The Lumwana copper orebody is situated 170 miles west of the Copperbelt. It is stratiform and occurs in schists regarded as part of the Katanga System older than the lower-most Copperbelt quartzite. The discovery of copper at the Lumwana Prospect was a text book example of the success of the R.S.T. Mines Services Limited prospecting techniques. These include partial geochemical analyses of soil and drainage samples, pitting, drilling and radiometric, self potential, magnetic, resistivity and induced polarization methods of geophysical exploration. The copper-bearing formations at the Lumwana Prospect occur in the inverted limb of a great recumbent fold within the Mombezhi Dome. Three periods of folding are recognized from the study of regional foliations and lineation, and the attitude of fold elements in individual folds. Each period of folding is regarded as a major pulse in the Lufilian Orogeny. The first-formed folds are isoclinal and have axial planes which strike at 160°, and dip southwest at 15°; the plunge is 11° in a direction 212° . The formation of first folds was accompanied by thrust faulting and the development of nappe structures including the great Lumwana recumbent fold. The second folds have axial planes which strike at 170° and dip west at 44°, the plunge is 12° in a direction of 192°, and the folds tend to be overturned. The third folds cut across the earlier folds at variable angles, they are overturned to the north and have axial planes which dip gently to the south. The formation of third folds was such that northward-acting stress was rotated from southeast to southwest, and relaxation of this stress resulted in the development in competent strata of joints which strike at 120° and dip steeply. At the Lumwana Prospect the northward-acting Lufilian stress is thought to have been resolved into eastward acting stress during first and second folding as a result of compression near the centre of the Lufilian Arc. The third folds are the normal Lufilian folds sub-parallel to the Lufilian Arc. Normal faulting and intrusion of gabbro along planes of these faults and the earlier thrust faults eccurred in a post-Lufilian tensional phase. In recent times warping of the formations at Lumwana has occurred on east-west axes. Statistical examination of chemical data on fifty-four composite samples of mineralized rock from drill-holes reveals that the distribution of copper, iron and sulphur is related to that of potash and soda. These relationships can be explained on sedimentological grounds since the examination of the distribution of soda and potash in these and other horizons yields no evidence of metasomatism in the mineralized horizon. Intrusive into the mineralized schists, though not found in the ore, are thin amphibolites and a large serpentinite which contains relict olivine and bronzite. This is the first recorded occurrence of ultrabasic rocks in the Lower Roan Group of the Katanga System in this part of Zambia. Study of all formations at the Lumwana Prospect reveals that they have been metamorphosed in the epidote-amphibolite facies of regional metamorphism. Mineral assemblages indicative of the amphibolite facies are found in sheared rocks, and metamorphism in competent parts of the Upper Roan-Mwashia has been confined to the greenschist facies. Temperatures of metamorphism are estimated to have been between 250° and 280°C, and pressures are likely to have exceeded 6 kilobars. Evidence of metasomatism, absent in the Lower Roan, is found in the examination of the Upper Roan-Mwashia formations. Metasomatism includes scapolitization and albitization and is related to the intrusion of gabbro into these sediments, but does not necessarily involve exogenous material. The sulphide minerals identified are bornite, chalcocite, digenite, covellite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, valleriite, carrollite, pyrite and pyrrhotite. Intergrowths of these minerals have resulted from metamorphism at temperatures slightly in excess of 235°C. The copper sulphides are distributed zonally in the orebody with chalcocite- bornite ore where the mineralized schist is thin, and chalcopyrite- cubanite-pyrite ore where it is thick. Vertically the body contains horizons with sulphides relatively rich in copper at the top and bottom, and an intermediate zone with sulphides leaner in copper. This zonal distribution is considered to be evidence for syngenetic deposition of copper during successive cycles of transgression and regression. Ore genesis at Lumwana is closely related to genesis of the Copperbelt and Katanga orebodies. The Zambia-Katanga province is considered to have been enriched in copper epigenetically prior to the formation of the present-day orebodies. Reworking of these cupriferous rocks and some early-formed syngenetic deposits of which Lumwana is one, is considered to have played a major role in producing the present-day copper orebodies.

Text in English / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Church History)

Thesis submitted in full compliance with the requirements for a Master's Degree in Technology: Dental Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / This study is an evaluation of the perceptions of Zambian dental technicians and dentists of the dental technological services offered in Zambia. Zambia is a small nation (land size of 752,614km²) with a population of approximately 11,000,000. Patients needing oral restorative treatment have two options available to them; they seek treatment in state hospitals or through private practices. Access to prosthetic treatment is difficult due to the difficulties associated with obtaining treatment from the state as well as there being very few privately owned dental laboratories. Dental technology in Zambia dates back to 1964 and since its inception there has been no evaluation as to whether the services offered are adequate and satisfactory. The aim of this study was to;  Provide insights into the understanding of dentists and technicians regarding dental technical services.  Provide insights into available dental technical services with the aim of assisting in developing future guidelines for provision of such services in Zambia.  Identify national oral health objectives and make suggestions for the improvement and development of the services in Zambia. This aims of the research are relevant as the research was conducted at a time when the nation is undergoing a general introspection of service delivery. Data was collected through the medium of semi-structured personal interviews with registered and practicing dentists and technicians in the main cities of Zambia that include Lusaka, Ndola and Kitwe. Their views were transcribed and coded according to significant themes that emerged for data analysis. ii The results indicate that there is reason to be concerned about the general quality of service delivery. In addition, the study showed that the working relationships between technicians and dentists require improvement. Moreover, the study established that Zambia has a critical shortage of skilled technicians and particularly ceramic technicians and ceramic dental laboratories. The data also revealed concerns that little attention by government policymakers is being afforded to dental technical services whilst attention is paid rather to clinical dental services. As a result, state owned laboratories suffer from a lack of adequate and functioning equipment as well as a lack of quality dental materials. Finally, the study showed that Zambia has no clear direct oral health policies that govern the dental technical services.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined the causal relationship between foreign direct investment and domestic savings in Zambia. Data over the period 1970–2012 was extracted from the World Development Indicator and Global Economic Monitor Databases (2014). The study employed the Johansen cointegration approach to establish the long-standing relationship between domestic savings and foreign direct investment. In addition, the Granger causality test was also carried out to examine the causal relationship between foreign direct investment and gross domestic savings. The results suggest that although foreign direct investment inflow can lead to domestic savings growth in the short run, in the long run it would substitute domestic savings. This implies that the effect of the increased inflows of foreign direct investment experienced in the recent past may in the long run hurt domestic savings growth in Zambia. Policy makers should therefore improve the governance mechanism for the use and monitoring of foreign direct investment inflows in Zambia and promote diversification away from mining, the main economic activity that accounts for more than 60 percent of direct foreign investment in Zambia. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ondersoek ingestel na die oorsaaklikheidsverwantskap tussen direkte buitelandse belegging en binnelandse besparing in Zambië. Data vir die tydperk 1970 tot 2012 is uit die Wêreldbank se databasisse World Development Indicators en Global Economic Monitor (2014) bekom. Die studie het die Johansen-benadering van ko-integrasie gevolg om die lank bestaande verwantskap tussen binnelandse besparing en direkte buitelandse belegging te bepaal. Daarbenewens is die Granger-oorsaaklikheidstoets uitgevoer om die oorsaaklikheidsverwantskap tussen direkte buitelandse belegging en bruto binnelandse besparing te ondersoek. Die resultate dui daarop dat hoewel die invloeiing van direkte buitelandse belegging binnelandse besparing op kort termyn ’n hupstoot sal gee, dit binnelandse besparing op lang termyn sal vervang. Dít impliseer dat die verhoogde direkte buitelandse belegging wat in die onlangse verlede ondervind is, op lang termyn ’n skadelike uitwerking op groei in binnelandse besparing in Zambië kan hê. Beleidsvormers behoort dus die beheermeganisme vir die aanwending en monitering van direkte buitelandse belegging in Zambië te verbeter en diversifikasie aan te moedig weg van mynbou, die vernaamste ekonomiese aktiwiteit in die land wat tans vir meer as 60% van alle direkte buitelandse belegging in Zambië sorg.

Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona ; Mark W. Speece, compiler.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate and examined the politics in the production of archaeological knowledge especially in rock art, at academic, heritage institutions and national and global level. It aims to trace and examine the development and movement of particular hypotheses or interpretations and their appropriateness in the study and management of rock art heritage in southern Africa.

Research has shown that there is a problem in the delivery of quality care in maternal and child health services in Zambia. The 1996 Zambia demographic and health survey estimated maternal mortality rate as high as 649 per 100,000 live birth, with this reason among others, human resource constraints and low number of supervised antenatal clinics, deliveries and postnatal clinics by skilled personnel as some of the reasons for the high maternal mortality. Selected studies identify the role of a clinical nurse specialist in advanced midwifery and neonatology who has acquired the knowledge and practical skills to bring about the desired impact of quality care in safe mother hood in order to bring down the high maternal mortality rates. In order to achieve this, the government needs to integrate the advanced midwifery and neonatology clinical nurse specialist in the health system. It was the purpose of the study to inquire into the feasibility of integration of the advanced midwifery and neonatology clinical nurse specialist in the Ndola District Health system .

<p>Communal land tenure reform in Zambia is the overarching subject of study in this thesis. It is an important issue across southern Africa, raising questions of governance, livelihood security and conservation. WIldlife is a 'fugitive' and 'mobile' resource that traverses the spatially fixed tenure of communal lands, national parks and public forest reserves. The management of wildlife therefore requires that spatially defined proprietorial rights accommodate wildlife's temporal forage use. Land may bebounded in tenure, but if bounded by fences its utility as wildlife habitat is undermined. If land is unfenced, but its landholder cannot use wildlife then it is more a liability than an asset. Africa's terrestrial wildlife has enormous biodiversity value but its mobility requires management collaboration throughout its range, and the resolution of conflicting ecological and economic management scales. The paper does not aim to describe and explain the internal communal system of tenure over land and natural resources but rather how the communal system interacts with the state and the private sector.</p>

A research report submitted to the faculty of the Humanities at the University of Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts in Demography and Population Studies, June 2017 / Background An estimated 2,000 women in Zambia suffer from obstetric fistula. Suggestions are that more women could be suffering from the same condition but do not report it due to fear of stigmatization. Incidences of obstetric fistula in Zambia may indicate that most pregnant women do not access the much-needed maternal health services, especially at the time of delivery. Therefore, understanding the factors that lead to obstetric fistula is vital for developing primary preventive interventions. This study estimated the prevalence and investigated the factors associated with obstetric fistula among women in Zambia. Methodology The study used data from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Healthy Survey (ZDHS). A sample of 16,411 women aged 15-49 years old took part in the fistula module of the ZDHS. Descriptive and Complementary log-log regression model were conducted to assess the relationship between the covariates and obstetric fistula. Results The prevalence of obstetric fistula was estimated at 5.91 obstetric fistulas per 1000 women of reproductive ages. Age at first sex (AOR=0.86, CI: 0.77-0.97) and being in households of rich wealth status (AOR=0.36, CI: 0.14-0.79) were negatively associated with obstetric fistula. Conclusion Evidence suggest that in order to eradicate obstetric fistula in Zambia, there is need to implement interventions that will focus on improving the socioeconomic, health status, reproductive status, access to health care and use of healthcare resources of women. / XL2018

The subject of international migration has become an important social issue and feature of globalized labour market in health care. International migration of nurses has increasingly become a concern and the volumes are reported to be increasing particularly from the developing world where, in some countries, is a leading cause of attrition and subsequent shortage of nurses as a human resource. This has implications on the capacity of health systems to respond to the challenge of health care delivery to populations considering that nurses form the largest health workforce in most countries. In Zambia, nurse migration has equally been a concern including the absence of relevant studies with evidence to inform policy direction, planning and management of nursing human resource. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of nurse migration, the reasons why nurses resign their employment positions and leave the country, why other nurses do not migrate and to further determine the perceived nurse migration impact on the public health care system. The study was a non-experimental descriptive survey design that used both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection and data analysis. A triangulation approach was used in data collection involving various methods; multistage, stratified and systematic sampling; purposive and snowball with a range of data collection instruments; semi-structured for focused interviews of nurse migrants, nurses seeking verifications and policy makers; self-administered questionnaire that enlisted data from clinical nurses and nurse educators on the perceived impact of nurse migration on the public health care system and topic guides for focus group discussions. Computer software were used to code and analyze data; SPSS version 11.0 for quantitative data and NVivo7 for qualitative data. A total of 309 clinical nurses and 23 nurse educators responded to the self administered questionnaire. Thirty three key informants participated in focus group discussions conducted in four health facilities situated in four districts. There were five directors at provincial, district and national levels and 13 nurse migrants interviewed. Data on nurses with verification of qualifications sent to countries were collected from a total of 1,142 records; 931 for RNs and 211 for ENs. The study was guided by a conceptual framework developed from two migration theories namely the World Systems Theory and the Push and Pull Theory. The World Systems Theory structured the world into three zones of Periphery (poor countries), Semi-Periphery (Transitional economies) and the Core (industrialized wealthy countries). Push factors caused people to leave the Periphery to the Semi-periphery and to the Core where the Pull factors attracted those from the Periphery and Semi-periphery. Major findings of the study showed dissatisfaction with work conditions, poor living conditions, lack of professional recognition and autonomy and lack of access to professional development as being among the push factors while the pull factors included attractive work conditions, conducive work environment and access to professional development, among others. The perceived impact included nurse shortage, excessive workload, long working hours and poor quality of patient care. Findings on issues for policy on managing nurses leaving for greener pastures were in the form of interventions that would address the push factors and formed the basis for recommendations from the study. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.