ e Mn2+ foram preparados pelo método solvotermal, que demonstra ser um processo eficaz para preparar nanopartículas. Uma vez preparadas, as estruturas das amostras nanoestruturadas foram caracterizadas e correlacionada s com propriedades fotoluminescentes. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostram que as amostras de ZnS foram cristalizadas completamente sem a presença de fases secundárias e os difratogramas correspondem à estrutura blenda cúbica de zinco com grupo espacial F-43m. Os espectros de XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) teóricos e experimentais na borda K do Zn indicam que a incorporação de átomos de Mn na matriz ZnS causam a formação de vacâncias de Zn e S, a qual é confirmada por ajustes de espectros EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure). Estas vacâncias estão relacionadas com um desvio para o vermelho observado no pico do espectro de fotoluminescência devido a adição de Mn na estrutura do ZnS. Para o ZnS puro, o pico é centrado em ~ 504 nm, relativo as vacâncias de S na amostra nanoestruturada. À medida que se aumenta a porcentagem de Mn na matriz ZnS, uma emissão no amarelo-laranja centrada em ~ 590 nm pode ser observada, associada com a transição 4T1-6A1 no interior de níveis 3d de Mn2+. A adição de íons Cu2+ ao ZnS resulta em um alargamento no pico do espectro de fotoluminescência decorrente de emissão no azul-verde, que está relacionada a recombinação de elétrons de níveis de defeitos mais profundos dos estados t2 do Cu próximos da banda de valência. / Nanocrystals has been extensively investigated in recent years due to its wide range of applications in various devices light emitting materials such as sensors, solar cells, lasers, photocatalysts, photodetectors, IR detectors, light emitting diodes and others. Nanocrystalline Semiconductors have electronic properties between those intermediate molecular macrocristalinos and solid structure, providing a wide range of applications. Among these materials, zinc sulfide (ZnS) pure or doped has received considerable attention because of its optical structural properties, versatility and potential for several technological applications. The ZnS is a typical II-VI semiconductor with a direct band gap of 3.6 eV at room temperature and about 40 meV in energy gap, and a good luminescent material for constrution of displays, lasers and sensors. As wide band gap material, ZnS can easily host different transition metals as luminescent centers. Among these ions of transition metal doped structures, Cu2+ and Mn2+ ions are attractive for light emission characteristics and for having effective properties for applications such as phosphors. The addition of these ions in ZnS structure provide defects that result in emission in the green for the Cu2+ ions and emission in orange for the Mn2+ ions. In this study, samples of pure ZnS and doped with Cu2+ and Mn2+ ions were prepared by solvotermal method, which demonstrate to be an effective process for preparing nanoparticles. Once prepared, the structures of the nanostructured samples were characterized and correlated with photoluminescent properties. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the ZnS samples were completely crystallized without the presence of secondary phases and XRD patterns correspond to the structure of zinc blende to cubic space group F-43m. spectra XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) theoretical and experimental in the Zn K edge indicates that the inclusion of Mn atoms in the ZnS matrix cause the formation of Zn and S vacancies, which is confirmed by spectral adjustments EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure). These vacancies are associated with a red shift observed in the photoluminescence spectrum peak due to the addition of Mn in ZnS structure. For pure ZnS, the peak is centered at ~ 504 nm concerning the vacancies in the S nanostructured sample. As it increases the percentage of Mn in the ZnS matrix, in yellow-orange emission centered at ~ 590 nm can be observed, associated with the transition 4 T1- 6A1 inside 3d levels of Mn2+. Adding Cu2+ to the ZnS results in a broadening of the peak of the photoluminescence spectrum due to emission in blue-green, which is related to recombination deeper defect levels of electrons of t2 Cu states near the valence band.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents the synthesis of compounds and their triazenes complexes of gold(I), silver(I), platinum(II) and paladium(II). Triazenes have three nitrogen atoms connected in sequence [ N=N N(H) ] and, when deprotonated, they become excellent ligands in coordination chemistry. The synthesized ligands have ortho nitro substituent and variable substituent halogenated, or also in a position. Characterizations were performed using various techniques: thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and the main focus of this work was the structural characterization of the complexes by X-ray diffraction on monocrystal, with emphasis the study of these supramolecular arrangements. Nitro and halide substituents (F, Cl, Br and I) providing the formation of various types of interactions, which form supramolecular arrangement. Four ligands were synthesized 1-(2-flurorphenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazene (A), 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazene (B), 1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazene (C), 1-(2-iodophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazene (D) and thirteen complexes {[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide](triphenilphosfine)gold(I)} (1), {[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide](triphenilphosfine)gold(I)} (2), {[1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide](triphenilphosfine)gold(I)} (3), {trans- bis-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)paladium(II)} (4), {trans- bis-[1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)paladium(II)} (5), {trans- bis-[1-(2-iodophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)paladium(II)} (6), {cis- bis-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)platinum(II)} (7), {cis- bis-[1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)platinum(II)} (8), {cis- bis-[1-(2-iodophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)platinum(II)} (9), {trans-[1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-bis-(pyridine)(chloro)platinum(II)} (10), {cis- [1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]-ditriphenylphosfine(chloro)platinum(II)} (11), {bis-[1-(2-iodophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide]silver(I)} (12) e {[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)triazenide](triphenylphosfine)silver(I)} (13). For the purpose of Bioinorganic studying the triazenido complexes of gold (I), and Platinum (II) were subjected to evaluation of biological activity shown promising results. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de compostos triazenos e seus complexos de ouro(I), prata(I), platina(II) e paládio(II). Os compostos triazenos possuem três átomos de nitrogênio ligados em sequência [ N=N N(H) ]. Quando desprotonados transformam-se em excelentes ligantes com grande exploração na química de coordenação. Os pré-ligantes sintetizados possuem substituinte nitro em posição orto e variável substituinte halogenado, também em posição orto. Foram realizadas caracterizações com diversas técnicas: análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia ultravioleta e visível, infravermelho e ressonância magnética nuclear de próton, sendo que o foco principal deste trabalho foi a caracterização estrutural dos complexos por difração de raios-X em monocristal, com destaque no estudo supramolecular destes compostos. Os substituintes nitro e haletos (F, Cl, Br e I) proporcionam a formação de diversos tipos de interações, as quais constituem arranjo supramoleculares. Foram sintetizados quatro pré-ligante 1-(2-fluorfenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazeno (A), 1-(2-clorofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazeno (B), 1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazeno (C), 1-(2-iodofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazeno (D) e treze complexos {[1-(2-fluorofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido](trifenilfosfina)ouro(I)} (1), {[1-(2-clorofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido](trifenilfosfina)ouro(I)} (2), {[1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido](trifenilfosfina)ouro(I)} (3), {trans- bis-[1-(2-clorofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)paládio(II)} (4), {trans- bis-[1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)paládio(II)} (5), {trans- bis-[1-(2-iodofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)paládio(II)} (6), {cis- bis-[1-(2-clorofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)platina(II)} (7), {cis- bis-[1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)platina(II)} (8), {cis- bis-[1-(2-iodofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)platina(II)} (9), {trans-[1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-bis-(piridina)(cloro)platina(II)} (10), {cis- [1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]-ditrifenilfosfina(cloro)platina(II)} (11), {bis-[1-(2-iodofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido]prata(I)} (12) e {[1-(2-fluorofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazenido](trifenilfosfina)prata(I)} (13). Para fins de estudar a Bioinorgânica dos complexos triazenidos de Ouro(I) e Platina(II), os compostos foram submetidos a avaliação de atividade biológica apresentando resultados promissores.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Triazenes ligands substituted by terminal aryl groups in the diazoamine chain [ N=N N(H) ] containing NO2 group substituted in different position and ortho C(O)NH2 on aryl ring was evaluated on the occurrence of intermolecular interactions through hydrogen links. The research was based primarily on X-ray diffraction in single crystal to analyze structurally the occurrence of self-assembles supramolecular architectures on solid state. This work presents the synthesis and investigation of molecular and crystal structure of eleven new compounds. The pre-ligands 1-(2-amidofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazeno (I), 1-(2-amidofenil)-3-(4-nitrofenil)triazeno (II) e 1-(2-amidofenil)-3-(3-nitrofenil)triazeno (III), the cobalt(III) complexes: {Co[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)2}{Cl}.CH3OH (1), {Co[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)2}{Cl}.H2O (2) and {Co[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2](NH3)4}{NO3}.H2O (3), and silver(I) complexes: {Ag[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)}{[C(O)NH2C6H4NNN(H)C6H4NO2]} (4) and {Ag[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)]} (5), and cupper(II) complexes: {Cu4[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2]2[(OCH3)4]} (6) and gold(I) complexes: {Au[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](PC18H15)}{C5H5N} (7) e Au[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](PC18H15)] (8). Other complementary techniques were used to characterize the compounds, such as: infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. / Ligantes triazenos substituídos nos grupos arilas terminais na cadeia diazoamínica [ N=N N(H) ] contendo os substituintes NO2 em diferentes posições e o grupo C(O)NH2 orto substituído ao anel foram avaliados quanto à ocorrência de interações intermoleculares através de ligações de hidrogênio. A investigação baseou-se principalmente na difração de raios-X em monocristal para analisar estruturalmente a formação de arranjos supramoleculares no estado sólido. Este trabalho apresenta a síntese e a investigação da estrutura cristalina e molecular de onze compostos inéditos: os pré-ligantes 1-(2-amidofenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)triazeno (I), 1-(2-amidofenil)-3-(4-nitrofenil)triazeno (II) e 1-(2-amidofenil)-3-(3-nitrofenil)triazeno (III), os complexos de cobalto (III): {Co[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)2}{Cl}.CH3OH (1), {Co[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)2}{Cl}.H2O (2) e {Co[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2](NH3)4}{NO3}.H2O (3), os de prata (I): {Ag[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)}{[C(O)NH2C6H4NNN(H)C6H4NO2]} (4) e {Ag[C(O) NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](C2H8N2)]} (5), o de cobre (II): {Cu4[C(O)NHC6H4NNNC6H4NO2]2[(OCH3)4]} (6) e os de ouro (I): {Au[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](PC18H15)}{C5H5N} (7) e Au[C(O)NH2C6H4NNNC6H4NO2](PC18H15)] (8). Outras técnicas complementares foram utilizadas para caracterizar os compostos, como: espectroscopia de infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear 1H, espectroscopia do ultravioleta visível, espectrometria de massa, espectroscopia Raman e análise termogravimétrica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 godoy_lh_me_rcla.pdf: 1783313 bytes, checksum: 2fda3ed0c1bb4a22b674d160e076ba79 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A presente dissertação aborda o estudo de matérias-primas provenientes de três localidades distintas distribuídas entre São Paulo (Mina Tabajara em Limeira e Parque Ouro Fino em Sorocaba) e sul de Minas Gerais (afloramento em Jacuí), pertencentes ao Grupo Itararé/Formação Aquidauana, Permo-Carbonífero da Bacia do Paraná. Com o intuito de aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre matérias-primas cerâmicas, foram determinadas as características químicas, físicas e mineralógicas, ensaios cerâmicos, métodos de controle, petrografia e influência do intemperismo. Os ensaios cerâmicos foram realizados com as matérias-primas de Limeira e de Jacuí. A matéria-prima de Sorocaba foi abordada de outra maneira, não sendo realizados os ensaios cerâmicos devido à quantidade insuficiente de amostra, também não sendo descartada já que litotipos semelhantes podem ocorrer em outros locais. As amostras puras da Mina Tabajara (L1, L2 e L3) não apresentam resultados satisfatórios, porém, os resultados referentes a massa da mistura (LM; 70% de L1, 30% de L2 e 10% de L3), que vem sendo usada nas indústrias da região como massa para correção, pode vir a ser otimizada a nível industrial com o controle adequado da matéria-prima (granulometria e composição principalmente), por exemplo para a produção de peças cerâmicas, em especial rústicas devido a sua coloração avermelhada. Notou-se que uma pequena faixa de variação dentre os materiais da mistura (10% a mais ou a menos) provavelmente não vai causar mudanças significativas na distribuição granulométrica, e por sua vez no empacotamento dos grãos, podendo ser adotada uma tolerância de até 20%. A amostra de Jacuí (J1) é parecida com as da Mina Tabajara quanto à composição química e mineralógica, granulometria e ao grau de intemperismo, e apresenta comportamento semelhante em relação às propriedades cerâmicas... / The present thesis is based on the study of raw materials from three different localities distributed between São Paulo (Tabajara Mine – Limeira and Ouro Fino Park – Sorocaba) and southern Minas Gerais (outcrop – Jacuí), all of them belonging to Itararé Group/Aquidauana Formation, Permo-Carboniferous of Paraná Basin. The main objective was to increase knowledge of ceramic raw materials in use or potential, by determining the chemical, physical and mineralogical caractheristics, ceramic tests, control methods, petrography and weathering influence. The ceramic tests were performed with Limeira and Jacuí raw materials. The raw material of Sorocaba was differently approached, ceramic tests weren’t made because it occurs within the boundaries of a park, and it was not discarded since similar rocks can occur in other sites. The pure samples of Tabajara Mine (L1, L2 and L3) don’t show satisfactory results, however, the results regarding to the mixture mass (LM, 70% of L1, 30% of L2 and 10% of L3), which has been used by the industries in the region as correction mass, could be optimized at an industrial level with the proper control of the raw material (grain size and composition mainly), e.g. for the production of rustic ceramics because of its reddish color. It was noted that a small range of variation among the materials of the mixture (10% more or less) probably won’t cause significant changes in particle size distribution, as well as the packaging of grains, and a tolerance of up to 20% may be adopted. The Jacuí (J1) sample is similar to the ones of Tabajara Mine, as to chemical and mineralogical composition, grain size and degree of weathering, presenting similar behavior regarding to the ceramic properties. Factors such as particle size distribution with fine grain predominance, larger cation exchange capacity and specific surface and larger... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5236.pdf: 6093443 bytes, checksum: 6aecbe1f41f1afa45394b6da0631c23b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Solid solutions with perovskite structure, especially lead-based oxides, have been developed and investigated as single crystal and/or polycrystal ceramics since the midtwentieth century, but aspects of phase diagram of some of these systems remain controversial. Existing literature proposes, for instance, a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) for the PbTiO3-CaTiO3 ferroelectric system, in the region of concentration Pb/Ca~1.This study has investigated the crystal structure of ferroelectric ceramic systems Pb1- xCaxTiO3 (or PCT) (x = 0.24, 0.35, 0.475, 0.50, 0.55 and 1.00) using structural refinement of powder X-ray diffraction profiles, as a function of temperature. The Rietveld method was used and the convergence parameters of the structural refinement within a single phase were compared, considering different space groups among those described in literature for every composition. The assessment of macroscopic properties such as electrical permittivity, pyroelectric, ferroelectric and thermal expansion was also performed as a function of temperature and/or frequency for the construction of structure-property relationships, in order to determine the best symmetry for each composition and the phase diagram of polycrystalline PCT. At room temperature, the structural refinement analyses for ceramics with x = 0.24 and 0.35 showed tetragonal symmetry (P4mm), such as the PbTiO3, and for x ≥ 0.475 the convergence parameters indicated only one phase with orthorhombic centrosymmetric space group (Pbnm), typical of CaTiO3, as the best. For temperatures between 150 and 570 K, the crystallographic phase transition (tetragonal - cubic) was observed in only one composition, with x = 0.35. The space group Pbnm remained as the most suitable for compositions with x ≥ 0.475 across the temperature range studied, though variations of lattice parameters and/or unit cell volume were observed. Previous studies have proposed phase transitions for this system that are consistent with the variations observed, but those studies were performed by optical birefringence characterization in single crystals or by simulations based on the results of infrared spectroscopy. This is the first time that structural changes are observed as a function of temperature for the concentrations investigated. Such variations were therefore associated to phase transitions whose symmetries are represented by the XRD profiles of perovskite with super lattice reflections, closer to the Pbnm space group. These phases could not be distinguished, however, from Pbnm, probably because of the intrinsic limitations of structural characterization techniques used in this work. Furthermore, the results of the ferroelectric and pyroelectric characterization were not conclusive, mainly due to their dependence on the samples history, but the combination of electrical permittivity and thermal expansion characterizations with the structural refinements proved to be an important tool for elucidating the morphotropic phase boundary of this system. Based on these results, this work proposes a complement to the phase diagram of the Pb1-xCaxTiO3 polycrystaline systems in which phase transitions were characterized by different techniques. / Neste trabalho investigou-se a estrutura cristalina de cerâmicas do sistema ferroelétrico Pb1-xCaxTiO3 ou PCT (x = 0,24, 0,35, 0,475, 0,50, 0,55 e 1,00), a partir do refinamento estrutural dos perfis de difração de raios X de pó, em função da temperatura. Utilizou-se o método de Rietveld, e foi comparada a qualidade dos parâmetros de convergência do refinamento estrutural, considerando-se uma única fase cristalina, mas com diferentes grupos espaciais entre aqueles apontados na literatura para cada composição. A caracterização de propriedades macroscópicas em função da temperatura e/ou frequência, tais como dielétricas, piroelétricas, ferroelétricas e de expansão térmica, também foi realizada para a construção de relações estrutura-propriedades, com o objetivo de se definir a melhor simetria cristalina de cada composição e o diagrama de fases do PCT policristalino. Entre as análises de refinamento estrutural realizadas a temperatura ambiente, para as concentrações avaliadas, cerâmicas com x=0,24 e 0,35 apresentaram simetria tetragonal (P4mm), como a do PbTiO3, e, para as com x ≥ 0,475, os parâmetros de convergência apenas indicaram uma fase com simetria ortorrômbica centrossimétrica (Pbnm), típica do CaTiO3, como a mais adequada. A partir dos perfis de difração de raios X de cada composição, entre 150 e 570 K, segundo os resultados estruturais, somente foi observada uma transição de fase cristalográfica (de tetragonal para cúbica) na composição com x = 0,35. Para as composições com x ≥ 0,475, o grupo espacial Pbnm se manteve como mais adequado em toda a faixa de temperatura estudada, porém, foram observadas sensíveis variações dos parâmetros de rede e/ou do volume da cela unitária. Tais variações ocorreram em temperaturas que coincidem com aquelas da literatura em que se indicam transições de fase para este sistema, porém a partir da caracterização de birrefringência ótica em monocristais ou por simulações baseadas em resultados de espectroscopia por infravermelho. Desta forma, esta é a primeira vez que se registraram mudanças estruturais em função da temperatura para essas concentrações do titanato de cálcio e chumbo. Assim, entendeu-se que tais variações correspondem a transições de fases, cujas simetrias estão representadas por perfis de DRX de perovskitas com reflexões de super-rede, muito próximas àquelas do grupo espacial Pbnm. Contudo, essas fases não puderam ser distinguidas da Pbnm provavelmente por limitações técnicas da caracterização estrutural empregada neste trabalho. Os resultados para as propriedades ferroelétricas e piroelétricas não permitiram análises conclusivas, principalmente devido à sua dependência com o histórico das amostras, tendo sido descartados para o propósito deste trabalho. No entanto, a combinação dos resultados das medidas de permissividade elétrica e da expansão térmica com aqueles do refinamento estrutural mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a elucidação do contorno morfotrópico de fases desse sistema. Assim, com base nestes resultados, propôs-se um complemento ao diagrama de fases do sistema Pb1-xCaxTiO3 em que as transições de fases foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 michida_sma_dr_sjc.pdf: 2344259 bytes, checksum: b8cbeae3d13fd34243d34d756ed1ce82 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste estudo avaliou-se a influência do tratamento de superfície para cimentação na resistência à flexão de 4 pontos de zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por óxido de ítrio (Y-TZP). Por meio de blocos pré-sinterizados de Y-TZP (InCeram 2000 YZ Cubes, Vita Zahnfabrik) foram confeccionadas 120 barras (20mm x 4mm x 1,2mm) de acordo com a norma ISO 6872:2008 e aleatoriamente divididas em 4 grupos: Grupo 1: silicatização (Cojet 30 μm) (n=29); Grupo 2: jateamento com óxido de alumínio (44 μm) (n=29); Grupo 3: ponta diamantada de granulação extra-fina (30 μm) (n=27); Grupo 4: (controle) sem tratamento de superfície (n=29). Em seguida, todas as amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de flexão de 4 pontos (imersos em água destilada à 370C) em máquina de ensaio universal com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min até o rompimento das mesmas. A análise de difração de raios-X foi utilizada para determinar a transformação de fase. A microestrutura da Y-TZP e o padrão de tratamento de superfície foram analisados por meio de perfilometria óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os dados de resistência à flexão foram estatisticamente analisados por meio de ANOVA 1-fator, teste de Tukey HSD (α=0,05) e Weibull (m=módulo; σ0=resistência característica). As médias±desvio-padrão (MPa) foram os seguintes: G1:1207,1±229,7a; G2: 1369,7±272,3a; G3: 874,4±365,4b e G4: 1196,2±284,2a. Os valores de (m) e (σ0) foram: G1: 6,0 e 1300,28; G2: 5,9 e 1477,88; G3: 2,6 e 985,901 e G4: 4,5 e 1308,12. Concluiu-se que a utilização de pontas diamantadas de granulação extra-fina deve ser evitada nos procedimentos prévios à cimentação resinosa de Y-TZP / This study evaluated the influence of surface treatment on 4-point bending test of yttrium stabilized policristaline tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP). From Y-TZP blocks (InCeram 2000 YZ Cubes, Vita Zahnfabrik) were obtained 120 bars (20mm×4mm×1.2mm) according to norm ISO 6872:2008 and randomly divided in 4 groups: Group 1: silicatization (Cojet 30 μm) (n=29); Group 2: sandblasting with aluminium oxide (44 μm) (n=29); Group 3: fine coarse diamond bur (30 μm) (n=27); Group 4: (control) without surface treatment (n=29). As follow, all samples were submitted to the 4-point bending test (immersed in distilled water at 370C) in an universal testing machine with cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until the rupture of the samples. X-ray diffraction analysis was utilized to quantify the monoclinic phase. The microstructure of Y-TZP and pattern of surface treatment were analyzed by optic profilometer and scanning electron microscopy. The data of flexural strength (σ4p) were statistically analyzed by 1-factor ANOVA, Tukey HSD (α= 0.05) and Weibull (m= modulus, σ0 = characteristic strength). The mean±standard deviation (MPa) were the following: G1:1207.1±229.7a; G2: 1369.7±272.3a; G3: 874.4±365.4b and G4: 1196.2±284.2a. The values of (m) and (σ0) were: G1: 6.0 and 1300.28; G2: 5.9 and 1477.88; G3: 2.6 and 985.901 and G4: 4.5 and 1308.12. It was concluded that silicatization and sandblasting increased the flexural strength of Y-TZP, diminished the roughness of surface and present higher reliability for cementation of Y-TZP restorations

This thesis is largely a study of the ADOR process (assembly-disassembly-organisation-reassembly) when applied to zeolite UTL. The final chapter of this thesis deals with the adsorption of the medical gases NO and CO onto the metal organic framework NiNaSIP. Chapter 4 is devoted to the disassembly and organisation steps of the ADOR process. Calcined UTL was hydrolysed using 0.1 – 12 M HCl solutions from 75 – 95 °C run over 10 mins to 72 hrs. A three step mechanism is proposed, which is comprised of an initial rapid hydrolysis that removes the majority of the interlayer constituents of UTL, causing the silica-rich layers to largely collapse. This is followed by a slow, temperature and molarity dependent, deintercalation process that sees the remainder of the interlayer material removed resulting in the full collapse of the layers to form IPC-1P. The third step is a temperature and molarity dependent rebuilding process, whereby the interlayer region is slowly rebuilt, eventually forming a precursor which upon calcination becomes IPC-2 (OKO). Chapter 5 uses the pair distribution function (PDF) technique to structurally confirm the intermediate of the ADORable zeolite UTL. The intermediate, IPC-1P, is a disordered layered compound formed by the hydrolysis of UTL in 0.1 M HCl. Its structure is unsolvable by traditional X-ray diffraction techniques. The PDF technique was first benchmarked against high-quality synchrotron Rietveld refinements of IPC-2 (OKO) and IPC-4 (PCR) – two end products of IPC-1P condensation that share very similar structural features. An IPC-1P starting model derived from density functional theory was used for the PDF refinement, which yielded a final fit of Rw = 18% and a geometrically reasonable structure. This confirms that the layers do stay intact throughout the ADOR process, and shows that PDF is a viable technique for layered zeolite structure determination. Chapter 6 examines the reassembly stage by following the in-situ calcination of a variety of hydrolysed intermediates into their three-dimensional counterparts. Beamline I11 at Diamond Light Source provided high-quality PXRD patterns as a function of temperature, which were refined against using sequential Pawley refinements to track the unit cell changes. 0.1, 1.75, 2.5 and 12 M hydrolysed lamellar precursor phases were calcined. The largest unit cell changes were observed for 0.1 M, and the smallest for 12 M. This shows that increasing the molarity must prebuild most of the interlayer connections, such that upon calcination, only minimal condensation occurs to fully connect the layers. Chapter 7 probes the uptake of the medical gases CO and NO into the metal organic framework NiNaSIP. An in-situ single-crystal XRD study was undertaken using an environmental gas cell at beamline 11.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source. NiNaSIP was first dehydrated to reveal an open nickel site, which acted as the main site of adsorption for the inputted gases. NO was observed in a bent geometry at an occupancy of 40 % and a Ni – N bond length of 2.166(16) Å. The oxygen was modelled to be disordered over two sites. CO was not fully observed, as only the carbon was able to be modelled with an occupancy of 31.2 % and a Ni – C bond length of 2.27(3) Å.