Pour les gazoducs, la résistance à la propagation ductile est reliée à la fraction surfacique de “shear area” mesurée dans l’essai Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT). Récemment, un mode de rupture “inverse” a parfois été observé sur les éprouvettes DWTT dans cas d’aciers ayant une énergie Charpy très élevée. Ceci est un problème car la résistance à la propagation fragile est alors sous-estimée dans la cas d’aciers à haute ténacité. Une procédure pour évaluer l’effet de la rupture inverse manque encore. De plus, le mécanisme conduisant à la rupture inverse n’a pas été expliqué en détail. Il est donc important de développer des modèles de simulations permettant d’interpréter les essais DWTT présentant une rupture “inverse”. Cette étude vise à proposer un modèle de rupture pour l’essai DWTT représentant la rupture ductile en biseau ainsi que la rupture fragile. Cette étude comprend : (i) une modèle de plasticité anisotrope, (ii) une simulation de la rupture en biseau, (iii) un modèle de transition ductile—fragile. Bien décrire la plasticité est nécessaire pour bien estimer les contraintes et déformations dans la zone de fissuration. La rupture ductile est représentée avec un modèle GTN incluant un terme de germination dépendent du paramètre de Lode. La rupture fragile est étudiée avec le modèle de Beremin appliqué après simulation de la rupture ductile. A la lumière de cette simulation, il est possible de mieux comprendre l’essai DWTT. Ces résultats seront utiles pour promouvoir l’emploi des aciers à haute ténacité pour les gazoducs sous haute pression. / For the gas line-pipe, resistance to brittle fracture propagation is related to shear area fraction measured in Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT). Recently, “so-called” inverse fracture is sometimes observed in DWTT specimens for line-pipe with high Charpy absorbed energy. The main problem of the inverse fracture is that the resistance to brittle fracture propagation is underestimated in case of high toughness steels. However, the rational guidelines to evaluate the effect of inverse fracture are still missing. Moreover, the mechanism of inverse fracture has not yet been clarified in details. It is important to establish the simulation models representing the DWTT fracture surface to clarify the mechanisms of inverse fracture. This study aims at the simulation model representing the slant ductile fracture and ductile to brittle transition during DWTT. The study includes the description of: (i) the anisotropic plastic behavior, (ii) slant ductile behavior and (iii) ductile to brittle transition behavior. The description of anisotropic plastic behavior is needed to be able to precisely estimate strains and stresses within the structures. The slant ductile fracture behavior is numerically investigated by using the GTN model with additional secondary void nucleation. The brittle fracture is studied by extending the Beremin model to brittle fracture initiation after slant ductile fracture. This study discusses the mechanism of inverse fracture during DWTT from these simulation results. This research results will be helpful to be able to use high toughness steels for natural gas line-pipes with high pressure transmission.

Esta Dissertação abrange a caracterização microestrutural do aço API 5L X65 soldado por feixe de elétrons (EBW) com cinco diferentes aportes térmicos e sem o uso de metal de adição. O aço API 5L X65 pertence à classe de aços ARBL e é empregado na fabricação de oleodutos e gasodutos. As três regiões da solda metal-base (MB), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e zona fundida (ZF) foram caracterizadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X e medidas de microdureza Vickers. As microestruturas encontradas nestas três regiões são bastante distintas. O MB apresenta grãos ferríticos com bandas perlíticas orientadas paralelamente à direção de laminação. Devido à elevada densidade de potência do processo EBW e às elevadas velocidades de soldagem utilizadas, a ZTA é bastante estreita sendo formada por grãos ferríticos finos e bandas perlíticas degeneradas que a diferem do MB. Na interface ZTA/ZF foi possível observar a presença de grãos com morfologia acicular com a presença dos constituintes M-A (martensita-austenita). A ZF apresentou morfologia similar à encontrada em aços microligados soldados: ferrita alotriomórfica, ferrita acicular, ferrita de Widmanstätten, constituintes M-A, além de regiões bainíticas. Na parte central da chapa foi observada a segregação de manganês. A técnica EBW permite a soldagem de tubos com paredes espessas com apenas um passe. Os resultados desta Dissertação são úteis para avaliar a viabilidade técnica do uso de EBW na fabricação de tubos para o transporte de óleo e gás, especialmente em aços mais resistentes (bainíticos). / This Dissertation aims at the microstructural characterization of electron-beam welded (EBW) API 5L X65 steel using five different processing conditions (heat input) and without filler metal addition. The API 5L X65 steel is a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel employed mainly in the manufacture of pipelines for oil and gas. The three regions of the welds, namely the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) were characterized by light optical microscopy using different chemical etching agents, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness testing. The microstructures found in the three regions were quite distinct. The BM consists of elongated ferritic grains with pearlite bands oriented along the rolling direction. Due to the high power density provided by EBW, the HAZ is very narrow and consists of ferritic grains and bands of degenerated pearlite. At the HAZ/FZ interface it is possible to observe the presence of grains with acicular morphology and the presence of M-A (martensite- retained austenite) constituents. The FZ showed a morphology similar to that one found in molten microalloyed steels consisting of allotriomorphic ferrite, acicular ferrite, Widmanstätten-like ferrite, M-A constituents, as well as bainite. In the central part of the plate it was observed the presence of Mn-segregation lines along the BM. The electron beam welding was chosen because it produces a relatively small HAZ and it allows the welding of thick-wall tubes in one single pass. The results of this work are useful to evaluate the possibility of using EBW in the manufacture of pipelines for transport of oil and gas, especially in higher grade steels.

Esta Dissertação abrange a caracterização microestrutural do aço API 5L X65 soldado por feixe de elétrons (EBW) com cinco diferentes aportes térmicos e sem o uso de metal de adição. O aço API 5L X65 pertence à classe de aços ARBL e é empregado na fabricação de oleodutos e gasodutos. As três regiões da solda metal-base (MB), zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e zona fundida (ZF) foram caracterizadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X e medidas de microdureza Vickers. As microestruturas encontradas nestas três regiões são bastante distintas. O MB apresenta grãos ferríticos com bandas perlíticas orientadas paralelamente à direção de laminação. Devido à elevada densidade de potência do processo EBW e às elevadas velocidades de soldagem utilizadas, a ZTA é bastante estreita sendo formada por grãos ferríticos finos e bandas perlíticas degeneradas que a diferem do MB. Na interface ZTA/ZF foi possível observar a presença de grãos com morfologia acicular com a presença dos constituintes M-A (martensita-austenita). A ZF apresentou morfologia similar à encontrada em aços microligados soldados: ferrita alotriomórfica, ferrita acicular, ferrita de Widmanstätten, constituintes M-A, além de regiões bainíticas. Na parte central da chapa foi observada a segregação de manganês. A técnica EBW permite a soldagem de tubos com paredes espessas com apenas um passe. Os resultados desta Dissertação são úteis para avaliar a viabilidade técnica do uso de EBW na fabricação de tubos para o transporte de óleo e gás, especialmente em aços mais resistentes (bainíticos). / This Dissertation aims at the microstructural characterization of electron-beam welded (EBW) API 5L X65 steel using five different processing conditions (heat input) and without filler metal addition. The API 5L X65 steel is a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel employed mainly in the manufacture of pipelines for oil and gas. The three regions of the welds, namely the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) were characterized by light optical microscopy using different chemical etching agents, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness testing. The microstructures found in the three regions were quite distinct. The BM consists of elongated ferritic grains with pearlite bands oriented along the rolling direction. Due to the high power density provided by EBW, the HAZ is very narrow and consists of ferritic grains and bands of degenerated pearlite. At the HAZ/FZ interface it is possible to observe the presence of grains with acicular morphology and the presence of M-A (martensite- retained austenite) constituents. The FZ showed a morphology similar to that one found in molten microalloyed steels consisting of allotriomorphic ferrite, acicular ferrite, Widmanstätten-like ferrite, M-A constituents, as well as bainite. In the central part of the plate it was observed the presence of Mn-segregation lines along the BM. The electron beam welding was chosen because it produces a relatively small HAZ and it allows the welding of thick-wall tubes in one single pass. The results of this work are useful to evaluate the possibility of using EBW in the manufacture of pipelines for transport of oil and gas, especially in higher grade steels.

As recentes descobertas de petróleo e gás na camada do Pré-sal representam um enorme potencial exploratório no Brasil, entretanto, os desafios tecnológicos para a exploração desses recursos minerais são imensos e, consequentemente, têm motivado o desenvolvimento de estudos voltados a métodos e materiais eficientes para suas produções. Os tubos condutores de petróleo e gás são denominados de elevadores catenários ou do inglês \"risers\", e são elementos que necessariamente são soldados e possuem fundamental importância nessa cadeia produtiva, pois transportam petróleo e gás natural do fundo do mar à plataforma, estando sujeitos a carregamentos dinâmicos (fadiga) durante sua operação. Adicionalmente, um dos problemas centrais à produção de óleo e gás das reservas do Pré-Sal está diretamente associado a meios altamente corrosivos, tais como H2S e CO2. Uma forma mais barata de proteção dos tubos é a aplicação de uma camada de um material metálico resistente à corrosão na parte interna desses tubos (clad). Assim, a união entre esses tubos para formação dos \"risers\" deve ser realizada pelo emprego de soldas circunferenciais de ligas igualmente resistentes à corrosão. Nesse contexto, como os elementos soldados são considerados possuir defeitos do tipo trinca, para a garantia de sua integridade estrutural quando submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, é necessário o conhecimento das taxas de propagação de trinca por fadiga da solda circunferencial. Assim, neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga na região da solda circunferencial de Inconel® 625 realizada em tubo de aço API 5L X65 cladeado, utilizando corpos de prova do tipo SEN(B) (Single Edge Notch Bending) com relações entre espessura e largura (B/W) iguais a 0,5, 1 e 2. O propósito central deste trabalho foi de obter a curva da taxa de propagação de trinca por fadiga (da/dN) versus a variação do fator de intensidade de tensão (ΔK) para o metal de solda por meio de ensaios normatizados, utilizando diferentes técnicas de acompanhamento e medição da trinca. A monitoração de crescimento da trinca foi feita por três técnicas: variação da flexibilidade elástica (VFE), queda de potencial elétrico (QPE) e análise de imagem (Ai). Os resultados mostraram que as diferentes relações B/W utilizadas no estudo não alteraram significantemente as taxas de propagação de trinca por fadiga, respeitado que a propagação aconteceu em condições de escoamento em pequena escala na frente da trinca. Os resultados de propagação de trinca por fadiga permitiram a obtenção das regiões I e II da curva da/dN versus ΔK para o metal de solda. O valor de ΔKlim obtido para o mesmo foi em torno de 11,8 MPa.m1/2 e os valores encontrados das constantes experimentais C e m da equação de Paris-Erdogan foram respectivamente iguais a 1,55 x10-10 [(mm/ciclo)/(MPa.m1/2)m] e 4,15. A propagação de trinca no metal de solda deu-se por deformação plástica, com a formação de estrias de fadiga. / Recent oil and gas discoveries in the Pre-Salt layer represent a huge exploration potential in Brazil, however, the technological challenges for the exploitation of these mineral resources are immense and therefore have motivated the development of studies looking for efficient methods and materials for their productions. The oil and gas pipellines, called risers, are elements that are necessarily welded and have fundamental importance in the production chain, since they transport oil and natural gas from the sea bed to the platforms and are subject to dynamic loads (fatigue) during operation. Additionally, one of the central problems in the production of oil and gas in the Pre-Salt reserves is directly associated with a highly corrosive media, such as H2S and CO2. A cheaper way to protect the pipelines from these medias is applying a protective layer of a corrosion resistant metal on the inner diameter of these pipes, creating a cladded pipe. Thus, a joining process of these pipes to form the risers must be carried out by the use of girth welds with a corrosion resistance material similar to the clad metal. As the welded structures are seen as potential location of \"crack like\" defects, to ensure the structural integrity of such component when subjected to repetitive loading conditions, it is necessary to know the fatigue crack growth rates for the girth weld. Therefore, in this work it was carried out fatigue crack propagation tests in the weld region of an API 5L X65 cladded pipe with Inconel® 625, girth welded using Inconel® 625 electrodes. From the welded region, Single Edge Notch Bending specimens, SEN(B), were removed with different thickness and width ratios (B/W= 0.5, 1, and 2). From the fatigue tests, the crack propagation rates (da/dN) as function of the variation of the stress intensity factor (ΔK), were determined for the weld metal, using different crack size measurement techniques: the elastic compliance (EC), electric potential drop (EPD) and image analysis (IA). The results showed that the different B/W ratios used in study did not modified significantly the fatigue crack growth rates, considering that crack propagation took place under small scale yielding conditions. The results of fatigue crack growth tests allowed to obtain the regions I and II of da/dN x ΔK curves for the weld metal. The ΔKth value obtained for the weld metal was around 11,8 MPa.m1/2 and the found values of the experimental constants C and m of Paris-Erdogan\'s equation were respectively equal to 1,55 x10-10 [(mm/cycle)/( MPa.m1/2)m] and 4.15. The micromechanism of fatigue crack growth took place by plastic deformation, with the formation of fatigue striations.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-11-16T17:04:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o homologa??o Viviane Bettanin 14.11.2018.pdf: 3436850 bytes, checksum: 12199a52b8023657a598a8254ca85c0f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-11-19T13:58:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o homologa??o Viviane Bettanin 14.11.2018.pdf: 3436850 bytes, checksum: 12199a52b8023657a598a8254ca85c0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T14:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o homologa??o Viviane Bettanin 14.11.2018.pdf: 3436850 bytes, checksum: 12199a52b8023657a598a8254ca85c0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / In order to reduce the environmental impacts caused by chemical harmful to the environmental and to human health, the development of natural substances that are able to substitute these dangerous components have been increased. Tannins are a group of natural poliphenolic components extracted from plants that could be used as corrosion inhibitors. This study investigates the utilization of two bark of black wattles (Acacia mearnsii) as corrosion inhibitors, Weibull and Macrospec, in acidic medium and in atmospheric environment and in aqueous CO2 rich medium under high pressure. API 5L X65 steel samples were exposed to a corrosive medium (0.1 M HCl) with different tannin concentrations. The best results were duplicate to an environmental with CO2 saturated water at 15 MPa and 50?C. In order to characterize the specimens scanning electron microscopy by gun field emission, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, mass loss tests and potenciodynamic polarization tests were used. The results indicated that both tannins, at atmospheric pressure and 0.1 M HCl corrosive environment have similar performance as corrosion inhibitors, and the higher dosage tested (12 g/L) exhibited the best efficiency. However, when the tannins were tested in environment with presence of CO2 under high pressure (15 MPa) and 50?C the results were different, and only Macrospec tannin had an inhibitory action under the conditions tested. / Visando diminuir os impactos ambientais causados por subst?ncias qu?micas nocivas ao meio ambiente e ? sa?de humana, a procura por substitutos naturais destes compostos em diversas aplica??es vem sendo intensificada. Taninos compreendem uma classe de compostos polifen?licos naturais extra?dos de plantas, podendo ser usados como inibidores de corros?o em meio aquoso. Neste estudo avaliou-se a utiliza??o de dois taninos vegetais da ac?cia negra (Acacia mearnsii), Weibull (em p?) e Macrospec (l?quido), como inibidores de corros?o em meios ?cidos em ambiente atmosf?rico e em ambiente com a presen?a de CO2 a alta press?o. Corpos de prova de a?o API5L X65 foram expostos a meio acidificado com HCl 0,1 M com diferentes concentra??es de taninos e o melhor resultado no que se refere ? concentra??o do tanino para a inibi??o de corros?o foi replicado para um meio com ?gua saturada com CO2 a 15 MPa e 50?C. Para caracteriza??o foram realizadas as an?lises de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura, difra??o de raios X, medidas eletroqu?micas de polariza??o potenciodin?mica, e testes de perda de massa. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os taninos, em meio de HCl 0,1 M e press?o atmosf?rica, apresentaram desempenho similar no que diz respeito aos efeitos de inibi??o da corros?o e a maior dosagem utilizada (12 g/L) foi a que apresentou melhor efici?ncia de inibi??o. Por?m, quando testados em meio de ?gua saturada com CO2 a 50?C e 15 MPa o comportamento dos taninos foi distinto, sendo que apenas o tanino Macrospec teve a??o inibit?ria nas condi??es testadas.

As recentes descobertas de petróleo e gás na camada do Pré-sal representam um enorme potencial exploratório no Brasil, entretanto, os desafios tecnológicos para a exploração desses recursos minerais são imensos e, consequentemente, têm motivado o desenvolvimento de estudos voltados a métodos e materiais eficientes para suas produções. Os tubos condutores de petróleo e gás são denominados de elevadores catenários ou do inglês \"risers\", e são elementos que necessariamente são soldados e possuem fundamental importância nessa cadeia produtiva, pois transportam petróleo e gás natural do fundo do mar à plataforma, estando sujeitos a carregamentos dinâmicos (fadiga) durante sua operação. Adicionalmente, um dos problemas centrais à produção de óleo e gás das reservas do Pré-Sal está diretamente associado a meios altamente corrosivos, tais como H2S e CO2. Uma forma mais barata de proteção dos tubos é a aplicação de uma camada de um material metálico resistente à corrosão na parte interna desses tubos (clad). Assim, a união entre esses tubos para formação dos \"risers\" deve ser realizada pelo emprego de soldas circunferenciais de ligas igualmente resistentes à corrosão. Nesse contexto, como os elementos soldados são considerados possuir defeitos do tipo trinca, para a garantia de sua integridade estrutural quando submetidos a carregamentos cíclicos, é necessário o conhecimento das taxas de propagação de trinca por fadiga da solda circunferencial. Assim, neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga na região da solda circunferencial de Inconel® 625 realizada em tubo de aço API 5L X65 cladeado, utilizando corpos de prova do tipo SEN(B) (Single Edge Notch Bending) com relações entre espessura e largura (B/W) iguais a 0,5, 1 e 2. O propósito central deste trabalho foi de obter a curva da taxa de propagação de trinca por fadiga (da/dN) versus a variação do fator de intensidade de tensão (ΔK) para o metal de solda por meio de ensaios normatizados, utilizando diferentes técnicas de acompanhamento e medição da trinca. A monitoração de crescimento da trinca foi feita por três técnicas: variação da flexibilidade elástica (VFE), queda de potencial elétrico (QPE) e análise de imagem (Ai). Os resultados mostraram que as diferentes relações B/W utilizadas no estudo não alteraram significantemente as taxas de propagação de trinca por fadiga, respeitado que a propagação aconteceu em condições de escoamento em pequena escala na frente da trinca. Os resultados de propagação de trinca por fadiga permitiram a obtenção das regiões I e II da curva da/dN versus ΔK para o metal de solda. O valor de ΔKlim obtido para o mesmo foi em torno de 11,8 MPa.m1/2 e os valores encontrados das constantes experimentais C e m da equação de Paris-Erdogan foram respectivamente iguais a 1,55 x10-10 [(mm/ciclo)/(MPa.m1/2)m] e 4,15. A propagação de trinca no metal de solda deu-se por deformação plástica, com a formação de estrias de fadiga. / Recent oil and gas discoveries in the Pre-Salt layer represent a huge exploration potential in Brazil, however, the technological challenges for the exploitation of these mineral resources are immense and therefore have motivated the development of studies looking for efficient methods and materials for their productions. The oil and gas pipellines, called risers, are elements that are necessarily welded and have fundamental importance in the production chain, since they transport oil and natural gas from the sea bed to the platforms and are subject to dynamic loads (fatigue) during operation. Additionally, one of the central problems in the production of oil and gas in the Pre-Salt reserves is directly associated with a highly corrosive media, such as H2S and CO2. A cheaper way to protect the pipelines from these medias is applying a protective layer of a corrosion resistant metal on the inner diameter of these pipes, creating a cladded pipe. Thus, a joining process of these pipes to form the risers must be carried out by the use of girth welds with a corrosion resistance material similar to the clad metal. As the welded structures are seen as potential location of \"crack like\" defects, to ensure the structural integrity of such component when subjected to repetitive loading conditions, it is necessary to know the fatigue crack growth rates for the girth weld. Therefore, in this work it was carried out fatigue crack propagation tests in the weld region of an API 5L X65 cladded pipe with Inconel® 625, girth welded using Inconel® 625 electrodes. From the welded region, Single Edge Notch Bending specimens, SEN(B), were removed with different thickness and width ratios (B/W= 0.5, 1, and 2). From the fatigue tests, the crack propagation rates (da/dN) as function of the variation of the stress intensity factor (ΔK), were determined for the weld metal, using different crack size measurement techniques: the elastic compliance (EC), electric potential drop (EPD) and image analysis (IA). The results showed that the different B/W ratios used in study did not modified significantly the fatigue crack growth rates, considering that crack propagation took place under small scale yielding conditions. The results of fatigue crack growth tests allowed to obtain the regions I and II of da/dN x ΔK curves for the weld metal. The ΔKth value obtained for the weld metal was around 11,8 MPa.m1/2 and the found values of the experimental constants C and m of Paris-Erdogan\'s equation were respectively equal to 1,55 x10-10 [(mm/cycle)/( MPa.m1/2)m] and 4.15. The micromechanism of fatigue crack growth took place by plastic deformation, with the formation of fatigue striations.

No description available.

The work is concerned with the development of a multi-stage corrosion fatigue lifetime model, with emphasis on pitting as a precursor to cracking. The model is based upon the quantitative evaluation of damage during the overall corrosion fatigue process. The fatigue response of as-received API 5L X65 linepipe steel has been investigated in terms of the evolution of damage during pit development, pit-to-crack transition and crack propagation. Micro-potentiostatic polarisation was conducted to evaluate role of stress on pit development. Crack growth rate measurements were conducted on pre-pitted specimens, which were tested in air and brine, to evaluate the initiation and propagation behaviour of cracks emanating from artificial pits. Finite element analysis was undertaken to evaluate the stress and strain distribution associated with the pits. A cellular automata finite element model was also developed for predicting corrosion fatigue damage. Pit growth rate was enhanced under stress. It was considered that the strain localisation effect of the pit facilitated strain-assisted dissolution. In air, cracks initiated predominantly from the pit mouth. FEA results indicated that this was due to localisation of strain towards the pit mouth. In corrosion fatigue, cracks tended to initiate at the pit base at low stress and at the pit mouth at higher stresses. Crack initiation lifetimes were shorter in the aggressive environment compared to air and the effect of the environment on crack initiation lifetime was lower at higher stress levels. Crack initiation lifetime for double pits generally decreased with decreasing pit-to-pit separation distance. The microstructure was observed to influence crack growth behaviour in air particularly in the early stages when cracks were short. The acceleration and retardation in crack growth were attributed to the resistance of grain boundaries to crack advance. Cracks sometimes arrested at these barriers and became non-propagating. Introduction of the environment for a short period appear to eliminate the resistance of the microstructural barriers thus promoting re-propagation of the previously arrested crack. The continued crack propagation after the removal of the environment suggests that the influence of the environment is more important in the early stages of crack growth. Crack growth rates were higher in the aggressive environment than in air. The degree of environmental enhancement of crack growth was found to be greater at lower stress levels and at short crack lengths. Oxide-induced crack closure and crack coalescence were two mechanisms that also affected crack growth behaviour.2-D cellular automata finite element simulation results, with and without stress, show good agreement agreed with experiments i.e. pit depth and pit aspect ratio increase with time. Results from 3-D cellular automata simulations of pits are also consistent with experiments. Fatigue lifetimes were significantly shorter (i) in the brine environment than in air and (ii) for specimens with double pits compared to single pits of similar depth. Fatigue strength in air was found to decrease with increasing pit depth. Corrosion fatigue lifetimes predicted based upon the developed model showed good agreement with the experimental lifetimes.

Les standards consacrés à la conception des oléoducs se concentrent principalement sur les chargements opérationnels, tels que les pressions internes et externes, et les procédures d'analyse de défauts actuelles n'exploitent pas les capacités d'écrouissage du matériau. Pourtant, dans des conditions extrêmes, les oléoducs peuvent être soumis à des contraintes au-delà de la limite d'élasticité jusqu'à atteindre 2.5% de déformations plastiques. Ici, les procédures proposées par ExxonMobil et PRCI basées sur des critères en déformation sont présentées, et l'utilisation de l'éprouvette SENT (Single Edge Notched Tension) pour caractériser la ténacité est étudiée, en comparant les différentes procédures d'essais recommandées. Puis, une importante campagne expérimentale a été réalisée pour caractériser deux aciers pour oléoducs à température ambiante et à basses températures. Les comportements mécaniques des matériaux de base et d'apport ont été identifiés grâce à l'utilisation de l'analyse inverse, et il est montré que le modèle d'endommagement GTN permet de modéliser finement les essais sur éprouvettes de laboratoire. Enfin, deux essais sur structures (pression et flexion, puis pression et traction) ont été réalisés de manière à comparer les approches globales et le modèle d'endommagement GTN. Ce dernier démontre une bonne transférabilité de l'éprouvette vers la structure. / Pipeline design codes and standards traditionally focus on the operational loadings such as internal and external pressures that are likely to exist over the entire lifetime of the pipeline. Existing Engineering Critical Assessments are mostly based on stress considerations, where the design margin is given as a percentage of the yield strength. In extrem environments, pipelines may experience stresses beyond the yield and plastic deformations up to 2.5 %. In such conditions, strain-based design procedures apply. In this work, a literature review of the existing strain based methods is proposed, including ExxonMobil and PRCI multi-tier approaches. The use of the Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimen to measure the material toughness is then studied, benchmarking the recommended testing procedures from literature. A comprehensive experimental campaign was carried out to fully characterize two actual line pipes at room and low temperatures. The mechanical behavior of parent and weld materials are identified using an inverse analysis, and GTN damage model is shown to allow accurate modeling of the laboratory testings. Finally, two full scale tests (pressure + bending or pressure + tension) were carried out to benchmark the global approaches and GTN damage model. The latter showed a very good transferability from specimens to the structure.