Crise é um dos principais conceitos usados pela historiografia para explicar os acontecimentos ocorridos durante o período de 980 a 1060, chamado de Ano Mil. Após o fim do Império Carolíngio, a crise teria se instalado na Europa, e, entre diversas transformações, teria levado à privatização do poder público e ao domínio de um senhorio que exerceu seu poder a partir da cobrança de taxas, serviços e violência, elementos estes que formaram o paradigma da mutação feudal. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar duas escritas históricas, a Crônica (Chronicon), escrita entre 900 e 908, por Regino, abade de Prüm, na Lotaríngia; e Os Cinco Livros de Histórias (Historiarum Liber Quinque), do monge Raul Glaber, escritos entre 1016 e 1046, na região da Borgonha. Buscaremos, assim, discutir se as citadas fontes sustentam a ideia de uma crise do poder público no período. / Historiography had used crisis as one of the main to explain the events happened in Europe from 980 to 1060, period called Year 1000. According to those historians, after the end of the Carolingian Empire, the crisis would have been installed in Europe. Among several transformations, it would have led to the privatization of public power and to dominion of \"landlords\", those who exercised his power from the collection of taxes, services and violence, elements that formed the paradigm of \"feudal mutation\". The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse two historical writings, the Chronicle (Chronicon) , written between 900 and 908 by Regino, abbot of Prüm, in Lotharingia; and The Five Books of Histories (Historiarum Liber Quinque), by the monk Rodulfus Glaber, written between 1016 and 1046, in Burgundy. Therefore, we will seek to discuss whether the quoted sources support the idea of a public power crisis during that time.

Crise é um dos principais conceitos usados pela historiografia para explicar os acontecimentos ocorridos durante o período de 980 a 1060, chamado de Ano Mil. Após o fim do Império Carolíngio, a crise teria se instalado na Europa, e, entre diversas transformações, teria levado à privatização do poder público e ao domínio de um senhorio que exerceu seu poder a partir da cobrança de taxas, serviços e violência, elementos estes que formaram o paradigma da mutação feudal. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar duas escritas históricas, a Crônica (Chronicon), escrita entre 900 e 908, por Regino, abade de Prüm, na Lotaríngia; e Os Cinco Livros de Histórias (Historiarum Liber Quinque), do monge Raul Glaber, escritos entre 1016 e 1046, na região da Borgonha. Buscaremos, assim, discutir se as citadas fontes sustentam a ideia de uma crise do poder público no período. / Historiography had used crisis as one of the main to explain the events happened in Europe from 980 to 1060, period called Year 1000. According to those historians, after the end of the Carolingian Empire, the crisis would have been installed in Europe. Among several transformations, it would have led to the privatization of public power and to dominion of \"landlords\", those who exercised his power from the collection of taxes, services and violence, elements that formed the paradigm of \"feudal mutation\". The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse two historical writings, the Chronicle (Chronicon) , written between 900 and 908 by Regino, abbot of Prüm, in Lotharingia; and The Five Books of Histories (Historiarum Liber Quinque), by the monk Rodulfus Glaber, written between 1016 and 1046, in Burgundy. Therefore, we will seek to discuss whether the quoted sources support the idea of a public power crisis during that time.

The thesis deals with the development of Central Europe in the period of the long 10th Century, trying to describe in general the change of that region in the given epoque. The comparison and interpolation of the phenomena such as the Christianisation, the emergence of the political and economic power and the general transformation of the society aims to define a new view of the whole problem. The preferred vision is the economic and political development of the elites, separated from the existing socio-political formations and constructing its own apparatus of power, that will only slowly and eventually confront and merge the pre-stat formation in the form of an Early Medieval Christian state.

Le sud-est du Domaine royal capétien est longtemps resté ignoré des études sur les débuts de l’architecture romane. Ceci est en grande partie lié à la position marginale qu’il occupe par rapport aux grands ensembles de l’historiographie, un état de fait qui découle comme nous avons eu l’occasion de le montrer d’une longue évolution historique depuis l’époque celtique où la zone fut subdivisée entre Sénons et Carnutes. Les premiers souverains capétiens ont toutefois porté un intérêt particulier à cette région, tentant au XIe siècle d’unifier l’espace compris entre leurs trois grands centres : Orléans, Étampes et Melun, face aux poussées de leurs rivaux bléso-champenois. L’activité architecturale semble alors battre son plein, avec de très nombreuses constructions, certes secondaires, mais témoignant d’un certain dynamisme architectural à cette époque. L’examen des monuments les plus importants, confrontés aux autres réalisations phares menées par les Capétiens dans le reste de leur Domaine royal, permet d’envisager le développement d’une politique édilitaire, favorisant certaines formes architecturales monumentales comme la tour-porche ou le chevet dit harmonique, dans une volonté claire de la part des nouveaux souverains de s’imposer visuellement dans le paysage, de se positionner en héritiers de leurs prédécesseurs carolingiens et de s’imposer face à leurs contemporains ottoniens, en reprenant certaines de leurs formes architecturales les plus emblématiques. Ces résultats ne doivent pas cacher en revanche des questions laissées en suspens, notamment en ce qui concerne les datations des édifices considérés ici. L’architecture apparaît en effet assez uniforme, entre petit appareil de tradition antique, opus spicatum, remplois de sarcophages haut-médiévaux et débuts du moyen appareil ; et les critères de datation généralement admis s’opposent à ceux des rares décors conservés. / The southeast of the Capetian royal Domain remained for a long time unknown by studies on the beginnings of Romasnesque architecture. This is largely connected to the marginal position which it occupies compared with the large sets of the historiography, an established fact which ensues as we had the opportunity to show it of a long historic evolution since the Celtic period when the zone was subdivided between Sénons and Carnutes. The first Capetian sovereigns however carried a particular interest in this region, trying in the 11th century to unify the space between their three big centers : Orléans, Étampes and Melun, in front of pushes of their bléso-champenois rivals. The architectural activity then seems to be in full swing, with very numerous constructions, certainly secondary, but testifying of a certain architectural dynamism at that time. The examination of the most important buildings, confronted with the other key realizations led by the Capetians in the rest of their royal Domain, allows us to envisage the development of a artistic policy, favoring certain architectural monumental forms as tower-hall and harmonious bedhead, in a clear will on behalf of the new sovereigns to stand out visually in the landscape, to position in heirs of their Carolingian predecessors and to stand out in front of their ottonian contemporaries, by taking back their most symbolic architectural forms. These results can’t hide on the other hand questions left unsettled, in particular as regards the datings of buildings considered here. The architecture indeed seems rather uniform, between walls with small rubbles, opus spicatum, re-uses of high-medieval sarcophagus, and beginnings of carved stone ; and the generally admitted criteria of dating oppose those of the rare preserved decorations.