The purpose of this study was to identify the physical needs of the elderly with regard to physiotherapy services in the Livingstone district in Zambia. The objectives were to determine the knowledge of the elderly on the role of physiotherapy in the care of the elderly / the barriers to utilization of the services / the prevalence of physical problems and it also examined associations between education, knowledge and utilization of physiotherapy services in the district.

A matched case-control study was carried out to identify the factors associated with the nutritional status of children in Livingstone district, Zambia. A trained field researcher collected data on demographic, feeding practices and socio-economic factors in matched groups of underweight children and normal weight children from the mothers/caregivers of the children. Interviews, using a structured pre-tested questionnaire, were used to obtain the data. All children aged from six to fifty-nine months admitted at Livingstone General Hospital during the months of October to December, 2003 with a weight for age below &ndash / 2SD from the median of the reference population formed the underweight children (cases). The total was 47 children. The cases were then matched according to sex and age to 47 normal weight children attending the under five clinic at Livingstone General Hospital during the same months, with a weight for age above &ndash / 2SD from the median of the reference population (controls). The final sample was 94 children. Weights were recorded using the same scale in the outpatient&rsquo / s department prior to admission and during the under five clinic session. Interviews then took place in a separate room after the clinic nurse had attended them. A separate visit was then made to the homes of the children on a different day. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to measure strengths of associations. Results revealed that the basic causes of underweight were the poor economic state of the country, unfavorable policies and insufficient government support in the areas of health, education, agriculture, housing and employment. Underlying causes were inadequate access to food, inadequate care of children, poor access to health services and unhealthy living environments, while immediate causes were poor food intake and disease. Low educational and literacy levels of the mothers/caregivers, unemployment and lack of sufficient finances to access basic necessities such as food, housing and health contributed to underweight.

With the increase in the number of persons suffering from HIV/AIDS, physiotherapists are often required to treat these patients who present with respiratory and neurological complications. Although physiotherapists are at a lower risk of HIV infection in the workplace than nurses and doctors, it is necessary to determine their knowledge and perceptions of the risks, fears of HIV transmission and their attitudes towards patients with the disease. The aim of the study was to determine the physiotherapists knowledge of, and their attitudes towards patients with HIV/AIDS. It also explored whether the physiotherapists knowledge influences attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients in Lusaka, Zambia.

M.A. (History) / In the last three decades Zambia's relations with neighboring states in southern Africa have undergone many changes and have fluctuated from one extreme to the other. From having been in a "state of war" with some of her neighbors, and then having moved away from this to a state where co-operation has taken place, illustrates the extremities of the two poles between which Zambia's foreign relations function. The factors which have influenced this ever changing foreign policy are extremely complex and are intricately interwoven. No single factor can be identified as the most important, although the geographical constraints of Zambia's position, and the many factors which are linked to them, tend to dominate the making of foreign policy. The main dilemma facing Zambia is that she is economically dependent on the countries with which she has had poor relations. While having had to criticize, condemn and be actively involved in attempting to bring an end to the racial policies followed by some of her southern African neighbors, she has also had to, at times, back down on her criticisms when economic or military reprisals from these neighboring states hate detrimentally affected her own position too much. However, when having backed down, or modified her aggressive attitude to these minority governments, she has, as a FrontIine State incurred the wrath of certain independent African states. Because of this fluctuating foreign policy, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, has been accused of following a policy of "gross duplicity," as well as of backing down when the price of principles has become too high.

Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Faculty of Law, Commerce and Management University of Witwatersrand June 2016 / Zambia has had impressive economic performance in the last decade and half, however its growth remains unsustainable due to a number of factors that range from poor terms of trade to challenges in macroeconomic management. In addition, the country’s weak economic and political institutional framework characterised by insecure property rights and uncertainty in the policy environment pose further challenges to economic growth. Although the country has undertaken a number of economic reforms in recent years to spur growth, their impact has been modest because of weak institutional setups and capacity constraints. Notably, certain key policy reforms and programmes that are critical for enhancing economic performance in Zambia have not been implemented because of institutional and administrative weaknesses underpinned by policy inconsistencies and policy reversals. Against this background, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of formal institutions particularly property rights and political instability on economic growth in Zambia. It achieves this by extending Fedderke et al. (2011)’s time series on property rights and political instability measures on Zambia by constructing comparable indices that are later merged with the initial series. The merged series are then used to capture the institutional dimensions on economic output in Zambia from 1965 to 2010. The study uses in its methodology a PSS-F test to determine causality among variables of interest and later applies the VECM estimation procedure to determine cointegration and long-run relationships among the regressors. Despite the increasing role and influence of formal institutions in economic development, there have been relatively few empirical studies that have specifically examined their impacts at country level. This study is therefore an attempt to partially fill the void by throwing light on the impact of property rights and political instability on Zambia’s economic growth over the study period. The study findings have confirmed the hypothesis that there is a strong and positive relationship between property rights and the level of economic growth. The results have been validated using Zambia as a case study and hence the findings are consistent with empirical evidence and economic theory in new institutional economics (NIE). Noteworthy is the strong and positive effect of property rights on real GDP—clearly suggesting that potential investors will always take into account a country’s institutional environment before investing their resources. This means that a good performance in the rating of the property rights index on the scale between 0 and 100 leads to a corresponding strong economic performance in Zambia. By implication, a higher rating of the property rights index suggests a well secured regime of property rights. Conversely, a lower rating of the property rights index implies deterioration in the quality and enforcement of property rights in the country and hence adverse to economic growth. Thus, the findings are in line with several similar empirical works that conclude that formal economic institutions (property rights) are the fundamental cause of income differences and longrun growth between and among countries. As expected, our study also found a strong but negative relationship between political instability and economic performance. This means that perverse political institutions such as violent civil protests, political violence, attempted military coups, labour and/or industrial unrest in Zambia are a disincentive to economic growth as they discourage long-term investments. Investors are generally driven by perceptions, that is, the more politically stable an economy is assumed to be, the higher the chances of attracting foreign direct investments. Conversely, the stronger the negative perceptions about an economy the less likely will investors bring in their resources—hence the need for political stability. The findings are consistent and comparable to many other studies that found that political instability was significantly related to economic growth and that an increase in instability, other things being equal, always tends to lower real growth rate over time. The study also examined the impacts of selected macroeconomic policy variables namely foreign direct investments (FDI), credit to the private sector (CRDTP), trade openness (TROP), capital formation (CALARAT) and human capital (ENROLL) on Zambia’s real GDP and found that they had a strong feedback effect on growth performance. In terms of policy implications, the study recommends that authorities should invest in efforts that strengthen the regime of property rights and the rule of law for strong economic performance in Zambia. More specifically, the authorities should respect and enforce private property rights through impartial courts of law to instil confidence in the investor community. In addition, the government should promote social dialogue and foster an environment of industrial harmony to avoid labour-related unrest and political conflicts (political instability) that have a potential to hurt the business environment by scaring off would-be investors. / MB2016

<p>The program that was studied is part of the Child Health Program devised and supported by CARE International and implemented in Kanyama, a high density and low cost community found on the outskirts of Lusaka, Zambia. Diarrhoea was identified as one of the three most common diseases affecting the children under the age of five years. Through community participation, the program was implemented by the Kanyama residents to reduce the cases of diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia among children aged five years and under. The main aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of the impact of community participation by the community leaders and community members in the diarrhoea prevention program and to establish constraints affecting participation.</p>

Thesis (DTech. degree in Nature Conservation.)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2012. / Wildlife crop raiding is a pervasive and widespread problem. The purpose of the study is to investigate and understand underlying processes and structures associated with the crop raiding problem in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia in order to technically and scientifically support decisions by farmers and other stakeholders regarding crop raiding.

<p>The program that was studied is part of the Child Health Program devised and supported by CARE International and implemented in Kanyama, a high density and low cost community found on the outskirts of Lusaka, Zambia. Diarrhoea was identified as one of the three most common diseases affecting the children under the age of five years. Through community participation, the program was implemented by the Kanyama residents to reduce the cases of diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia among children aged five years and under. The main aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of the impact of community participation by the community leaders and community members in the diarrhoea prevention program and to establish constraints affecting participation.</p>

This study looks at the potential contribution of informal housing delivery in establishing enabling low-income housing standards in Kitwe, Zambia as a way of addressing the shortage of adequate and affordable housing for the urban poor. Informal housing delivery is increasingly being seen as the urban poors' response to the chronic shortage of housing in most cities in developing countries. Proponents of informal housing delivery have been alluding to the many positive impacts that informal housing has on the poor households since the 1960's. This aspect is slowly gaining acceptance in many housing policies in developing countries that are now opting to work with rather than forcefully relocated informal dwellers. The Zambia National Housing Policy set an ambitious list of objectives aimed at realising its goal of providing adequate and affordable housing to all income groups in the country, including the reform of housing standards which currently inhibit the incorporation of informal housing techniques and materials into conventional practices. However, there appears to be no framework within which this objective will be achieved. The study, therefore, investigated the positive attributes of informal housing delivery through a literature review of standards and general discourse and policies regarding traditional, informal and formal housing settlements. Through the literature review, a set of indicators was established to measure and analyse informal housing standards prevailing in Kamatipa, an informal settlement north of the city of Kitwe in Zambia and building regulations that substantially hinder the incorporation of these standards into conventional low-income housing standards. They study establishes a number of positive attributes of informal housing in Kamatipa and the regulations that they contravene under current standards. It concludes by making recommendations towards establishing guidelines for assimilating these positive elements in a reformed regulatory framework to achieve enabling low-income housing standards in the city and country. / Thesis (M.Housing)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Zambia has led to the development of innovative ways of coping with sickness related to this infection. HIV/AIDS home-based care is one such innovation designed in Chikankata Hospital in 1987. Home-based care depends on the availability of family members and community volunteers in the provision of care and support for People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).<br /> <br /> This minithesis is based on a qualitative descriptive case study exploring perspectives regarding skills, supervision and support mechanisms for carers in the Chikankata HIV/AIDS Community-Home Based Care (CHBC) program. The study utilized documented research, focus group discussions with carers and structured interviews with local CHBC supervisors, national experts in CHBC, and PLWHA and their families, to collect data from 32 study participants.<br /> <br /> The findings were that CHBC was being delivered by community volunteers with limited involvement from the local health services / that carers were highly motivated, personally and collectively mobilizing resources to meet the needs of CHBC clientele / that local arrangements for training, skills and support of carers were not aligned to national guidelines regarding process, content and duration of programmes / and that carers acquired skills in CHBC through formal and informal training processes and were facing challenges related to inadequate skills, poor infrastructure and extreme poverty in households caring for PLWHA. <br /> <br /> Based on the findings the local arrangements for coordination of CHBC need to be strengthened and linked to formal processes for technical support, financial resources and materials for delivery of CHBC in line with existing guidelines on CHBC. The picture of the real situation of the carers that emerges from this qualitative study might inform the supervising organizations and policymakers on the gaps in the training and support of this crucial cadre in the provision of quality care for People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at community level.