Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes an estimated 600,000 deaths annually, largely due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx, a promiscuous transactivator, is a viral oncoprotein, but its exact functions are poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that NF-κB signaling mediates HBx functions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain yet to be elucidated. Here, we provide evidence that HBx-mediated NF-κB activation depends on the physical interaction between HBx and a transcription factor, p65. In the cytoplasm, HBx-p65 interaction may promote IκBα phosphorylation and subsequent p65 nuclear localization. A cytokine assay using qPCR and RT-PCR indicates that HBx is associated with a unique profile of cytokine mRNA expression. As shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), HBx in the nuclues can be recruited to the gene promoter by p65. These findings support the importance of HBx-p65 interaction and suggest that it is potentially a promising target of novel therapeutics for HBV-associated liver diseases, including HCC.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Medicine. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/05/09). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Neurology & Neurosurgery. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/05/14). Includes bibliographical references.

Apoptosis is essential for cellular homeostasis and is also a pathologic feature of various diseases. The balance between Bcl-2 family proteins determines whether a cell will live or die. Bax, a member of the BCL-2 family proteins, is a pro-apoptotic protein that exists in both a soluble, cytoplasmic form and a membrane-bound form. Upon apoptotic stimuli, Bax undergoes a conformational change and translocates to the mitochondria, initiating apoptotic events. However, little is known about whether Bax is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function under non-apoptotic conditions, and how Bax binds to mitochondria to exert its activity. Here, we investigate the role of Bax in the regulation of mitochondrial function under non-apoptotic conditions and explore the molecular mechanisms for Bax binding mitochondria under apoptotic stimuli. Using Bax-containing and Bax-deficient (Bax⁻/⁻) HCT-116 cells, we examined Bax cellular localization and its effects on mitochondria bioenergetics, and also tested whether over-expression of full-length Bax in Bax⁻/⁻ cells would recover mitochondrial metabolic activity. To determine the effects of Bax localization upon mitochondrial function, we measured citrate synthase activity and ATP generation. We showed that Bax localized to the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes in non-apoptotic cells, enabling the activity of citrate synthase and the generation of ATP. Loss of Bax led to impairment of respiring mitochondria morphology and reduced oxidative capacity, all of which was restored by expression of full-length or C-terminal-deleted Bax. These findings indicate that under non-apoptotic conditions, the constitutive expression of Bax is necessary for mitochondrial bioenergetics. To determine the molecular mechanisms for Bax binding mitochondria under apoptotic stimuli, we previously performed in silico-mutagenesis and predicted that Lysines 189/190, in the C-terminal [alpha]9 helix, could regulate Bax binding to mitochondria. We demonstrated here that these lysines are the structural elements responsible for controlling how Bax interacts with the mitochondrial membrane. Expression of full-length Bax led to mitochondrial translocation and apoptosis, whereas deletion of the [alpha]9 helix resulted in cytosolic retention and dramatically reduced cell death. Mutation of the two lysine residues changed how Bax bound to mitochondrial membranes. We replicated the results achieved with full-length Bax by attaching the [alpha]9 helix of Bax to GFP or to a regulatory element, the degradation domain (DD), and induced apoptosis upon expression in cells. We demonstrated that the [alpha]9 helix alone promoted the mitochondrial translocation of Bax and increased apoptosis. These results indicate that the C-terminal [alpha]9 helix could be further studied for use in cancer therapies. Overall, we have demonstrated that the constitutive expression of the inactive form of Bax in non-apoptotic cells is necessary for mitochondrial bioenergetics, and have identified the C-terminal [alpha]9 helix of Bax as the effector domain of apoptotic function.

No description available.

Το ηπατοκυτταρικό καρκίνωμα (ΗΚΚ) είναι η πιο σημαντική πρωτοπαθής νεοπλασία του ήπατος παγκοσμίως. Πολλοί αιτιολογικοί παράγοντες έχουν συσχετιστεί με την ανάπτυξη του ΗΚΚ, όπως η κίρρωση, οι ιοί της ηπατίτιδας και το αλκοόλ. Χρόνια λοίμωξη με ηπατίτιδα Β (HBV) και C (HCV) συχνά καταλήγει σε κίρρωση και ενισχύει την πιθανότητα ανάπτυξης ΗΚΚ. Ωστόσο οι υποκείμενοι μηχανισμοί που οδηγούν στην κακοήθη εξαλλαγή των κυττάρων παραμένουν αδιευκρίνιστοι. Ο HBV είναι ένας DNA ιός που ενσωματώνεται στο γονιδίωμα του ξενιστή και θεωρείται ότι με τον τρόπο αυτό προκαλεί καρκινογένεση. Επιπρόσθετα, ο ιός κωδικοποιεί μία πρωτεΐνη 17 kDa,την HBx, η οποία είναι γνωστό ότι αποτελεί αιτιολογικό παράγοντα ανάπτυξης ΗΚΚ. Η παρούσα ανασκόπηση αναλύει το ρόλο της HBx στους μοριακούς μηχανισμούς που σχετίζονται με την παθογένεση της επαγόμενης από τον HBV ηπατικής καρκινογένεσης. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most important primary hepatic cancer, being a common cancer type worldwide. Many aetiological factors have been related with HCC development, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis viruses and alcohol. Chronic infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV) often results in cirrhosis and enhances the probability of developing HCC. The underlying mechanisms that lead to malignant transformation of infected cells, however, remain unclear. HBV is a DNA virus that integrates into the host genome, and this integration is believed, in part, to be carcinogenic. Besides, the virus encodes a 17 kDa protein, HBx, which is known to be a causative agent in the formation of HCC. This review examines the role of HBx in the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

The ability to evade apoptosis is an acquired characteristic associated with many normal and pathophysiological processes. TMEM 85 represents a novel transmembrane domain containing human protein isolated in our previous screen for Bax suppressors, but whose function is currently unknown. Using viability and growth assays, we confirmed that TMEM 85 is anti-apoptotic. Four unique human cDNA sequences containing regions distinct from and of perfect identity to our cDNA were present in the database. Analysis of TMEM 85 suggests that it consists of five exons, alternatively spliced to produce at least four different mRNA's and proteins (TMEM 85v1-v4). RT-PCR analysis using RNA isolated from mice and humane tissues show that all transcripts are expressed. Yeast contain an orthologue of the human TMEM 85v1 protein, YGL213C. Surprisingly, the viability assay indicated that mutants lacking YGL231c do not show a hyper-responsive apoptotic phenotype, however its overexpression shows that it is nevertheless anti-apoptotic. Using a yeast strain expressing chromosomally TAP-tagged YGL231c, we found no up-regulation of the endogenous gene due to stress. The deletion mutant is also known to expresses a synthetically lethal phenotype in the presence of alpha-synuclein. While expression of alpha-synuclein caused significant death in both the wild type and deletion mutants, TMEM 85v2 was unable to exhibit a protective role. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the TMEM 85 gene and its anti-apoptotic function in both yeast and human.

Macrophages associés aux tumeurs (TAMs) sont étroitement liés à l'initiation et la croissance tumorale, l'angiogenèse, l'invasion et les métastases tumorale, la résistance au traitement anti-cancéreux et sont associées à un mauvais pronostic dans de nombreux cancers. La radiothérapie est un des traitements les plus importants antitumoraux et a été montré pour pouvoir moduler les fonctions TAMs. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires dans l'activation des macrophages induite par irradiation sont largement inconnues. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que les rayonnements ionisants (IR) induit une activation des macrophages de type M1 in vitro et in vivo, qui est associée à une inhibition de la croissance tumorale induite par IR. Nous révélons que la protéine X induit par IR est essentiels dans le déclenchement de l'activation des macrophages. Nous confirmons l'importance de ces résultats en montrant que la sur-expression de la protéine X est liée à une augmentation des macrophages de type M1 chez les patients rectales suivants radiothérapie néo-adjuvante. L'accumulation des macrophages de type M1 est associée à une réponse antitumorale améliorée. Ce travail dévoile des rôles importants de la protéine X dans l'activation des macrophages IR-induite et constitue une base pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour améliorer l’efficacité de la radiothérapie par modulation de l'activation des macrophages. / Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely related to tumour initiation and growth, angiogenesis, tumour invasion and metastasis, anti-cancer treatment resistance and are associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. Radiotherapy is among the most important anti-tumour therapies and has been shown to modulate TAMs functions. However, molecular mechanisms underlying irradiation-induced macrophage activation are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that ionizing radiation (IR) induces macrophage M1 activation both in vitro and in vivo, which is associated with IR-induced tumour growth inhibition. We reveal that IR-induced X protein is critical in triggering macrophage activation. We confirm the significance of these findings by showing that up-regulation of X protein is related with increased M1 macrophages infiltration in rectal patients following neo-adjuvant radiotherapy. Accumulation of M1 macrophages is associated with an improved anti-tumour response. This work unveils important roles of X protein in IR-induced macrophages activation and provides basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to enhance radiotherapy efficacy through modulating macrophage activation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major risk factor of HCC. The virus encodes HBV X (HBx) protein that plays a critical role in the development of HCC. Studies have revealed numerous HBx-altered genes and signalling pathways that heavily contribute to tumourigenesis of non-tumour hepatocytes. However, the role of HBx in regulating other critical gene regulators such as microRNAs is poorly understood, which impedes the exploration of a complete HBx-associated carcinogenic network. Besides, critical microRNAs that drive the transformation of non-tumour hepatocytes are yet to be identified. Here, we overexpressed C-terminal truncated HBx protein in a non-tumour hepatocyte cell line MIHA, and measured a panel of cancer-associated miRNAs. We observed that oncogenic miR-21 was upregulated upon ectopic expression of this viral protein variant. HBx-miR-21 pathway was prevalent in HCC cells as inhibition of HBx in Hep3B and PLC/PRF/5 cells significantly suppressed miR-21 expression. Subsequently, we showed that the upregulation of miR-21 was mediated by HBx-induced interleukin-6 pathway followed by activation of STAT3 transcriptional factor. The high dependency of miR-21 expression to HBx protein suggested a unique viral oncogenic pathway that could aberrantly affect a network of gene expression. Importantly, miR-21 was essential in the HBx-induced transformation of non-tumour hepatocytes. Inhibition of miR-21 effectively attenuated anchorage-independent colony formation and subcutaneous tumour growth of MIHA cells. Our study suggested that overexpression of miR-21 was critical to promote early carcinogenesis of hepatocytes upon HBV infection.

No description available.