This study focuses on exploring the personal perspectives and understanding of youth engagement within the Canadian context according to youth engagement researchers, practitioners and funders. This study applied a qualitative research strategy and employed phenomenological methods of interviews and focus groups. This study seeks to highlight the key characteristics and trends from the participant’s perspective within the Canadian youth engagement landscape. Building on the tenants of Transformational Learning Theory and the historical understandings of youth engagement, this study explores how youth engagement is both conceptualized and perceived across three key sectors: researchers, practitioners and funders. Finally, reflecting on the key characteristics identified by the participants this study also discusses the further understanding of the complexity of youth-adult partnerships, the civic role of young people and the potential of developing a collective and shared understanding of youth engagement by practitioners, funders and researchers. / Graduate

What kinds of engagement might be possible for young people through the creation and experience of a cyberdrama? How do you create a cyberdrama? These were the questions that underpinned the process for creating the cyberdrama www.cleo-missing.com – a drama that was created to be experienced through a fully mediated form on the Internet. The background for this project involved: exploring the context for creating a web-based cyberdrama with young people; defining cyberdrama, the nature of the work and possible processes and forms; and examining the notion of engagement, looking for possible links between aspects of the aesthetic and the immersive. The process of creating the drama utilised aspects of process drama, a form emerging from the field of drama education as one that offers up huge potential for the creation of on-line interactive drama. The project research suggests that the context for experiencing the work through the Internet means that the experience of “diversion” needs to be considered and is much more likely for many users than that of “immersion”. This is particularly so in view of the ways many young people use the Internet, with common interactions taking on aspects of Bakhtin’s “carnival” (a subversive or alternative order). The experience for participants in creating the drama was characterised by a number of features, but engagement seemed particularly strong when aspects of control were involved or possible. The framing of this experience through the use of various recording technologies was of key significance to this experience of engagement; the possibility of creating a presence that may affirm a participant’s sense of existence seems to engage participants solidly in the process. The research also suggested that for those creating drama on-line the use of a fairly linear narrative structure may still be desirable, and that the more significant experiences of engagement occur when a number of pleasures are experienced in combination. The findings of this research may be of relevance to those interesting in exploring the possibilities of creating drama with young people utilising mediated forms.

Youth participation and communication for social change have been at the heart of debates in academic and development circles over the last thirty years. In response to criticisms that young people were merely seen as “beneficiaries” by local and international organizations, the latter have tried to readapt the way they frame, engage and strategize with the former in order to align with a new discourse in international development driven by the motto “nothing about us without us”. In 2011, UNICEF launched U-Report, a social platform available through SMS and social media, to understand the concerns of young people, amplify their voices and foster dialogue between youth and decision-makers. In Côte d’Ivoire, the initiative has been particularly successful. Since its launch in 2018, more than three million youth used the platform. Using the example of Côte d’Ivoire, considered a UNICEF “success story”, this study will analyse U-Report as a Communication for Development (C4D) tool that seeks to empower young people as agents of change in their communities. The research focuses on a specific modality of engagement available to young people through U-Report, that is, the possibility to mobilize and launch U-Actions: youth-led community actions for social change. Through surveys, interviews conducted with U- Reporters and UNICEF staff, and a case study analysis, this study will use the ecological system theory to uncover the multiple layers and influences that shape an individual’s decision to take action and question how youth engagement and participation online translate into social change offline. Findings from this research will underline that social media, the creation of personal and professional opportunities and a renewed sense of accountability are all factors influencing youth civic engagement through U-Actions. But while U-Report has been effective in developing a hybrid engagement model for young people by combining online and offline processes of participation, there are limitations as to the inclusive and representative aspect of the platform and its sustainability over time. The study will argue that these limitations present a unique opportunity for UNICEF to strengthen its C4D model and the way it engages with young people as agents of change.

Participation in risky behaviors is a common threat to an adolescent's health. Youth engagement (YE), a youth's meaningful and sustained participation in an activity, is a way to help reduce that threat. The Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), a public health emergency preparedness and response organization, has opportunities for engaging youth. However, few adolescents participate in MRC activities, signaling network-wide variations in working with youth. Furthermore, there is a gap in the literature exploring YE in emergency preparedness organizations, including the MRC. The purpose of this dissertation was to better understand youth engagement and development within organizations like these. With the MRC as the example and youth development theories as the lens, YE was examined as well as challenges and benefits of YE, needs, and use of YE strategies within the MRC. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach was used to assess YE in the MRC: Phase I- key informant interviews of youth (ages 14-18) and adults in and out of MRC (N=17); and Phase II- a nationwide web-based survey of adult MRC unit leaders (N=215). Qualitative data was analyzed with Microsoft Word and Excel; quantitative data analyzed with Stata 12.0. Results revealed common challenges experienced by MRC units working with youth, including liability concerns. Benefits found include preparation of the youth for future careers and giving youth a focus beyond themselves. A Spearman's correlation found a statistically significant association (r=0.30, N=52, p=0.0288) between the use of the core YE principles and the level of youth participation among the MRC units with youth membership, meaning use of these principles may be helpful in better involving youth. Furthermore, "Building Youth and Adult Capacity" was the top YE principle used among the MRC units that allow youth membership to engage youth. Despite noted challenges, engaging adolescents in the MRC still has many benefits with long-term public health and maternal and child implications for youth in emergency preparedness organizations. These include development of a responsible youth that protects their peers, families, and local communities from public health challenges, positively impacting the community. Recommendations for building student MRC programs across the nation have been provided.

The collaborative management arrangements in place for Nunavut’s National Parks demonstrated a shifting trend in Canadian resource management, where Indigenous people are increasingly involved in the governance of traditional lands. This work considered the arrangement in place for Auyuittuq National Park, Nunavut, by exploring the effect that differential discourse had on policy formation and implementation. To focus the research on a single management issue youth engagement was selected for consideration. Employing a qualitative case study strategy of inquiry, data was collected by conducting 50 interviews and 7 focus groups in the park adjacent community of Pangnirtung. The project findings indicated that the Parks Canada Agency’s discourse maintained a dominant position within the management process, such that many of the youth engagement strategies implemented did not account for Inuit cultural practices. As a consequence of this omission, many of the implemented methods were unintuitive to the community, and in some cases served as a barrier to youth participation. / October 2016

Youth councils are an increasingly popular tool that both government and non-governmental organizations use to inform policy and program development, to increase the participation of young people, and to improve the connection of youth to their communities and to civic life more broadly. In this thesis, the youth engagement experiences of local governments in Amherst, Nova Scotia, and Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia are examined. Both municipalities initiated youth councils in recent years in an attempt to consult on issues affecting youth in their communities. The two communities have experienced varied degrees of success in implementing these strategies. In broad terms, youth councils operated more successfully in the smaller, more self-contained community of Amherst than in the more sprawling urban municipality of the Halifax area. The divergent experiences of these two municipalities inform a discussion about the merits of youth councils as a tool for engagement for local governments. It is concluded that while youth councils can be both effective in terms of achieving immediate objectives, success is not easily reproduced in all scenarios and depends to a large extent on the characteristics of the community itself, the level of support from adults and facilitators, and the ability of the councils to meet their objectives and thus achieve legitimacy among stakeholders, creating a positive feedback look which engenders further effectiveness.

This qualitative study aimed to enhance our understanding of youth engagement experiences from the perspective of Aboriginal youth living in the Canadian North, as positive youth development programs can foster community engagement among youth and may have implications for Aboriginal youth involvement in community healing. With an asset-based orientation that recognizes that youths’ strengths co-exist with, and are understood in relation to, environmental challenges, narrative inquiry was used to explore the experiences of six Aboriginal youth who participated in a program that promotes community engagement. Rich participant accounts resulted in better understanding youth engagement as a profound culture-bound process rather than simple participation in a program, and illuminates the importance of positive relationships, adult support, and pre-program community involvement to building subsequent engagement. This study has implications specific to Aboriginal youth as having a role in promoting health and healing in their communities through their engagement.

The climate crisis is one of the most pressing challenges of the global development agenda. In recent years, young people have been publicly recognised as key stakeholders in efforts to address it. One of the platforms through which young climate activists and advocates engage in climate governance is the annual Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Typically accompanied by widespread media coverage, COPs provide opportunities for both State and Non-State Actors - including youth - for claim-making, agenda-setting, advocacy, and awareness raising.    Despite the growing attention to youth-led climate activism, research on the ways in which youth participate in the COPs, their experiences, and perceptions of their participation, has been limited and has tended to focus on youth from the Global North. To begin to address this gap, this research explores the experiences of youth climate activists and advocates from the Global South at the COP26 in Glasgow in November 2021. Informed by theories and frameworks of participation, the objective is to understand how these young people participated, the factors and dynamics which affected their experience, and how they viewed their participation. The findings are based on semi-structured interviews conducted in March and April 2022 with 11 young people who were all first-time attendees of the COP.   During COP26 they were engaged in activities in both the formal spaces of COP, such as side-events and negotiations, as well as informal or civil society spaces like marches and offsite events. Perceptions of youth participation varied among the interviewees and depended on the spaces or interactions discussed. Many expressed frustrations with the narrow opportunities for young people to engage in the official decision-making processes. However, despite the challenges to their participation in the formal spaces of COP26, young people experienced strong community connections with other youth, acquired new knowledge or skills, and established links and collaborative opportunities with other organisations and youth. In spite of the limitations, many saw value in the continued participation of young people in formal spaces of the COP and shared suggestions for enhancing young people’s engagement.

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