Education broadens the life choices and capabilities of those who receive it, and confers external benefits to society as a whole. In sub-Saharan Africa, a major issue concerning school attendance among the poor has been the direct monetary costs represented by primary school “user” fees, which became particularly commonplace in sub-Saharan African countries during the post-colonial period. While fees have been advocated in the past as a way for impoverished governments to fund the improvement and expansion of primary education, in more recent years the position of the international development community has shifted in favour of fee abolition as a means of achieving Universal Primary Education. This thesis examines the long-term relationship between school fees and education quality and access over the past 40 years in seven sub-Saharan African countries. I find that the introduction of fees decreased primary school enrolment, primarily by keeping the poorest children out of school, without achieving significant quality improvements. A fall-off in government spending following the introduction of fees is presented as a possible explanation. I also focus on the quality impacts associated with the major increases in enrolment following fee abolition, and emphasize the importance of government commitment to making up the funding shortfall generated by this policy change.

Small maize livestock farmers in the Eastern Province of Zambia badly need forage high in protein to supplement the protein deficient pasture grass. Nutrient intake, especially for the small ruminants with small gastro-intestinal capacity compared to metabolizable energy requirement, will be near or below maintenance if these poor quality feeds are not supplemented. High quality supplements however, are beyond the reach of the small scale farmers. The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena as a mixture or separately on voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40 day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. In a separate experiment the effect of browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats was studied. The treatments were; maize husk plus urea; maize husk plus Leucaena leucocephala (3:2); maize husk plus Calliandra calothyrsus (3:2); and maize husk plus leucaena plus calliandra (3:1:1). The results of the study indicate that leucaena and calliandra are both potentially valuable feed components.

<p><font face="Arial"> <p align="left">The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors contributing to work-related musculoskeletal injuries amongst underground mine workers in Kitwe, Zambia.</p> </font></p>

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study looked at the factors that affect HCT in provision of PMTCT services. It explored the socio cultural and personal factors that affect HCT. It also established the knowledge level about HIV/AIDS and PMTCT among pregnant women in Kabwe. The transmission of HIV from mother to child contributes largely to HIV prevalence among children. Efforts to reduce this mode of transmission include increasing number of women who know their HIV status and increasing the number of HIV positive women who when pregnant take instructions and act on them to protect their children from the possibility of infection (Bartlett et al. 2004). Individuals can only know their HIV status once they are tested for HIV. However, there are socio cultural and personal factors among other factors that affect the access of HCT. The aim of this study was to identify socio cultural and personal factors that affect HIV counseling and testing in provision of PMTCT services among pregnant women in Kabwe, in order to make recommendations for the development of an intervention program to help improve uptake of HIV counseling and testing for PMTCT services. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to conduct this study. Focus Group Discussions were conducted with groups of pregnant women that have never been tested for HIV before and Key Informant Interviews with health care workers (midwives or nurses) to ask them about factors affecting HCT in provision of PMTCT services among pregnant women were used. A retrospective statistical report review was also used to ascertain the accessibility rate for the HIV counseling and testing for PMTCT services. In this light, statistical report review was used to collect the number of pregnant women attending ANC and number of pregnant women receiving HIV testing. The findings of this study revealed that the pregnant women had excellent knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the update of HCT was as good as 91% among pregnant women. The research also revealed domestic violence, accusation of promiscuity by partner, abandonment by partner, and stigma & discrimination as socio factors that affect HCT in provision of PMTCT. Religion, fear disbelief of test results was revealed as personal factors affecting HCT in provision of PMTCT. The research revealed decision making, tradition medicines, and practices as cultural factors affecting HCT in provision of PMTCT. The conclusion was made that fear of abandonment by partner, fear of being accused of being promiscuous by partner, and fear of domestic violence were the main factors why some pregnant women did not accept to take an HIV test during their pregnancies. It is also concluded that most men make decisions for their families. Women in homes have no powers to make decisions, so if the husband refuses her to take a test, the wife just has to comply. It is also concluded that a person’s ability to access health related services is shaped by socio cultural and personal factors among others factors. These findings fit well with the Anderson behavioral model which describes the individual factors as having three elements that relate to the individual’s ability to access and utilize health care services. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingstudie het gekyk na die faktore wat 'n invloed HCT in die voorsiening van VMTKO dienste. Dit ondersoek die sosio-kulturele en persoonlike faktore wat HCT. Dit het ook die kennis oor MIV / VIGS en VMNKO onder swanger vroue in Kabwe. Die oordrag van MIV van moeder na kind dra grootliks by tot die voorkoms van MIV onder kinders (Bartlett et al. 2004). Pogings om hierdie wyse van oordrag te verminder sluit in toenemende aantal vroue wat hul MIV-status ken en die verhoging van die aantal MIV-positiewe vroue wat toe swanger neem instruksies en reageer op hulle om hul kinders te beskerm teen die moontlikheid van infeksie. Individue kan slegs weet wat hul MIV-status wanneer hulle getoets word vir MIV. Egter, is daar sosiaal-kulturele en persoonlike faktore onder ander faktore wees wat die toegang van HCT. Die doel van hierdie studie was om sosiaal-kulturele en persoonlike faktore wat die MIV-berading en toetsing in die voorsiening van VMTKO dienste onder swanger vroue in Kabwe te identifiseer, ten einde aanbevelings te maak vir die ontwikkeling van 'n intervensie program te help opname van MIV-berading en toetsing vir VMNKO dienste te verbeter. Beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik om hierdie studie uit te voer. Fokusgroepbesprekings is gevoer met groepe van swanger vroue wat nog nooit vir MIV getoets is voor en onderhoude met sleutelinformante met gesondheidsorgwerkersVroedvroue of verpleegsters) is gebruik om hulle te vra oor die faktore wat HCT in voorsiening van PMTCT dienste onder swanger vroue. 'n Retrospektiewe statistiese verslag review is ook gebruik om die toeganklikheid koers vir die MIV-berading en om vas te stel toetsing vir VMNKO dienste. In hierdie lig, is statistiese verslag hersiening gebruik word om die aantal swanger vroue wat die ANC en die aantal swanger vroue MIV-toetsing in te samel. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie het aan die lig gebring dat die swanger vroue het uitstekende kennis oor MIV / VIGS en die update van HCT was so goed as 91% onder swanger vroue. Die navorsing het ook aan die lig gebring huishoudelike geweld, beskuldiging van losbandigheid deur vennoot, verlating deur vennoot, en stigma diskriminasie as sosio faktore wat 'n invloed HCT in die bepaling van die PMTCT. Godsdiens, vrees ongeloof van toetsresultate is geopenbaar as persoonlike faktore wat HCT in die voorsiening van PMTCT. Die navorsing het aan die lig gebring besluitneming, tradisie medisyne, en praktyke as kulturele faktore wat HCT in die voorsiening van PMTCT. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat vrees vir verlating deur vennoot, vrees daarvan beskuldig dat hy van promisku deur vennoot, en die vrees van huishoudelike geweld was die belangrikste faktore waarom sommige swanger vroue nie aanvaar het nie 'n MIV-toets te neem tydens hul swangerskappe. Dit is ook die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die meeste mense besluite neem vir hul families. Vroue in huise het geen magte om besluite te neem, so as die man weier om vir haar 'n toets te neem, die vrou net om daaraan te voldoen. Dit is ook die gevolgtrekking gekom dat 'n persoon se vermoë om gesondheid verwante dienste om toegang te verkry tot gevorm word deur die sosiaal-kulturele en persoonlike faktore onder andere faktore. Hierdie bevindings pas goed met die Anderson gedrags-model wat die individuele faktore beskryf met drie elemente wat betrekking het op die individu se vermoë om toegang te verkry tot en gebruik van gesondheidsorgdienste.

An exploratory study covering phase 1 stages 1, 2 and 3 only was undertaken in this large hybrid research project to determine perceptions and understandings of the practitioners and the community about mental health problems of children and adolescents in Zambia because so far there is little known about this phenomenon. The aim of this exploratory study was to gain new insights into the phenomenon by undertaking a preliminary investigation to determine priorities for the future post doctoral research before a more structured study to develop the PHC innovative curriculum. The process first 'explored' social reality on the ground to better comprehend the perceptions and understandings of mental health problems of CA and the curricula model preferences as perceived by the practitioners and the community respectively. This was done to appreciate the "reality of practice" on the ground using the Systems, Ecological, and Biopsychosocial theories which underpinned the four field areas of the study which are: Mental Health, Curriculum Development, INSET and Action Research (AR). The total project is open-ended with three (3) phases and eight (8) stages, from the initial exploration of perceptions (phase 1), through reports to government and stakeholders, curriculum development and piloting with health educators (phase 2) and finally implementing the reconstructed curriculum and integration (phase 3) in such a way as to empower primary health workers to themselves do further research. This thesis, covering the initial explorations of perception, encompasses ONLY the first phase and three stages of this larger qualitative research project because of the Higher Education requirements and funding to try to complete in 4 years. This entails literature review of all 4 field areas because in order to orientate the first phase and three stages of such research and to see the implications of results, it is necessary to have a good grounding in all four. The research study process commenced with an orientation and introduction of the context and purpose of the study, followed by the search conferences and focus group meetings using Qualitative Research Design and Methodology. Search conferences, focus group discussions, hospital registers and clinic records were the three sources of data collection. Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Data used NVIVO and SPSS 13.0 Statistical Data Analysis Soft ware respectively. The study showed that mental health problems of Children and Adolescents perceived by the community and the practitioners were also referred and recorded in various hospital registers. The analysis of data from hospital records on referred cases further showed that there are serious psychotic mental health disorders in children and adolescents referred for further consultations to hospitals from the community, some of which are: acute psychotic states, with some associated with HIV/Aids. In addition to these psychotic states, epilepsy, drug and alcohol abuse, child defilement, rape cases, mental retardation and conversion disorders particularly in female children/adolescents appeared to be relatively significant mental health concerns and problems in the researched community sites. The conclusion of the study suggests that there were more environment related factors perceived to cause mental health challenges to children and adolescents. This finding further suggests that there are similarities of cases referred from the community with those seen in clinical practice areas. The significance of these findings in the reality of practice, implies that the preferred PRISMS curriculum model to be developed later as a post doctoral activity for 'INSET' of PHC practitioners in Zambia should have deliberate blending of curriculum content with more socio-environment related issues than the current traditional curricula models which are more clinical in structure, process and content. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

Advances in the food industry have made food consumption increasingly complex. Varieties of foodstuffs that are available to consumers each day are on the increase. It is therefore essential that legislation in place ensures the heal th of unsophisticated consumers, in the face of a sophisticated food industry. The need for food safety legislation is even more crucial to Third World countries where literacy levels are low, poverty levels high, and chronic food shortages, prevalent. An important question that any developing country has to address is how it can better equip its food control system within its own limited resources? Does the answer lie in an increase in the amount of food safety legislation? Or in the improvement of enforcement mechanisms? This thesis investigates the existence and effectiveness of food safety legislation in typical Third World countries and for this purpose, Zambia has been chosen as a particular case study. The aim of the study is to analyse the existing legal framework and to assess the effectiveness of its enforcement. This has been done by way of library research and personal interviews. The Internet also proved to be a valuable research tool. From the findings of the study it is clear that although there exists within the country a legal framework controlling food quality and safety, the same requires urgent amendment and more effective enforcement. It was realised from the findings of this study that the situation that currently obtains in Zambia can only be left unattended at the nation's peril. It is imperative that legislation in operation is made more effective especially with regard to food imports where a notable lacuna exists. The enforcement of legislation is another area that desperately requires reform. The solution to the problem of food safety in Zambia does not lie in advocating an increase in the quanti ty of legislation but rather in its quality. There is a need to increase consumer awareness through food safety and quality consumer education programmes and the active participation of consumer groups in matters of food safety and control. Overcoming the problem of food safety requires the concerted efforts on the part of all key players, the government, industry and consumers themselves. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban,1998.

It is very unfortunate that despite laws that require adequate incorporation and integration of environmental concerns at all phases of the economic developmental projects in Zambia, the research findings of this dissertation show that they are not applied well. The dissertation consists of six chapters. The Introduction (Chapter One) gives a general overview of Zambia, its geographical position in relation to other African countries, its macro and micro economic policies and its economic needs for a sound transport infrastructure. It also gives a rationale for the Monze-Zimba road rehabilitation project. Chapter Two reviews and states existing policies, legal, strategies and the institutional framework for environmental management and protection in Zambia. It also states and identifies key institutions involved in administering the various environmental laws/regulations and briefly refers to applicable International Conventions. Chapter Three gives a descriptive overview of baseline information - particularly within the catchment area of the road - regarding the biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural environments. The baseline studies provide insights into the normal background environmental variability such that appropriate monitoring programmes can be designed. It is now abundantly and evidently clear that the despoiling of the environment has negative repercussions on the health and wellbeing, culture and economic opportunities of humans. Chapter Four, therefore, provides in-depth discussions of each of the major impacts identified, their nature and scale and appropriate practical measures for their mitigation. The measures are incorporated into an Environmental Management Plan. Chapter Five addresses the environmental monitoring of the impacts resulting from the activities of the road. The Conclusion (Chapter Six) gives substantiated opinions on the overall findings of the research. Recommendations are given to the government of Zambia and all stakeholders on the best ways that environmental issues should be handled at all levels of society. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.

Applied research has value to the extent that it assists management to make better decisions. It is only through a scientific thinking process that we come to understand, and take into consideration, the complex set of factors that operates in any given situation. Having analysed the results from the data analysis the manager exercises good judgment by using both the research findings and drawing on the personal and invaluable resources of past experience. In sum, research indicates the direction of problem solving; experience and common sense, in conjunction with scientific research results. One without the other is not completely effective. This Dissertation sets out to carry out a strategy evaluation of the ZESCO Business Plan using a set strategy evaluation criteria of; suitability, acceptability and feasibility. In conducting this evaluation, it is recognised that; although it is impossible to demonstrate conclusively that a particular business strategy is optimal or even guarantee that it will work, one can nevertheless, test it for critical flaws using a set criteria. The results from the evaluation revealed that; in terms of suitability some of the strategies scored lowly due to the low disposable incomes of ZESCO's customers; in terms of acceptability of ZESCO's strategies to its principle stakeholders, there is a need for it to improve the input from these stakeholders when formulating its strategies and lastly the feasibility analysis revealed that ZESCO will struggle to implement its strategies. Lastly the importance of carrying out Business Research is well summed up by Sekaran (2000: 4) "the difference between the manager who uses common sense alone to analyze and make a decision in a given situation, and the investigator who uses a scientific method, is that the latter does a systematic inquiry into the matter and proceeds to describe, explain, or predict phenomena based on data carefully collected for the purpose. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

Following preliminary observations in 1975 the Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute implemented a research program in March 1976 to investigate various aspects of the biology and population dynamics of the mussel crop of Lake Kariba, with a view to greater understanding of their status in the lake, and establishing a basis for management, if required. Aspects investigated were densities, distribution, species composition, predation by fish, reproduction, age and growth, gross biochemical composition and crude production rates. The mussel community comprised four species, a small pill clam, Corbicula africana, and three mussels, Caelatura mossarnbicensis, Aspatharia wahlbergi and Mutela dubia. Only the latter three were studied. Mussel beds occupied all the gently shelving cleared and uncleared areas, and the bulk of the populations occurred from 3 m - 9 m depth, but extending to 11 m. Predation by fish was found to be extremely low. The reproduction study showed two species bred all year C. mossambicensis and M. dubia, whereas A. wahlbergi bred seasonally during the rainy season. The two year-round breeders were repetitive spawners, capable of breeding several times a year. Indications are that A. wahlbergi is essentially a fluviatile species, with a life cycle adapted to taking advantage of riverine conditions. Sex ratios in all three species were approximately 1 : 1 , with females predominating slightly. Fecundity in one species, C. mossambicensis, was investigated. The complete parasitic cycle of M. dubia was elucidated and found to be similar to that of M. bourguignati, as described by Fryer (1961). Host species were noted amongst the cichlid and mormyrid families, and the conclusion drawn that the species is not host specific. various aspects of the life-cycles of the other two species were noted, but complete life-cycles were not successfully elucidated. population composition according to age showed the most common species, c. mossambicensis, to be comprised mainly of 2 - 5 year-old individuals, indicating a young and vigorous population. Juvenile pre-adult mussels were very scarce. In the population of A. wahlbergi, older mussels formed a greater proportion of the biomass than in the population of c. mossambicensis, and young were also scarce. M. dubia were not recorded in sufficiently large numbers to estimate age composition accurately. The production rate (whole wet mass) of the most common species, c. mossambicensis, was calculated to be 2,45 kg ha¯¹ day¯¹ in the sanyati East cleared area (30,5 km²), while the overall production rate of all three species was calculated to be 3,34 kg ha¯¹ day¯¹. Calorific values of all three species were obtained, while gross body composition in terms of water, fat, protein, ash and amino acid composition were determined. The ash component of A. wahlbergi was analysed. The Lake Kariba results were supplemented by a follow-up study of the composition of the mussel population of a eutrophic, highveld dam, Lake McIlwaine, in 1978/1979. This much smaller lake was populated by only two mussel species, M. dubia and C. mossambicensis, although A. wahlbergi and Unio caffer were recorded in the riverine upper reaches. Observations on seasonal breeding of the two lake species were made. A detailed study on the draw down zone of a gently shelving beach showed that at the time the extreme shallows had been dominated by C. mossambicensis, whereas from a depth of approximately 1,6 m M. dubia dominated very significantly. Fulling lake level was found to trigger off migratory responses, thus placing a proportion of individuals in deeper water and improving chances of survival. The mussel composition of Lake Kariba and Lake McIlwaine was considered in conjunction with preliminary observations of mussel distribution a nd composition in other water bodies, and some inferences drawn regarding the ecological factors which appear to influence the composition and diversity of the mussel fauna in rivers and lakes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1980.

This research examines present day urban Anglican churches in Zambia which are ethnically “homogeneous” in a heavily multi-ethnic environment. I give Attention to the understanding of the biblical, theological, and missiological background and seek to find a way to attract many ethnic groups into the churches. The research notes that the present scenario does not represent a healthy urban church. I argue that a biblical, theological and holistic Gospel proclamation, that is, in word and deeds, will attract other ethnic groups into the urban church and make it truly multi-ethnic and multi-cultural. / Thesis (MA (Missiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.